Wong Sing-Leung, Philip. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 1999. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 54-62). / Abstract and questionnare in English and Chinese. / Abstract --- p.4-5 / Introduction --- p.6-15 / The pilot interviews --- p.16-21 / The survey / Chapter ´Ø --- Method --- p.22 -29 / Chapter ´Ø --- Results --- p.50 -35 / Chapter ´Ø --- Discussion --- p.36 -53 / References --- p.54 -61 / Tables and Figures --- p.63 -87 / Appendices --- p.88-117

Yu, Chi Ching. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2007. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 55-58). / Abstracts in English and Chinese ; appendices also in Chinese. / Chapter Chapter 1: --- Introduction --- p.1 / Definition of CSR --- p.1 / Consequence of CSR --- p.2 / The effect of CSR on affective and cognitive components of consumer responses --- p.3 / The effect of CSR on behavioral component of consumer responses --- p.5 / Attribution as underlying mechanism --- p.8 / Effect of attribution on consumer responses --- p.10 / Mechanism for making attribution --- p.11 / Inter-relationships between dimensions --- p.15 / Other potential variables affecting consumer responses --- p.16 / Chapter Chapter 2: --- Method --- p.18 / Participants --- p.18 / Scenario --- p.18 / Questionnaire --- p.19 / Measures --- p.20 / Chapter Chapter 3: --- Result --- p.23 / Validity Check --- p.23 / Descriptive statistics --- p.23 / Dimensionality --- p.25 / Reliability --- p.30 / Model testing results --- p.30 / Hypothesis testing --- p.33 / Total amount of variance explained --- p.34 / Chapter Chapter 4: --- Discussion --- p.35 / Attribution as the underlying explanation of CSR effect --- p.35 / Mechanism of how consumers form attribution of CSR activities --- p.37 / Managerial implication of the present study --- p.40 / Limitation of the present study and further research direction --- p.42 / Appendix --- p.44 / Appendix 1: Questionnaire of pilot study 1 --- p.44 / Appendix 2: Questionnaire of pilot study 2 --- p.46 / Appendix 3: Result of pilot study 2 --- p.48 / Appendix 4: Measurement items --- p.49 / Reference --- p.55

This dissertation aims to provide a deeper understanding of consumer emotions from user-generated content. In the first essay of my dissertation, “Digital Therapy for Negative Consumption Experiences: The Impact of Emotional and Rational Reviews on Review Writers and Readers,” we examine whether the manner in which a consumer writes a review can help them recover from a negative consumption experience, as well as how this influences other review readers. To test these research questions, we use a multimethod approach and collect archival data, field data, and participants’ physiological responses as well as memory recall. We employ machine learning techniques to train multilabel classifiers with review textual data and categorize online reviews into one of the three types: emotional (feelings and emotions), rational (facts, beliefs, and thought processes), and integrated (the combination of the two). We first show that, similar to writing about traumatic life experiences, when a review writer writes an integrated review about a negative experience (compared to when they only express emotional or rational aspects), they feel better afterwards and are more likely to purchase again. We also show that integrated reviews do not any have adverse effects on review readers. Finally, in two controlled experiments, we examine the underlying mechanisms for this positive effect of writing an integrated review on review writers by collecting biophysiological response data (i.e., review writers’ blood pressure and pulse) and by analyzing thought listing data. The results show that writing an integrated review about a negative consumption experience appears to lead to catharsis and cognitive reappraisal of the negative experience, which in turn lead to better outcomes. This research shows that writing online reviews can serve as a digital therapy tool that helps consumers recover from negative consumer experiences and has positive benefits for the involved firms. This has important implications for the design of review systems and for firms, especially in situations where customers have negative experiences with their products and services. The first essay of my dissertation suggests that consumers can benefit by expressing emotions (together with rational thoughts) in their online reviews. In the second essay of my dissertation, “Are Emotions Gendered? Gender Stereotypes in Online Reviews,” we examine whether the domain of online reviews is inclusive enough to allow all consumers to feel free to express their emotions. In this research, we examine whether review readers’ reactions to reviews where writers express their emotion vary with the gender of the review writer. More specifically, we examine how gender stereotypes in general, and the belief that females are more emotional than males in particular, influences review readers’ reactions to reviews as well as the manner in which review writers construct their reviews. We find that even though the domain of online reviews is a relatively private and safe place for consumers to express their evaluations of products and services, a common feature of online review system designs, that is asking review writers to provide an avatar and/or names that might reflect their gender, leads to less favorable reactions to reviews written by women (vs. men) because of gender stereotypes. Further, when the stereotype that women are more emotional than men is made salient before review writing (versus when it is not), female review writers express less emotion, possibly because emotionality has negative associations such as being “irrational,” “overdramatic,” and “sensitive.” This finding is important because other research has shown that reviews that contain more emotion are evaluated more positively by review readers. Most importantly, while we provide evidence that this stereotype is believed and has a negative impact on review writers and readers, we show that it is not true in this context – females are no more emotional than men in review writing contexts.

by Chiang Yuk-shui. / Thesis (M.B.A.)-- Chinese University of Hong Kong, 1991. / Bibliography: 144-149. / ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS --- p.ii / ABSTRACT --- p.iii / TABLE OF CONTENTS --- p.v / LIST OF TABLES --- p.ix / LIST OF FIGURE --- p.xi / CHAPTER / Chapter I. --- INTRODUCTION --- p.1 / Chapter 1.1 --- Background --- p.1 / Chapter 1.2 --- Issue to be Studied --- p.3 / Chapter 1.3 --- Objectives of Study --- p.5 / Chapter 1.4 --- Report Organization --- p.5 / Chapter II. --- LITERATURE REVIEW --- p.7 / Chapter 2.1 --- Introduction --- p.7 / Chapter 2.2 --- Definition of Small Business --- p.9 / Chapter 2.3 --- Discussion on Definition of Small Business --- p.14 / Chapter 2.4 --- Definition of Success --- p.15 / Chapter 2.5 --- Discussion on Definition of Success --- p.19 / Chapter 2.6 --- Causes of Success --- p.21 / Chapter 2.7 --- Discussion on Causes of Success --- p.35 / Chapter 2.8 --- Summary --- p.37 / Chapter III. --- CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK --- p.39 / Chapter 3.1 --- Introduction --- p.39 / Chapter 3.2 --- Components of the Conceptual Framework --- p.40 / Chapter 3.2.1 --- Personal Background --- p.41 / Chapter 3.2.2 --- Personality/Psychological Traits --- p.41 / Chapter 3.2.3 --- Behaviour --- p.41 / Chapter 3.2.4 --- Skills --- p.43 / Chapter 3.2.5 --- Environmental Factors --- p.43 / Chapter 3.2.6 --- Accounting and Finance --- p.43 / Chapter 3.2.7 --- Personnel --- p.44 / Chapter 3.2.8 --- Marketing --- p.44 / Chapter 3.2.9 --- Production --- p.44 / Chapter 3.3 --- Discussion --- p.44 / Chapter IV. --- METHODOLOGY OF THE STUDY --- p.47 / Chapter 4.1 --- Definition of Small Business --- p.47 / Chapter 4.2 --- Definition of Success --- p.47 / Chapter 4.3 --- Sample and Data Collection --- p.47 / Chapter 4.4 --- Design of Questionnaire --- p.49 / Chapter 4.5 --- Sources of Reference for the Questionnaire Design --- p.51 / Chapter 4.5.1 --- Definition of Success --- p.51 / Chapter 4.5.2 --- "Factors Relating to Personal Background, Personality/ Psychological Traits, Behaviour, Skills, and Environments" --- p.51 / Chapter 4.5.3 --- "Factors Relating to Accounting and Finance, Personnel, Marketing, and Production" --- p.52 / Chapter 4.5.4 --- Personal Details --- p.53 / Chapter 4.5.5 --- Company Details --- p.53 / Chapter 4.6 --- Data Analysis --- p.53 / Chapter V. --- FINDINGS --- p.55 / Chapter 5.1 --- Profile of Respondents --- p.55 / Chapter 5.2 --- Profile of Responding Companies --- p.58 / Chapter 5.3 --- Relationship Between Personal Characteristics and Business Success --- p.60 / Chapter 5.4 --- Perceived Causes of Success --- p.63 / Chapter 5.4.1 --- Personal Qualities and Environmental Factors --- p.64 / Chapter 5.4.1.1 --- Personal background --- p.65 / Chapter 5.4.1.2 --- Personality/psychological traits --- p.67 / Chapter 5.4.1.3 --- Behaviour --- p.68 / Chapter 5.4.1.4 --- Skills --- p.70 / Chapter 5.4.1.5 --- Environmental factors --- p.71 / Chapter 5.4.1.6 --- Importance of personal qualities and environmental factors --- p.72 / Chapter 5.4.2 --- Functional Factors --- p.73 / Chapter 5.4.2.1 --- Accounting and finance --- p.74 / Chapter 5.4.2.2 --- Personnel --- p.75 / Chapter 5.4.2.3 --- Marketing --- p.76 / Chapter 5.4.2.4 --- Production --- p.78 / Chapter 5.4.2.5 --- Importance of various functional factors --- p.79 / Chapter 5.5 --- Perception Differences Between Successful and Unsuccessful Small Business Owner/ Managers --- p.80 / Chapter 5.5.1 --- Personal Qualities and Environmental Factors --- p.81 / Chapter 5.5.1.1 --- Personal background --- p.81 / Chapter 5.5.1.2 --- Personality/psychological traits --- p.82 / Chapter 5.5.1.3 --- Behaviour --- p.83 / Chapter 5.5.1.4 --- Skills --- p.84 / Chapter 5.5.1.5 --- Environmental factors --- p.85 / Chapter 5.5.1.6 --- Importance of personal qualities and environmental factors --- p.86 / Chapter 5.5.2 --- Functional Factors --- p.88 / Chapter 5.5.2.1 --- Accounting and finance --- p.88 / Chapter 5.5.2.2 --- Personnel --- p.89 / Chapter 5.5.2.3 --- Marketing --- p.90 / Chapter 5.5.2.4 --- Production --- p.91 / Chapter 5.5.2.5 --- Importance of various functional factors --- p.91 / Chapter VI. --- SUMMARY OF FINDINGS --- p.93 / Chapter 6.1 --- Introduction --- p.93 / Chapter 6.2 --- Relationship Between Personal Characteristics and Business Success --- p.94 / Chapter 6.3 --- Perceived Causes of Success --- p.95 / Chapter 6.3.1 --- Personal Qualities and Environmental Factors --- p.95 / Chapter 6.3.2 --- Functional Factors --- p.97 / Chapter 6.4 --- Perception Differences Between Successful and Unsuccessful Small Business Owner/ Managers --- p.98 / Chapter 6.4.1 --- Personal Qualities and Environmental Factors --- p.98 / Chapter 6.4.2 --- Functional Factors --- p.100 / Chapter VII. --- "CONCLUSIONS, LIMITATIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS" --- p.102 / Chapter 7.1 --- Conclusions --- p.102 / Chapter 7.2 --- Limitations --- p.105 / Chapter 7.3 --- Recommendations for Future Research --- p.107 / APPENDICES / Chapter APPENDIX 1 --- COVER LETTER --- p.110 / Chapter APPENDIX 2 --- QUESTIONNAIRE - CHINESE VERSION --- p.111 / Chapter APPENDIX 3 --- QUESTIONNAIRE - ENGLISH VERSION --- p.119 / Chapter APPENDIX 4 --- ASSOCIATION BETWEEN AGE OF RESPONDENT AND SUCCESS --- p.128 / Chapter APPENDIX 5 --- ASSOCIATION BETWEEN SEX AND SUCCESS --- p.129 / Chapter APPENDIX 6 --- ASSOCIATION BETWEEN MARITAL STATUS AND SUCCESS --- p.130 / Chapter APPENDIX 7 --- ASSOCIATION BETWEEN EDUCATIONAL LEVEL AND SUCCESS --- p.131 / Chapter APPENDIX 8 --- ASSOCIATION BETWEEN PLACE OF BIRTH AND SUCCESS --- p.132 / Chapter APPENDIX 9 --- ASSOCIATION BETWEEN PREVIOUS WORK EXPERIENCE AND SUCCESS --- p.133 / Chapter APPENDIX 10 --- ASSOCIATION BETWEEN HOURS SPENT ON WORK PER WEEK AND SUCCESS --- p.134 / Chapter APPENDIX 11 --- MEAN RATINGS BY SUCCESSFUL AND UNSUCCESSFUL SMALL BUSINESS OWNER/MANAGERS - PERSONAL --- p.135 / Chapter APPENDIX 12 --- MEAN RATINGS BY SUCCESSFUL AND UNSUCCESSFUL SMALL BUSINESS OWNER/MANAGERS - PERSONALITY/ PSYCHOLOGICAL TRAITS --- p.136 / Chapter APPENDIX 13 --- MEAN RATINGS BY SUCCESSFUL AND UNSUCCESSFUL SMALL BUSINESS OWNER/MANAGERS - BEHAVIOUR --- p.137 / Chapter APPENDIX 14 --- MEAN RATINGS BY SUCCESSFUL AND UNSUCCESSFUL SMALL BUSINESS OWNER/MANAGERS - SKILLS --- p.138 / Chapter APPENDIX 15 --- MEAN RATINGS BY SUCCESSFUL AND UNSUCCESSFUL SMALL BUSINESS OWNER/MANAGERS - ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS --- p.139 / Chapter APPENDIX 16 --- MEAN RATINGS BY SUCCESSFUL AND UNSUCCESSFUL SMALL BUSINESS OWNER/MANAGERS - ACCOUNTING & FINANCE --- p.140 / Chapter APPENDIX 17 --- MEAN RATINGS BY SUCCESSFUL AND UNSUCCESSFUL SMALL BUSINESS OWNER/MANAGERS - PERSONNEL --- p.141 / Chapter APPENDIX 18 --- MEAN RATINGS BY SUCCESSFUL AND UNSUCCESSFUL SMALL BUSINESS OWNER/MANAGERS - MARKETING --- p.142 / Chapter APPENDIX 19 --- MEAN RATINGS BY SUCCESSFUL AND UNSUCCESSFUL SMALL BUSINESS OWNER/MANAGERS - PRODUCTION --- p.143 / BIBLIOGRAPHY --- p.144

With the growing importance being placed on the small business environment as having a positive influence on economic growth and vitality (Erwee, 1987: Burns & Dewhurst, 1989), there has been a corresponding increase in attention being paid to entrepreneurship and the characteristics of the entrepreneur. This increased attention is due to the fact that entrepreneurs have long been linked to small business creation and recognised as an important factor in the small business development process (Boyd & Gumpert, 1983). Despite the quantity of research on entrepreneurship, there appears to be an ongoing controversy oyer what characterises an entrepreneurial business. and the specific characteristics of the small business entrepreneur. It has been argued that although there is an overlap between entrepreneurial and non-entrepreneurial businesses. they are in fact different entities (Carland, Hoy, Boulton & Carland, 1984: Drucker, 1985), and that not every individual who starts a business is an entrepreneur (Drucker. 1985). Small business entrepreneurship has been found to be specifically related to the psychological characteristics of the owner-manager who controls the business (Miller. 1983). The purpose of this research was to identify and describe psychological characteristics displayed by a group of South African small business entrepreneurs, thereby compiling a psychological profile of the small business entrepreneur. Given the nature of entrepreneurial activities and processes, Hofer and Bygrave (1992) recommend that accurate, precise qualitative data that is rich in its descriptive characterisation of the situation and the phenomenon involved be collected. As a result the researcher used qualitative rather than quantitative methods of investigation. Innovative behaviour has long been linked to entrepreneurship (Schumpeter. 1934) and entrepreneurial businesses were distinguished from other small businesses by their use of innovative strategic practices. Two sample groups consisting of entrepreneurial and non-entrepreneurial businesses, were created and the data collected were analysed independently. The results, based on personal interviews with 32 small business owner-managers and the administration and interpretation of tihe Structured Objective Rorschach Test (SORT), indicate that small business entrepreneurship should not be used as a term synonymous with small business ownership and/or management. Despite similarities between small business entrepreneurs and other small business owner-managers. the results suggest that a distinction between the two groups is necessary for accurate future research on entrepreneurs. The entrepreneurs differed from other small business owner-managers in terms of their psychological characteristics including their motives, their perception and attitude towards the external environment, and various sociological factors. The entrepreneurial businesses were also different in that they were more innovative and growth oriented than the non-entrepreneurial businesses. The research contributes towards a clarification of the concept of small business entrepreneurship and indicates a need for more precise sampling techniques to be used in entrepreneurial research.

The aim of this study was to determine the relationship between emotional intelligence and leadership styles in a petrochemical organisation (represented by transformational, transactional and laissez-faire leadership styles) and to determine if emotional intelligence can predict an effective leadership style. Leaders (N = 161) were selected from a business within a South African petrochemical organisation. Self reports from the EQ-i and the Multifactor Leadership Questionnaire (MLQ Form 5X) were analysed. Correlation analyses indicated statistically significant relationships between emotional intelligence and transformational and laissez-faire leadership. Findings indicated positive correlations between emotional intelligence (specifically adaptability) and transformational leadership. Negative correlations were obtained between emotional intelligence (specifically intrapersonal skills) and laissez-faire leadership. Theoretical implications and practical applications of these findings were discussed. / Psychology / M.A. (Industrial and Organisational Psychology)

Text in English / The aim of this research was to explore the contribution spiritual intelligence has made to leadership in the public sector; in an effort to encourage further debates about the legitimacy of spiritual intelligence in the workplace. The research design followed in this study is qualitative. The target population of this study were the leaders of the Free State Department of Education who have had self-acknowledged spiritual intelligence experience in their leadership context. The construct `spiritual intelligence` is a relatively complex phenomenon; hence the participants were recruited through a snowball sampling technique. The findings of this study revealed that spiritual intelligence contributes to leadership in the public sector. This study revealed that there is an association between leadership and spirituality and spiritual intelligence according to the subjective views of the participants. This suggests that researchers need to recognise the core component of internal development of leaders. The research attempted to bring about this type of awareness into the corporate world, and hopefully a valuable contribution will be made to future leadership attitudes, leadership styles, and working environment. / Psychology / D. Litt. et Phil. (Consulting Psychology)

The aim of this study was to determine the relationship between emotional intelligence and leadership styles in a petrochemical organisation (represented by transformational, transactional and laissez-faire leadership styles) and to determine if emotional intelligence can predict an effective leadership style. Leaders (N = 161) were selected from a business within a South African petrochemical organisation. Self reports from the EQ-i and the Multifactor Leadership Questionnaire (MLQ Form 5X) were analysed. Correlation analyses indicated statistically significant relationships between emotional intelligence and transformational and laissez-faire leadership. Findings indicated positive correlations between emotional intelligence (specifically adaptability) and transformational leadership. Negative correlations were obtained between emotional intelligence (specifically intrapersonal skills) and laissez-faire leadership. Theoretical implications and practical applications of these findings were discussed. / Psychology / M.A. (Industrial and Organisational Psychology)

Text in English / The aim of this research was to explore the contribution spiritual intelligence has made to leadership in the public sector; in an effort to encourage further debates about the legitimacy of spiritual intelligence in the workplace. The research design followed in this study is qualitative. The target population of this study were the leaders of the Free State Department of Education who have had self-acknowledged spiritual intelligence experience in their leadership context. The construct `spiritual intelligence` is a relatively complex phenomenon; hence the participants were recruited through a snowball sampling technique. The findings of this study revealed that spiritual intelligence contributes to leadership in the public sector. This study revealed that there is an association between leadership and spirituality and spiritual intelligence according to the subjective views of the participants. This suggests that researchers need to recognise the core component of internal development of leaders. The research attempted to bring about this type of awareness into the corporate world, and hopefully a valuable contribution will be made to future leadership attitudes, leadership styles, and working environment. / Psychology / D. Litt. et Phil. (Consulting Psychology)

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