The switched-beam antenna is one type of the smart antennas, which consists of the antenna array and the beamforming network. The four-beam smart antenna generates four beams to cover a 120¢X area, which can be used to improve the carrier-to-interference ratio and the frequency reuse of a cellular system. Due to the attractive features of microstrip antennas such as low profile, easy fabrication, and low cost, we use microstrip antennas as array elements. In this thesis, we propose a novel four-beam beamforming network which consists of a 4¡Ñ4 Butler Matrix and four 180¢X power dividers. This network is able to provide low side-lobe level. A modified Butler Matrix not only simplifies the circuit of the 8¡Ñ8 Butler Matrix, but also meet the requirement of the original Butler Matrix. From the result of measurement, the side-lobe level of each beam of the modified Butler Matrix is less than ¡V10 dB. We also show that this method is applicable to any Butler matrix.

ITC/USA 2006 Conference Proceedings / The Forty-Second Annual International Telemetering Conference and Technical Exhibition / October 23-26, 2006 / Town and Country Resort & Convention Center, San Diego, California / In this paper, we propose a dual-band switched beam system operating at 4.05 and 7.4 GHz. This system comprise of a dual frequency Butler matrix feeding a microstrip antenna array. Very good agreement is shown between measured and simulated data. The system can provide a tilted beam of ±13° and ±48° at the lowest frequency band and ±9° and ±27° at the higher frequency band.

An ever-increasing demand for wider bandwidths in communication, radar, and imaging systems has emerged. In order to facilitate this growing demand, progressive research into millimeter-wave technologies has become vital in achieving next generation networks such as 5G. Being cost effective and easy to manufacture, Substrate Integrated Waveguide (SIW) circuits have been demonstrated as a viable candidate for high-frequency applications due to their low-loss, high quality-factor, and high power-handling capabilities.Research on beam-forming networks, specifically the Butler matrix, has demonstrated powerful beam-steering capabilities through the use of passive component networks. Through these clever configurations, a cost effective and robust option is available for us to use. In order to further millimeter-wave research in this area, this thesis presents a modified configuration of the Butler Matrix in SIW that is physically reconfigurable; by separating the Butler matrix from the antenna array at a pre-selected point, the array can be easily interchanged with other 1-Dimensional,and 2-Dimensional slot antenna arrays. Although this system does not fall under the rigorous definitions of Reconfigurable Antennas, it should be noted that the interchangeability of 1 and 2 dimensional arrays is not typically expressed in Butler matrix configurations. Design and simulations are carried out in CST Microwave Studio to inspect individual components as well as system characteristics. Circuit prototypes are then manufactured and tested in an anechoic chamber to validate simulation results and the design approach. / Graduate / 2020-07-17

<p>  </p> <p>This thesis introduces a 2.4 GHz hybrid 3-dB coupler with improved out-of-band rejection by incorporating a setup of transverse transmission lines, extensions, and open-circuit stubs at each of the coupler branches. To achieve matching at the design frequency, the <em>ABCD</em> matrix of the above-mentioned setup is calculated and associated to that of a 90° transmission line, leading to exact analytical equations for the impedances and electrical lengths. Simulated coupler design shows a return loss and isolation better than –27 dB as well as an in-band and out-of-band transmission losses better than –4 dB and –25 dB, respectively.</p> <p>The resulting design is applied to a 4×4 Butler matrix, which consists of other components; namely, crossovers, phase shifters and phase matchers. After designing and validating each of these components, they are integrated in the Butler matrix. To validate the radiation (i.e., beamforming) patterns, a microstrip patch antenna array is also designed and verified. The overall network (i.e., Butler matrix, antenna array) is simulated and parameters including phase-differences and 2D and 3D radiation patterns are validated. These electrical parameters are also measured for the fabricated Butler matrix. Based on the 2D and 3D radiation patterns, beamforming is obtained at ±10° and ±30°.</p> <p>Beamforming has applications in many different areas. Some applications like tracking and localization, satellite communication, high power beam-steering, and harmonic radar are also referenced in this thesis.</p>

No description available.

The work here presents a review of beam forming architectures. As an example, the author presents an 8x8 Butler Matrix passive beam forming network including the schematic, design/modeling, operation, and simulated results. The limiting factor in traditional beam formers has been the large size dictated by transmission line based couplers. By replacing these couplers with transformer-based couplers, the matrix size is reduced substantially allowing for on chip compact integration. In the example presented, the core area, including the antenna crossover, measures 0.82mm×0.39mm (0.48% the size of a branch line coupler at the same frequency). The simulated beam forming achieves a peak PNR of 17.1 dB and 15dB from 57 to 63GHz. At the 60GHz center frequency the average insertion loss is simulated to be 3.26dB. The 8x8 Butler Matrix feeds into an 8-element antenna array to show the array patterns with single beam and adjacent beam isolation.

Dans le cadre de cette thèse, on s'intéresse dans un premier temps à des matrices d'alimentation de type passif connues qui permettent de produire des faisceaux orthogonaux, et notamment à la matrice de Butler. On s'aperçoit qu'il n'existe qu'une méthode itérative permettant de déterminer les paramètres S d'une matrice de Butler symétrique. C'est pourquoi, on cherche à déterminer de manière analytique la matrice [S] d'une matrice de Butler symétrique à N = 2^n entrées et N sorties. On établit des formules de récurrence issues de l'étude de ce type de matrices pour plusieurs tailles. Des formules analytiques en sont déduites qui sont valables quelle que soit la valeur de N. On poursuit l'étude des matrices d'alimentation de réseau d'antennes en s'intéressant à la source focale d'une antenne multifaisceaux devant réflecteur basée sur une géométrie originale constituée de coupleurs directionnels tridimensionnels entrelacés. Cette structure est simulée. Ses nombreux paramètres sont optimisés afin d'aboutir à une solution répondant au cahier des charges. Une maquette est réalisée et testée. Les résultats obtenus sont prometteurs. Au final, cette source possède l'avantage d'avoir un fort niveau de réutilisation de ses éléments rayonnants et donc de limiter l'encombrement du système global qui est souvent un point critique, dans les satellites notamment. Pour finir, on s'intéresse à une structure dont le but est d'avoir une station au sol capable de suivre une cible sans dépointage. La poursuite en azimut est assurée par une partie mécanique, de type joint tournant ; celle en élévation par un module électronique. Le système se doit d'être compact, fiable, et de limiter les pertes ainsi que les coûts. Des compromis sont donc à effectuer. La partie rayonnante est réalisée en guide, la partie alimentation en technologie planaire. Une solution est proposée afin de faire la transition entre ces deux technologies : le circuit de répartition est directement relié à l'excitation des éléments rayonnants en mettant ces deux parties sur une même feuille de substrat. Ainsi, moins de câbles et de connecteurs sont nécessaires, ce qui diminue l'encombrement et les coûts. / In this PhD thesis, some feed networks are studied. First, a N x N symmetric Butler matrix is considered. Analytical formulas allowing constructing its [S] matrix are found and demonstrated. Second, a multibeam antenna focal array based on 3-D directional couplers is considered. This device has a high level of re-use of its radiating elements. Therefore, its global size is reduced. Its conception is explained. Measurement results are exposed. Last, a mechanic / electronic device is studied. It is used for tracking. It is a complex device with several parts. The fact that the conception of each part depends on each other is highlighted. Compromises and choices need to be made.

The master s thesis deals with the design of the beamsteering antenna. Methods of the beamsteering and the final antenna design are described. This antenna operates in the ISM band with the central frequency of 5,8 GHz. The antenna is designed in the CST Studio Suite 2020. Butler matrix was designed as a feed network implemented as substrate integrated waveguide. An array of patch antennas was used for radiation.

Les réseaux d’alimentation d’antennes multifaisceaux sont un sous-système particulièrement important dans la mesure où ils permettent de réutiliser une même ouverture rayonnante pour l’ensemble des faisceaux à produire. Ces solutions trouvent naturellement application dans le spatial, l’espace disponible pour aménager des antennes étant fortement contraint sur les satellites. Plusieurs solutions de réseaux d’alimentation sont disponibles dans la littérature, incluant des structures quasi-optique ou lentilles et des structures guidées. Nous avons approfondie cette deuxième catégorie en étudiant différentes solutions, incluant les matrices de Blass, de Butler, de Nolen, ainsi que des structures à lois de phase uniformes. En particulier, un mode de dimensionnement des matrices de Nolen, défini comme un cas particulier asymptotique d’un algorithme de dimensionnement de matrices de Blass, a été proposé et validé expérimentalement en bande S. La flexibilité du dimensionnement des matrices de Nolen proposé a été exploitée pour concevoir une matrice à distribution d’amplitude non-uniforme, afin de réduire le niveau des lobes secondaires. Enfin, le caractère dispersif d’une alimentation en série a été utilisé pour rendre le pointage angulaire du faisceau produit par une antenne réseau linéaire indépendant de la fréquence de fonctionnement et pourrait être étendu à des matrices de Blass et Nolen. Des structures à lois de phase uniformes et à distribution d’amplitudes uniforme et gaussienne ont été approfondies, afin de mettre en évidence notamment le niveau de pertes intrinsèques. La structure à distribution d’amplitude gaussienne a été modifiée pour l’adapter à des applications d’antennes réseaux circulaires. L’ensemble des informations regroupées dans ce mémoire permet d’identifier la topologie de réseau d’alimentation la mieux adaptée à une application donnée. Une combinaison de différents concepts peut s’avérer une bonne solution dans certains cas. / Beam forming networks for multiple beam antennas are a very important antenna sub-system as they enable to reuse the same radiating aperture to produce all the beams. These solutions naturally find application in space as stringent accommodation constraints on board of satellites ask for space saving. Several concepts are available in the literature, including quasi-optic solutions and guided wave solutions. We investigated on this second category, including namely Blass, Butler and Nolen matrices as well as beam forming networks producing uniform phase distribution. In particular, we proposed a designed method, defined as an asymptotic singular case of a more general Blass matrix design procedure. Experimental validation was carried out with a specific design in S-band. Flexibility on the design of Nolen matrix has been used to generate non-uniform amplitude distribution to reduce side-lobe level. Also, natural phase dispersion of a serial feeding network has been used to produce frequency independent beam pointing linear arrays with potential application to Blass and Nolen matrices. Beam forming networks with uniform phase distribution associated to uniform and Gaussian amplitude distributions were also investigated, in particular to highlight the level of the intrinsic losses. The structure with Gaussian amplitude distribution was also modified to be adapted to circular array antennas. All this information should help to identify the best suited beam forming network concept for a given application. In some particular cases, a combination of different concepts can even be considered.

Efficient coverage of wireless telecommunication networks requires the ability to control the directions in which base station antennas radiate. Conventional phased array in base stations are composed of large numbers of radiating elements. Ideally, each one of the radiating elements should be controlled to precisely steer the beams produced by the array, but this can prove both complex and costly. Instead of feeding each one of them separately, the elements can be grouped into what is called subarrays. In which case, only the input of the subarray is controlled, feeding multiple radiating elements at once uniformly. The complexity is reduced, but so are the overall performance and beam steering capabilities. A subarray can instead be passively controlled with an analog circuit called a Beam Forming Network (BFN), giving more flexibility in the operation of the array. Such beamformer should be compact, cost-effective and introduce as little losses as possible to justify its integration in the complete antenna system. BFNs are built from couplers and phase shifters that can route and combine the input signals to produce the desired output signals. The design of those components is therefore key to obtaining array systems with the desired characteristics and performance. A stripline coupler and a stripline phase shifter are proposed in this work, both are broadband. They can be useful in a variety of applications. In this project, they are used to build a Butler matrix. This BFN is compact and could help reduce complexity in advanced antenna systems with respect to current technology. / Effektiv täckning av trådlösa telekommunikationsnätverk kräver förmågan att styra i vilka riktningar basstationsantenner strålar. Konventionell fasad array i basstationer är sammansatta av ett stort antal strålande element. Helst bör vart och ett av de strålande elementen styras för att exakt styra strålarna som produceras av arrayen, men detta kan visa sig vara både komplext och kostsamt. Istället för att mata var och en av dem separat, kan elementen grupperas i vad som kallas subarrayer. I vilket fall kontrolleras endast ingången av subarrayen, vilket matar flera utstrålande element på en gång enhetligt. Komplexiteten minskar, men det är också den övergripande prestandan och strålstyrningskapaciteten. Subarrayer kan istället styras passivt med en analog krets som kallas BFN, vilket ger mer flexibilitet i driften av arrayen. Sådana strålbildare bör vara kompakta, kostnadseffektiva och medföra så små förluster som möjligt för att motivera deras integration i hela antennsystemet. BFNs är byggda av kopplare och fasskiftare som kan dirigera och kombinera ingångssignalerna för att producera de önskade utsignalerna. Utformningen av dessa komponenter är därför nyckeln till att erhålla arraysystem med önskade egenskaper och prestanda. En stripline-kopplare och en stripline-fasskiftare föreslås i detta arbete, båda är bredbandiga. De kan vara användbara i en mängd olika tillämpningar. I det här projektet används de för att bygga en Butler-matris. Denna BFN är kompakt och kan bidra till att minska komplexiteten i avancerade antennsystem med avseende på nuvarande teknik.