The selective transformation of carbon-carbon and carbon-hydrogen bonds represents an attractive approach and rapidly developing frontier in synthesis. Benefits include step and atom economy, as well as the ubiquitous presence in organic molecules. Advances to this exciting realm of synthesis are described in this thesis with an emphasis on the development of catalytic, selective reactions under mild conditions. Additionally some applications of the methodologies are demonstrated. In Chapter 1, the first examples of inter-and intramolecular enantioselective conjugate alkenylations employing organostannanes are reported. A chiral, cationic Rh(I)-diene complex catalyzed the enantioselective conjugate addition of alkenylstannanes to benzylidene Meldrum’s acids in moderate enantiomeric ratios and yields. Notably, the cationic and anhydrous conditions required for the asymmetric alkenylation are complementary to existing protocols employing other alkenylmetals. In Chapter 2, a domino, one-pot formation of tetracyclic ketones from benzylidene Meldrum’s acids using Sc(OTf)3 via a [1,5]-hydride shift/cyclization/Friedel-Crafts acylation sequence is described. Respectable yields were obtained in accord with the ability to convert to the spiro-intermediate, and considering the formation of three new bonds: one C-H and two C-C bonds. An intriguing carbon-carbon bond cleavage was also serendipitously discovered as part of a competing reaction pathway. In Chapter 3, the pursuit of novel C-H bond transformations led to the development of non-carbonyl-stabilized rhodium carbenoid Csp3-H insertions. This methodology enabled the rapid synthesis of N-fused indolines and related complex heterocycles from N-aziridinylimines. By using a rhodium carboxamidate catalyst, competing processes were minimized and C-H insertions were found to proceed in moderate to high yields. Also disclosed is an expedient total synthesis of (±)-cryptaustoline, a dibenzopyrrocoline alkaloid, which highlights the methodology. In Chapter 4, the Lewis acid promoted substitution of Meldrum’s acid discovered during the course of the domino reaction was explored in detail. The protocol transforms unstrained quaternary and tertiary benzylic Csp3-Csp3 bonds into Csp3-X bonds (X = C, N, H) and has even shown to be advantageous with regards to synthetic utility over the use of alternative leaving groups for substitutions at quaternary benzylic centers. This reaction has a broad scope both in terms of suitable substrates and nucleophiles with good to excellent yields obtained (typically >90%).

京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(薬科学) / 甲第20303号 / 薬科博第72号 / 新制||薬科||8(附属図書館) / 京都大学大学院薬学研究科薬科学専攻 / (主査)教授 川端 猛夫, 教授 高須 清誠, 教授 竹本 佳司 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Pharmaceutical Sciences / Kyoto University / DGAM

Investigation of the catalytic formation, reactivity and synthetic scope of sp³-gem-organodimetallic palladio(II)/main group metal (main group metal = tributylstannyl, dialkylalumino) alkane species has been carried out. Insight was expanded regarding the inter- and intramolecular reactivity of vinylmetallic reagents in presence of transition metal catalysts. New Pd-catalysed methodologies for carbon-carbon bond formation were developed, such as cyclopropanation of strained olefins, as well as tandem vinylalane arylation/1,2-methyl transfer and 1,2-diarylation. On the one hand, geminal π-allylpalladio(II)/tributylstannylalkane intermediates are produced by oxidative addition of Pd(0) catalysts to α-tributylstannylpropenyl acetate derivatives. They adopt ambiphilic behaviour depending on the transition metal pre-catalyst, presence or absence of phosphine ligands, and reaction temperature. In presence of tetrakis(triphenylphosphine)palladium(0) with additional bidentate ligand, the carbenoid reactivity of these gem-organobismetallic species is exposed by reaction with dimethyl malonate. Deuterium-labeling studies demonstrated sequential functionalisation of the C-Sn and C-Pd bonds. Conversely, phosphine-free catalyst bis(dibenzylideneacetone)palladium(0) uncovers metal-carbene reactivity, and dimerisation and strained alkene cyclopropanation reactions are observed. The nature of the palladium catalyst controls the reactivity of the carbenoid species. Finally, bis(cyclooctadienerhodium(I) chloride) catalytically activates the alkenylstannane moiety, leaving the allylic acetate leaving group available for further transformations. On the other hand, gem-disubstituted trifluoromethanesulfonyloxy- and iodopalladio(II)/ dialkylaluminoneopentane species are generated by intramolecular migratory insertion of 2,2-disubstituted-1-butenyldialkylalanes with σ-arylpalladium(II) triflate and iodide intermediates. Using excess Lewis-basic 1,4-diazabicyclo[2.2.2]octane, electron-rich tris(para-methoxyphenyl)phosphine ligand and acetonitrile as solvent, tandem arylation/1,2-alkyl migration from aluminum to carbon affords 7-substituted-1-ethyl-1-methylindanes containing an all-carbon quaternary stereogenic centre in good yields. This reaction is tolerant of 6-aryl methyl ethers, thioethers and trimethylsilanes. Deuterium labeling established that protiodealumination of the key neopentyl(methyl)aluminum triflate intermediate is caused by the acetonitrile solvent. The organodimetallic species in that study were shown to be configurationally stable, hence the stereospecificity of the process that proceeds via carbopalladation, transmetalation and reductive elimination of an alkylpalladium(II) intermediate. When applied to 1-naphthyl triflate-tethered vinylalanes, the same reaction conditions mediate stereospecific 1,2-diarylation, leading to 2,3,3a,4-tetrahydro-1H-cyclopenta[def]phenanthrenes in excellent yields. The influence of DABCO, tether length and solvent polarity was studied. Selective tandem arylation/1,2-methyl migration could also be achieved in non-polar solvent in absence of Lewis base. While steric properties took precedence over electronic considerations when inducing product selection, preagostic C-H···Pd interactions were postulated to facilitate 1,3-metal migration in the production of 1H-cyclopenta[def]phenanthrene derivatives.

Investigation of the catalytic formation, reactivity and synthetic scope of sp³-gem-organodimetallic palladio(II)/main group metal (main group metal = tributylstannyl, dialkylalumino) alkane species has been carried out. Insight was expanded regarding the inter- and intramolecular reactivity of vinylmetallic reagents in presence of transition metal catalysts. New Pd-catalysed methodologies for carbon-carbon bond formation were developed, such as cyclopropanation of strained olefins, as well as tandem vinylalane arylation/1,2-methyl transfer and 1,2-diarylation. On the one hand, geminal π-allylpalladio(II)/tributylstannylalkane intermediates are produced by oxidative addition of Pd(0) catalysts to α-tributylstannylpropenyl acetate derivatives. They adopt ambiphilic behaviour depending on the transition metal pre-catalyst, presence or absence of phosphine ligands, and reaction temperature. In presence of tetrakis(triphenylphosphine)palladium(0) with additional bidentate ligand, the carbenoid reactivity of these gem-organobismetallic species is exposed by reaction with dimethyl malonate. Deuterium-labeling studies demonstrated sequential functionalisation of the C-Sn and C-Pd bonds. Conversely, phosphine-free catalyst bis(dibenzylideneacetone)palladium(0) uncovers metal-carbene reactivity, and dimerisation and strained alkene cyclopropanation reactions are observed. The nature of the palladium catalyst controls the reactivity of the carbenoid species. Finally, bis(cyclooctadienerhodium(I) chloride) catalytically activates the alkenylstannane moiety, leaving the allylic acetate leaving group available for further transformations. On the other hand, gem-disubstituted trifluoromethanesulfonyloxy- and iodopalladio(II)/ dialkylaluminoneopentane species are generated by intramolecular migratory insertion of 2,2-disubstituted-1-butenyldialkylalanes with σ-arylpalladium(II) triflate and iodide intermediates. Using excess Lewis-basic 1,4-diazabicyclo[2.2.2]octane, electron-rich tris(para-methoxyphenyl)phosphine ligand and acetonitrile as solvent, tandem arylation/1,2-alkyl migration from aluminum to carbon affords 7-substituted-1-ethyl-1-methylindanes containing an all-carbon quaternary stereogenic centre in good yields. This reaction is tolerant of 6-aryl methyl ethers, thioethers and trimethylsilanes. Deuterium labeling established that protiodealumination of the key neopentyl(methyl)aluminum triflate intermediate is caused by the acetonitrile solvent. The organodimetallic species in that study were shown to be configurationally stable, hence the stereospecificity of the process that proceeds via carbopalladation, transmetalation and reductive elimination of an alkylpalladium(II) intermediate. When applied to 1-naphthyl triflate-tethered vinylalanes, the same reaction conditions mediate stereospecific 1,2-diarylation, leading to 2,3,3a,4-tetrahydro-1H-cyclopenta[def]phenanthrenes in excellent yields. The influence of DABCO, tether length and solvent polarity was studied. Selective tandem arylation/1,2-methyl migration could also be achieved in non-polar solvent in absence of Lewis base. While steric properties took precedence over electronic considerations when inducing product selection, preagostic C-H···Pd interactions were postulated to facilitate 1,3-metal migration in the production of 1H-cyclopenta[def]phenanthrene derivatives.

[ES] Los carbenos representan una clase de reactivos altamente potentes utilizados en el campo de la síntesis orgánica, que muestran la capacidad de participar eficazmente durante los procesos de inserción en una amplia variedad de enlaces químicos, típicamente inertes, facilitando así la creación de dos nuevos enlaces de manera directa y eficiente. Para ello, son necesario catalizadores. La investigación realizada aquí implicó la fabricación de diversas formas de catalizadores de plata, incluidos átomos individuales, dímeros o clústeres, en sólidos microporosos como zeolitas o polímeros de coordinación porosos, también llamados MOFs (del inglés, Metal-Organic Frameworks), logrados a través de métodos sencillos como el intercambio iónico y procedimientos de calcinación o reducción, como se muestra en los Capítulos 4 y 5. Estos catalizadores innovadores demostraron un rendimiento catalítico excepcional para la reacción de Buchner que involucra carbenos, obteniendo buenos rendimientos del producto mientras mantenían una selectividad favorable. Las zeolitas y los MOFs funcionaron como ligandos macroscópicos que sirvieron para estabilizar los sitios activos de plata, lo que permitió la utilización de catalizadores baratos y reciclables para la generación in-situ de carbenos a partir de diazoacetato, promoviendo posteriormente la inserción selectiva en enlaces C-C, C-H, O-H y O-O. Además, en el Capítulo 6, dimos un paso más allá, generando y estabilizando carbenos en zeolitas HY dealuminizadas, comercialmente disponibles y libres de metal. En esta tesis, se caracterizaron dos carbenos sólidos distintos, que incluyen una variante mediada por carbeno de plata que fue identificada con éxito mediante espectroscopía de Raman in-situ y análisis de RMN 13C CP/MAS in-situ, junto con un carbeno estabilizado en zeolita que fue efectivamente elucidado a través de espectroscopía de infrarrojo con transformada de Fourier in-situ y técnicas de RMN 13C CP/MAS. / [CA] Els carbens representen una classe de reactius altament potents utilitzats en el camp de la síntesi orgànica, que mostren la capacitat de participar d'una manera eficaç durant els processos d'inserció en una àmplia varietat d'enllaços químics, típicament inerts, facilitant així la creació de dos nous enllaços de manera directa i eficient. La investigació realitzada ací va implicar la fabricació de diverses formes de catalitzadors de plata, inclosos àtoms individuals, dímers o clústers, en sòlids microporosos com a zeolites o polímers de coordinació porosos, també anomenats MOFs (de l'anglés, Metal-Organic Frameworks), aconseguits a través de mètodes senzills com l'intercanvi iònic i procediments de calcinació o reducció, com es mostra en els Capítols 4 i 5. Estos catalitzadors innovadors van demostrar un rendiment catalític excepcional per a la reacció de Buchner que inclou carbens, obtenint bons rendiments del producte mentres mantenien una selectivitat favorable. Les zeolites i els MOFs van funcionar com lligands macroscòpics que van servir per a estabilitzar els llocs actius de plata, la qual cosa va permetre la utilització de catalitzadors rendibles i reciclables per a la generació in-situ de carbens a partir de diazoacetat, promovent posteriorment la inserció selectiva en enllaços C-C, C-H, O-H i O-O. A més, en el Capítol 6, vam fer un pas més enllà, generant i estabilitzant carbens en zeolites HY dealuminitzades, comercialment disponibles i lliures de metall. En esta tesi, es van caracteritzar dos carbens sòlids diferents, que inclouen una variant mitjançant carben de plata que va ser identificada amb èxit mitjançant espectroscopía de Raman in-situ i anàlisi de RMN 13C CP/MES in-situ, juntament amb un carben estabilitzat en zeolita que va ser efectivament elucidat per mitjà de espectroscopía d'infraroig amb transformada de Fourier in-situ i tècniques de RMN 13C CP/MAS. / [EN] Carbenes represent a class of highly potent reagents used in the field of organic synthesis, showcasing an ability to effectively engage during insertion processes within a diverse array of typically inert chemical bonds, thereby facilitating the creation of two fresh bonds in a direct and efficient manner. For that, catalysts are needed. The exploration conducted here involved the fabrication of various forms of silver catalysts, including single atoms, dimers or clusters, on microporous solids like zeolites or metal-organic frameworks (MOFs), achieved through uncomplicated methods such as ion exchange and calcination or reduction procedures, as shown in Chapters 4 and 5. These innovative catalysts demonstrated exceptional catalytic performance in facilitating the Buchner reaction involving carbenes, yielding high product quantities while maintaining favorable selectivity. The zeolites and MOFs functioned as macroscopic ligands that served to stabilize the silver active sites, thereby enabling the utilization of cost-effective and recyclable catalysts for in-situ carbene generation from diazoacetate, subsequently promoting the selective insertion into C-C, C-H, O-H, and O-O bonds. Furthermore, in Chapter 6, we have gone one step further, generating and stabilizing carbenes in metal-free commercially available dealuminized HY zeolites. In this thesis, two distinct solid-supported carbenes were characterized, encompassing a silver carbene-mediated variant that was successfully identified through in-situ Raman spectroscopy and in-situ 13C CP/MAS NMR analyses, alongside a zeolite-stabilized carbene that was effectively elucidated via in-situ Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy and 13C CP/MAS NMR techniques. / Zheng, Y. (2024). Carbene reactions catalyzed by silver-supported or metal-free microporous solids [Tesis doctoral]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/207244