Esta dissertação consiste primordialmente na descrição e interpretação do item lexical mas nas crônicas de Luis Fernando Verissimo, seguindo uma abordagem sintático-semântico-discursiva. O vocábulo mas é identificado nos textos de acordo com sua posição nos enunciados e analisado a partir desse ponto de inserção. Devido à variedade de emprego de tal item lexical, relacionando termos, orações, períodos, parágrafos e porções maiores de texto, evidenciou-se seu papel na construção da coesão, da progressão textual, da coerência, da delimitação de etapas discursivas e da orientação argumentativa dos segmentos de discurso. Pretendeu-se uma melhor compreensão das crônicas de Luis Fernando Verissimo através da marca lingüística do item lexical mas. / This dissertation consists of primarily in the description and interpretation of the lexical item but in cronics of Luis Fernando Verissimo following a syntax-semantics-discursive approach. The word "but" is identified in texts in accordance with its position in a sentence and analyzed from this insertion point. Due to the variety of implementations of such lexical item and related terms, sentences, periods, paragraphs and larger portions of text, its role in the construction of cohesion, coherent textual progression, limitations of discursive phases, and the argumentative orientation of the discurses was evidenced. A better understand of the cronics of Luis Fernando Verissimo is accomplished through the linguistic makr of the lexical item but.

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado do Rio de Janeiro / Neste estudo qualitativo, objetiva-se descrever os usos do conector mas em um corpus de mediação endoprocessual, à luz da Linguística Cognitiva, baseando-se, sobretudo, na Teoria da Metáfora Conceptual e nos conceitos de categorização, esquemas imagéticos e modelos cognitivos idealizados (MCIs). Investigam-se as bases cognitivas que fundamentam os sentidos do mas e a função argumentativa desse conector na mediação, a partir de duas hipóteses gerais, a saber: (i) defende-se que o conector mas funciona como um gatilho para a ativação do MCI de guerra, em termos do qual é conceptualizado o conceito de discussão, como afirmam Lakoff e Johnson (2002[1980]); e (ii) acredita-se que tal conector possa ser caracterizado como uma categoria radial, formada a partir dos diferentes esquemas imagéticos que fundamentam as ocorrências desse elemento na interação. Tendo em vista essas hipóteses, objetiva-se: (i) apontar as funções argumentativas do mas na mediação, sinalizadas pelos mapeamentos metafóricos ativados durante a discussão e (ii) descrever os sentidos evidenciados pelos usos do mas no gênero analisado, os quais são evocados pelos diferentes esquemas imagéticos em que se baseiam. Os resultados indicam que esse conector pode ser compreendido como uma categoria radial, formada a partir de esquemas de força distintos. Além disso, verifica-se que os três usos mais próximos ao centro da categoria relacionam-se fortemente a um confronto ou a uma disputa de posição entre os participantes da interação, enquanto os três mais periféricos são estreitamente ligados a uma estratégia de manutenção da posição argumentativa do falante. Considera-se que esta pesquisa possa colaborar para o estudo do conector mas, devido à observação do comportamento semântico-discursivo desse item em um gênero pouco contemplado, a mediação; e, devido à escolha do paradigma adotado, que permite analisar o conector em todas as suas ocorrências, não havendo necessidade de separar os usos chamados de interfrásticos daqueles denominados inícios acessórios ou pré-começos / This qualitative study aims to describe the usage of the connector but, in a corpus of mediation, under the light of Cognitive Linguistics, mainly based on the Theory of Conceptual Metaphor and in the concepts of categorization, image schema and idealized cognitive models (ICMs). The cognitive bases that underlie the meanings of the connector but, as well as its argumentative function in mediation, will be investigated from two general hypothesis: (i) it is defended that the connector but functions as a trigger to the activation of the ICM of war, in which the concept of discussion is conceptualized, as affirmed by Lakoff and Johnson (2002[1980]); and (ii) it is believed that the aforementioned connector can be characterized as a radial category, formed from the different image schemas that underlie the occurrences of this element on the interaction. Taking into account these hypotheses, we aim to: (i) indicate the argumentative functions of but in the mediation, signaled by metaphorical mappings activated during the discussion and (ii) describe the meanings stressed by the uses of but in the analyzed genre, meanings that are evoked by the different image schemas in which they are based on. The results indicate that this connector may be seen as a radial category, formed by distinct force schemas. Besides that, we verified that the three uses closer to the center of the category are strongly related to a confrontation or a dispute of position between the interaction participants, while the three more peripheral are tightly linked to a strategy to maintain the argumentative position of the speaker. This research is considered a collaboration to the study of the connector but, due to the observation of this items semantic-discursive behavior in a little addressed genre, i.e., mediation; and, because of the adopted paradigm, which allows the analysis of the connector in all occurrences, there is no need to separate the uses of but that appear between the conjunctions from those that appear in the beginning of the utterances

Esta dissertação consiste primordialmente na descrição e interpretação do item lexical mas nas crônicas de Luis Fernando Verissimo, seguindo uma abordagem sintático-semântico-discursiva. O vocábulo mas é identificado nos textos de acordo com sua posição nos enunciados e analisado a partir desse ponto de inserção. Devido à variedade de emprego de tal item lexical, relacionando termos, orações, períodos, parágrafos e porções maiores de texto, evidenciou-se seu papel na construção da coesão, da progressão textual, da coerência, da delimitação de etapas discursivas e da orientação argumentativa dos segmentos de discurso. Pretendeu-se uma melhor compreensão das crônicas de Luis Fernando Verissimo através da marca lingüística do item lexical mas. / This dissertation consists of primarily in the description and interpretation of the lexical item but in cronics of Luis Fernando Verissimo following a syntax-semantics-discursive approach. The word "but" is identified in texts in accordance with its position in a sentence and analyzed from this insertion point. Due to the variety of implementations of such lexical item and related terms, sentences, periods, paragraphs and larger portions of text, its role in the construction of cohesion, coherent textual progression, limitations of discursive phases, and the argumentative orientation of the discurses was evidenced. A better understand of the cronics of Luis Fernando Verissimo is accomplished through the linguistic makr of the lexical item but.

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado do Rio de Janeiro / Neste estudo qualitativo, objetiva-se descrever os usos do conector mas em um corpus de mediação endoprocessual, à luz da Linguística Cognitiva, baseando-se, sobretudo, na Teoria da Metáfora Conceptual e nos conceitos de categorização, esquemas imagéticos e modelos cognitivos idealizados (MCIs). Investigam-se as bases cognitivas que fundamentam os sentidos do mas e a função argumentativa desse conector na mediação, a partir de duas hipóteses gerais, a saber: (i) defende-se que o conector mas funciona como um gatilho para a ativação do MCI de guerra, em termos do qual é conceptualizado o conceito de discussão, como afirmam Lakoff e Johnson (2002[1980]); e (ii) acredita-se que tal conector possa ser caracterizado como uma categoria radial, formada a partir dos diferentes esquemas imagéticos que fundamentam as ocorrências desse elemento na interação. Tendo em vista essas hipóteses, objetiva-se: (i) apontar as funções argumentativas do mas na mediação, sinalizadas pelos mapeamentos metafóricos ativados durante a discussão e (ii) descrever os sentidos evidenciados pelos usos do mas no gênero analisado, os quais são evocados pelos diferentes esquemas imagéticos em que se baseiam. Os resultados indicam que esse conector pode ser compreendido como uma categoria radial, formada a partir de esquemas de força distintos. Além disso, verifica-se que os três usos mais próximos ao centro da categoria relacionam-se fortemente a um confronto ou a uma disputa de posição entre os participantes da interação, enquanto os três mais periféricos são estreitamente ligados a uma estratégia de manutenção da posição argumentativa do falante. Considera-se que esta pesquisa possa colaborar para o estudo do conector mas, devido à observação do comportamento semântico-discursivo desse item em um gênero pouco contemplado, a mediação; e, devido à escolha do paradigma adotado, que permite analisar o conector em todas as suas ocorrências, não havendo necessidade de separar os usos chamados de interfrásticos daqueles denominados inícios acessórios ou pré-começos / This qualitative study aims to describe the usage of the connector but, in a corpus of mediation, under the light of Cognitive Linguistics, mainly based on the Theory of Conceptual Metaphor and in the concepts of categorization, image schema and idealized cognitive models (ICMs). The cognitive bases that underlie the meanings of the connector but, as well as its argumentative function in mediation, will be investigated from two general hypothesis: (i) it is defended that the connector but functions as a trigger to the activation of the ICM of war, in which the concept of discussion is conceptualized, as affirmed by Lakoff and Johnson (2002[1980]); and (ii) it is believed that the aforementioned connector can be characterized as a radial category, formed from the different image schemas that underlie the occurrences of this element on the interaction. Taking into account these hypotheses, we aim to: (i) indicate the argumentative functions of but in the mediation, signaled by metaphorical mappings activated during the discussion and (ii) describe the meanings stressed by the uses of but in the analyzed genre, meanings that are evoked by the different image schemas in which they are based on. The results indicate that this connector may be seen as a radial category, formed by distinct force schemas. Besides that, we verified that the three uses closer to the center of the category are strongly related to a confrontation or a dispute of position between the interaction participants, while the three more peripheral are tightly linked to a strategy to maintain the argumentative position of the speaker. This research is considered a collaboration to the study of the connector but, due to the observation of this items semantic-discursive behavior in a little addressed genre, i.e., mediation; and, because of the adopted paradigm, which allows the analysis of the connector in all occurrences, there is no need to separate the uses of but that appear between the conjunctions from those that appear in the beginning of the utterances

This diploma thesis deals with the topic of accreditation of a diagnostic laboratory. It analyses theoretical knowledge in the field of accreditation, accreditation agency and its history. It contains a list and sample of documents required for accreditation and a description of the process. Part of the work is also a description of the requirements arising from the standard ČSN EN ISO / IEC 17025. The work briefly introduces the company whose laboratory is to be accredited. The following are the technologies the company uses and wants to accredit. The main part of this diploma thesis is the Quality manual, which was created with all needed attachments. This Quality manual is the most significant document, which is necessary for the process of accreditation.

Bacterial pathogens transmitted by the fecal-oral route endure several stresses during survival/growth in host and non-host environments. For foodborne pathogens, understanding the range of phenotypic responses to stressors and the environmental factors that impact survival can provide insights for the development of control measures. For example, the gastrointestinal system presents acidic, osmotic, and cell-envelope stresses and low oxygen levels, but Listeria monocytogenes can withstand these stresses, causing illnesses in humans. Survival/growth characteristics may differ among L. monocytogenes strains under these stressors due to their genetic diversities. Our knowledge of such phenotypic characteristics under bile and salt stresses are inadequate. In this dissertation, variation in growth characteristics was observed among L. monocytogenes strains under bile and osmotic stresses with no evidence of cross-protection, but rather an antagonistic effect was observed with the formation of filaments when pre-exposed to 1% bile and treated with 6% NaCl. This shows that variation in stress adaptability exists among L. monocytogenes strains with the ability to form filaments under these conditions. Similarly, Salmonella survival in soil is dependent on several factors, such as soil, amendment types, moisture, irrigation, and desiccation stress. In this study, the use of HTPP (heat-treated poultry pellets) was investigated as a soil amendment in the survival/growth of Salmonella in soil extracts mimicking runoff events, and in soil cultivated with spinach plants to assess its safety for use for an organic fertilizer. The presence of HTPP in soil increased S. Newport survival with a greater likelihood of its transfer to and survival on spinach plants. Increased microbial loads and rpoS mutant showed decreased growth/survival in soil extracts, however, rpoS was not important for survival in soil under the tested conditions showing possible lack of desiccation stress. These results show that HTPP provided nutrients to the Salmonella for increased growth and survival in soil extracts and soil, respectively, which show that the use of treated BSAAO to soils may still require appropriate mitigation to minimize Salmonella Newport contamination of leafy greens in the pre-harvest environment. Overall, the results in this study increased our understanding of L. monocytogenes and Salmonella phenotypic adaptation to stressful environments.

This thesis deals with the design and implementation of tools for creating a computer network simulation model. Network analysis is based on configuration files from connected network devices. According to the requirements of the simulation it is necessary in the configuration file to focus on data relating to the monitored elements and their properties, or which may be of some influence. The output is then passed on simulation environment to form the desired network model by the observed data, which is already possible to perform simulations.

Causation in the European Context Abstract The aim of this thesis is to provide an insight into the issue of causal link legislation in the European context. The author does not limit herself to an applicable Czech legislation, but also to the regulation pursuant to Principles of European Tort Law (PETL). An important part of this thesis is devoted to the relevant case law concerning causal link. The first part of this thesis contains an interpretation of the concept of causality in the context of non-legal sciences. Furthermore, the author generally deals with liability for damage and each of its presumptions. The second chapter analyses the legislation pursuant to the Civil Code, respectively the Code of Civil Procedure. It also includes a detailed analysis of the Czech courts' case law and recourse into the loss of chance doctrine. The third chapter deals with legislation under PETL, the fourth chapter provides an insight into the concept of causality in selected European countries (England, France and Germany). Finally, the author compares the legislative differences between the "European" and Czech regulation and she also deals with the issue of legislation de lege ferenda. The focus of this thesis is mainly the analysis of case law related to the causal link matter, since the relevant decision-making...

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Le business model (ou BM, ou modèle d’affaires) est une notion popularisée par les praticiens dès la fin des années 90. Depuis, elle est l’objet de discussions au sein de la sphère académique : si sa définition fait consensus, son intérêt, ses composantes et sa relation avec la stratégie font débat. Nous nous sommes attachée à analyser l’articulation entre les concepts de modèle d’affaires et de stratégie dans un contexte de changement technologique majeur. Ce contexte particulier nous a offert de nombreuses modifications (de stratégie et de BM) à observer. A partir de la littérature, nous avons proposé un cadre conceptuel qui nous a servi de grille d'analyse dans l'étude de 8 cas d'acteurs français positionnés sur le marché émergent du livre numérique.Cette étude empirique nous amène à confirmer la nature systémique du BM : une composante stratégique impacte en moyenne trois composantes du BM directement et six composantes du BM indirectement. Nous pouvons également conclure à l’existence d’un processus de co-construction du business model et de la stratégie : si la stratégie impacte quasi systématiquement le BM, les composantes stratégiques sont impactées par le BM dans près de 60% des cas. Les ressources et compétences et le réseau de valeur sont les composantes du BM qui influencent le plus la stratégie. Nos résultats peuvent ainsi enrichir des réflexions portant notamment sur l’effectuation. Nous observons aussi que l’histoire de l’entreprise et l’environnement impactent davantage le BM que la stratégie (en volumétrie). Cela nous amène à développer le principe de sentier de dépendance, mais aussi à nuancer l’affirmation selon laquelle le BM se distinguerait de la stratégie en raison d’une moindre sensibilité à l’environnement. Nos résultats laissent aussi supposer une appropriation différente du changement technologique en fonction des caractéristiques des acteurs. Nous nous sommes également intéressée à une question de nature plus managériale : la répartition de la valeur sur la filière. Nous sommes amenée à en conclure que la valeur en amont de la filière est plus forte qu’en aval, et que l’activité centrale d’e-diffusion/e-distribution est la plus délicate à rentabiliser. / The business model (or BM) has been popularised by managers since the end of the 1990’s. This notion is much debated within the academic sphere: even if a consensus has been reached with regards to its definition, a debate around its significance, components and its relationhip with strategy remains. We have focused on analysing the articulation between the notions of business models and strategy in the context of major technological change. Through this particular context, we were able to observe many modifications of strategy and business models. Starting from the literature, we suggest a conceptual framework that we have deployed to study eight case-studies of French actors who are positioned in the emergent market of ebook.This empirical study has enabled us to confirm the systemic nature of the BM: on average, a strategic components impacts three components of BM directly and another six indirectly. We also conclude that there is a co-construction process of the business model and the strategy: the strategy impacts the BM almost systematically, and the BM affects strategic components in almost 60% of the cases. The resources and the value network are the components of the BM that affect the strategy most. Thus, our results can contribute towards reflections such as effectuation. We have also observed (that both the company's history and environment have an impact on the BM more than on the strategy (in volumetry). This has led us to broaden the notion of path dependence, but also to nuance the statement that the BM would be different from the strategy due to a slighter sensitivity to the environment. Our results also suggest that the adjustment to technological change differs depending on the characteristics of the actors. We were also interested in a more managerial issue: the distribution of value in the sector. We concluded that the chain upstream value is greater than its downstream counterpart, and that managers will have the greatest difficulties in making the central activity of e-diffusion profitable.