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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
11

Scientific Reality in C. P. Snow

Damico, Dorothy Trageser 04 1900 (has links)
Twentieth-century science proves that heredity and environment function similarly in all named living species except one--Homo sapiens. Man alone, through his intellect, forms language and culture, thereby affecting his environment so that he participates in the process of his own creation. This participation so links humans that each man extends outside himself creating of the human race a single, whole fabric. C. P. Snow, aware of this communal reality, notes the present lack of communication between scientists and humanists. He contends that this lack, described as the two-cultures split, endangers both the practical survival of Western civilization and mankind's understanding of its own humanity. This study analyzes modern scientific reality and shows that Snow's articles, lectures, and novels articulate that reality and confirm the merit of Snow's observations.
12

Utilização de glicerol como fonte de carbono para desnitrificação e remoção biológica de fósforo em reator submetido à aeração intermitente / Glycerol as carbon source for denitrification and biological phosphorus removal in a reactor subjected to intermittent aeration

Carneiro, Rodrigo Braz 07 April 2015 (has links)
Esse trabalho buscou avaliar a possibilidade de utilização do glicerol como fonte de carbono para a desnitrificação conjunta à remoção biológica de fósforo de um efluente sintético em um reator de fluxo contínuo submetido à aeração intermitente e com biomassa suspensa. O regime operacional do reator foi dividido em duas fases: a primeira visando somente a remoção de nitrato, testando diferentes relações Carbono/Nitrogênio (C/N) em Tempo de Detenção Hidráulica (TDH) de 4 horas; e a segunda visando a remoção de nitrato e fosfato com períodos de aeração e não aeração de 2 e 4 horas respectivamente, para uma relação Carbono/Fósforo de 10 ± 1. Na primeira fase operacional foram testadas 3 relações C/N, a saber: 1,2 ± 0,1; 1,5 ± 0,1 e 1,8 ± 0,2. Para a relação C/N de 1,8 ± 0,2 foi possível atingir uma maior eficiência de desnitrificação com uma maior estabilidade operacional - 91 ± 8%. Para a segunda fase de operação que apresentou relação C/N de 3,5 ± 0,2, a desnitrificação foi completa na maior parte do tempo com 99 ± 2% de eficiência de remoção de NOx (nitrato mais nitrito), indicando que a desnitrificação com glicerol é favorecida para relações C/N mais altas. Não foi evidenciado uma remoção biológica de fósforo expressiva (9 ± 12%), indicando que não houve desenvolvimento dos organismos acumuladores de fósforo (OAPs), uma vez que a liberação de fosfato durante a fase não aerada não ocorreu. Isso pode ser explicado pela falta de ácidos graxos voláteis (AGV), que seriam provenientes da degradação anaeróbia do glicerol, sendo a maior parte desse consumida na desnitrificação. Portanto, o teor de nitrato pode ter sido um fator de impedimento ao desenvolvimento dos OAPs. Pelos ensaios de microscopia óptica foi observado a presença de bactérias filamentosas semelhantes às do gênero Beggiatoa, que também podem ter consumido parte dos substratos da fermentação do glicerol. Por essas razões, sugere-se avaliar outras configurações de reatores de modo a promover uma efetiva fermentação do glicerol previamente ao sistema de remoção de fósforo. / This study aimed to evaluate the feasibility of glycerol as a carbon source for denitrification and biological phosphorus removal of a synthetic wastewater in a continuous flow reactor with suspended biomass and subjected to intermittent aeration. The reactor operation was divided in two phases: the first one aimed only at removing nitrate, testing different C/N (Carbon/Nitrogen) ratios at an HRT (Hydraulic Retention Time) of 4 hours; and the second one aimed at the removal of nitrate and phosphate. During the second phase, the reactor was subjected to periods of aeration and non-aeration of 2 and 4 hours, respectively, for a C/P (Carbon/Phosphorus) ratio of 10 ± 1. In the first operational phase, three C/N ratios were tested, as follows: 1.2 ± 0.1; 1.5 ± 0.1 and 1.8 ± 0.2. For the C/N ratio of 1.8 ± 0.2, it was possible to achieve higher denitrification efficiency with greater operational stability - 91 ± 8%. For the second operational phase, with the C/N ratio of 3.5 ± 0.2, the denitrification was complete most of the time presenting 99 ± 2% of NOx (nitrate and nitrite) removal efficiency, indicating that the denitrification with glycerol is enhanced at higher C/N ratios. The biological phosphorus removal in this phase was not significant (12 ± 9%), indicating that there was no development of Phosphorus Accumulating Organisms (PAO), since the phosphate release during the anaerobic phase did not occur. This can be explained by the lack of Volatile Fatty Acids (VFA), which would come from the anaerobic degradation of glycerol that was consumed in denitrification. Therefore, the nitrate content may have been an interfering factor to the development of PAO. The optical microscopy analysis indicated the presence of filamentous bacteria similar to the genus Beggiatoa, which can also have consumed part of the substrates from the glycerol fermentation. For these reasons, it is suggested to evaluate other reactor configurations in order to promote the effective fermentation of glycerol previously to the phosphorus removal system.
13

Desempenho de reator de leito estruturado submetido à aeração intermitente, na remoção de nitrogênio e fósforo de esgoto sanitário utilizando glicerol fermentado como fonte de carbono / Performance of a structured bed reactor subjected to intermittent aeration in the removal of nitrogen and phosphorus from sewage using fermented glycerol as carbon source

Lopes, Jéssica Costa 16 May 2017 (has links)
Este trabalho buscou verificar a viabilidade do uso de fermentado de glicerol como fonte externa de carbono para a remoção biológica de nutrientes em um reator de leito estruturado, submetido à aeração intermitente (LEAI). O LEAI foi alimentado com efluente de reator UASB de bancada, usado no tratamento de esgoto sanitário. O reator LEAI possuía volume total de 12,3L e, devido às hastes cilíndricas verticais de espuma de poliuretano usadas como suporte para a biomassa, o volume útil foi de 8,6 L. Inicialmente, o reator foi operado sob aeração contínua com tempo de detenção hidráulica (TDH) de 24 horas e razão de recirculação de efluente igual a 3 para desenvolvimento de biomassa nitrificante no reator. Após a eficiência de nitrificação atingir 80%, o reator passou a ser operado com TDH de 12 horas e sob aeração intermitente, mantendo-se a razão de recirculação igual a 3. Foram então realizadas 4 fases em modo contínuo sob aeração intermitente (tempo de aeração/tempo sem aeração) de 2h/1h sem glicerol, 3h/1h sem glicerol, 2h/1h com glicerol, 3h/1h com glicerol. A adição de glicerol fermentado ocorreu somente durante os períodos não aerados. Em todas as fases, a DQO média efluente ao sistema variou entre 26±8 e 59±14 mg.L-1. Em relação à remoção de nitrogênio total (como NTK), verificou-se a baixa eficiência de remoção nas fases em que não houve a adição do fermentado, atingindo 49,6±13,5% (2h/1h) e 29,2±10,1% (3h/1h). Entretanto, nas fases em que houve a inserção do glicerol, as eficiências de remoção de N-total foram superiores, obtendo-se 64,9±21,6% (2h/1h) e 69,5±11,7% (3h/1h). Não foi observada remoção de fósforo em nenhuma das fases em que o reator foi operado com alimentação contínua. A fim de verificar a eficácia do fermentado de glicerol na remoção de N e P, o sistema foi modificado para que o reator LEAI operasse em bateladas sequenciais (RSB). Nessa etapa da pesquisa, observou-se o estabelecimento da comunidade acumuladora de fósforo no sistema, obtendo-se eficiência de remoção de fósforo de 56,1±8,5%. A eficiência de remoção de nitrogênio total também aumentou, atingindo 86,2±6,2%. Concluiu-se que o fermentado do glicerol apresenta potencial significativo para uso como fonte exógena de carbono no processo de remoção de fósforo e N-total. Concluiu-se também que, embora o glicerol fermentado contenha compostos favoráveis à remoção de fósforo em reatores de leito estruturado, a alimentação contínua do reator com aeração intermitente, não promove as condições ideais para o estabelecimento de processo estável de remoção de fósforo. No entanto, a elevada eficiência de oxidação de NTK, de remoção de matéria orgânica e de desnitrificação, aliadas à baixa produção sólida, mostram que o LEAI é uma alternativa interessante em comparação às tecnologias praticadas atualmente para pós-tratamento de efluentes de reatores anaeróbios. Contudo, quando a remoção de fósforo é necessária, a operação do reator em bateladas sequenciais é a alternativa viável. / This work aimed to verify the viability of the use of fermented glycerol as an external carbon source for the nutrient biological removal in structured-bed reactor subjected to recirculation and intermittent aeration (SBRRIA). The SBRRIA was fed effluent from UASB reactor bench scale, used in the treatment of domestic sewage. The SBTTIA reactor had a total volume of 12.3L and, due to the vertical cylindrical strips of polyurethane foam used as biomass support, the useful volume was 8.6 L. Initially, the reactor was operated under continuous aeration with hydraulic retention time (HRT) of 24 hours and effluent recirculation ratio of 3 for the development of nitrifying biomass in the reactor. After the nitrification efficiency reach 80%, the reactor started to be operated at the HRT of 12 h under intermittent aeration, maintaining the recirculation ratio equal to 3. Four phases were then carried out continuously under intermittent aeration (aeration / time without aeration) of 2h/1h without glycerol, 3h/1h without glycerol, 2h/1h with glycerol, 3h/1h with glycerol. The addition of fermented glycerol occurred only during time without aeration. In all phases, the average COD effluent of the system ranged between 26±8 and 59±14 mg.L-1. Low removal efficiency of total nitrogen (as TKN) was verified in the phases without addition of the fermented glycerol, reaching 49.6±13.5% (2h/1h) and 29.2±10.1% (3h/1h). However, the efficiency of total nitrogen removal efficiency was higher when fermented glycerol was added during the non-aerated period, attaining 64.9±21.6% (2h/1h) and 69.5±11.7% (3h/1h). No phosphorus removal was observed in any of the previous phases in which the reactor was operated under continuous feeding. In order to verify the feasibility of fermented glycerol in the removal of N and P, the system was modified so that the LEAI reactor operated in sequential batch mode (SRB). At this stage of the research, the establishment of the phosphorus accumulating community in the system was observed and phosphorus removal efficiency attained 56.1±8.5%. The efficiency of total nitrogen removal also increased up to 86.2±6.2%. It was concluded that the fermented glycerol presents significant potential for use as an exogenous carbon source in the process of phosphorus and nitrogen removal. It can be also concluded that fixed bed reactors can remove phosphorus from wastewaters using fermented glycerol presenting compounds favorable to the development of phosphorus accumulating microorganisms (PAO). However, reactors subjected to continuous feeding and intermittent aeration do not promote good conditions for the establishment of stable phosphorus removal process. Nevertheless, the high efficiency of TKN oxidation, organic matter removal and denitrification, coupled with low solid production, show that SBRRIA is an interesting alternative for the post-treatment of anaerobic reactor effluents. However, when phosphorus removal is required, sequential batch reactor operation is the viable alternative.
14

Utilização de glicerol como fonte de carbono para desnitrificação e remoção biológica de fósforo em reator submetido à aeração intermitente / Glycerol as carbon source for denitrification and biological phosphorus removal in a reactor subjected to intermittent aeration

Rodrigo Braz Carneiro 07 April 2015 (has links)
Esse trabalho buscou avaliar a possibilidade de utilização do glicerol como fonte de carbono para a desnitrificação conjunta à remoção biológica de fósforo de um efluente sintético em um reator de fluxo contínuo submetido à aeração intermitente e com biomassa suspensa. O regime operacional do reator foi dividido em duas fases: a primeira visando somente a remoção de nitrato, testando diferentes relações Carbono/Nitrogênio (C/N) em Tempo de Detenção Hidráulica (TDH) de 4 horas; e a segunda visando a remoção de nitrato e fosfato com períodos de aeração e não aeração de 2 e 4 horas respectivamente, para uma relação Carbono/Fósforo de 10 ± 1. Na primeira fase operacional foram testadas 3 relações C/N, a saber: 1,2 ± 0,1; 1,5 ± 0,1 e 1,8 ± 0,2. Para a relação C/N de 1,8 ± 0,2 foi possível atingir uma maior eficiência de desnitrificação com uma maior estabilidade operacional - 91 ± 8%. Para a segunda fase de operação que apresentou relação C/N de 3,5 ± 0,2, a desnitrificação foi completa na maior parte do tempo com 99 ± 2% de eficiência de remoção de NOx (nitrato mais nitrito), indicando que a desnitrificação com glicerol é favorecida para relações C/N mais altas. Não foi evidenciado uma remoção biológica de fósforo expressiva (9 ± 12%), indicando que não houve desenvolvimento dos organismos acumuladores de fósforo (OAPs), uma vez que a liberação de fosfato durante a fase não aerada não ocorreu. Isso pode ser explicado pela falta de ácidos graxos voláteis (AGV), que seriam provenientes da degradação anaeróbia do glicerol, sendo a maior parte desse consumida na desnitrificação. Portanto, o teor de nitrato pode ter sido um fator de impedimento ao desenvolvimento dos OAPs. Pelos ensaios de microscopia óptica foi observado a presença de bactérias filamentosas semelhantes às do gênero Beggiatoa, que também podem ter consumido parte dos substratos da fermentação do glicerol. Por essas razões, sugere-se avaliar outras configurações de reatores de modo a promover uma efetiva fermentação do glicerol previamente ao sistema de remoção de fósforo. / This study aimed to evaluate the feasibility of glycerol as a carbon source for denitrification and biological phosphorus removal of a synthetic wastewater in a continuous flow reactor with suspended biomass and subjected to intermittent aeration. The reactor operation was divided in two phases: the first one aimed only at removing nitrate, testing different C/N (Carbon/Nitrogen) ratios at an HRT (Hydraulic Retention Time) of 4 hours; and the second one aimed at the removal of nitrate and phosphate. During the second phase, the reactor was subjected to periods of aeration and non-aeration of 2 and 4 hours, respectively, for a C/P (Carbon/Phosphorus) ratio of 10 ± 1. In the first operational phase, three C/N ratios were tested, as follows: 1.2 ± 0.1; 1.5 ± 0.1 and 1.8 ± 0.2. For the C/N ratio of 1.8 ± 0.2, it was possible to achieve higher denitrification efficiency with greater operational stability - 91 ± 8%. For the second operational phase, with the C/N ratio of 3.5 ± 0.2, the denitrification was complete most of the time presenting 99 ± 2% of NOx (nitrate and nitrite) removal efficiency, indicating that the denitrification with glycerol is enhanced at higher C/N ratios. The biological phosphorus removal in this phase was not significant (12 ± 9%), indicating that there was no development of Phosphorus Accumulating Organisms (PAO), since the phosphate release during the anaerobic phase did not occur. This can be explained by the lack of Volatile Fatty Acids (VFA), which would come from the anaerobic degradation of glycerol that was consumed in denitrification. Therefore, the nitrate content may have been an interfering factor to the development of PAO. The optical microscopy analysis indicated the presence of filamentous bacteria similar to the genus Beggiatoa, which can also have consumed part of the substrates from the glycerol fermentation. For these reasons, it is suggested to evaluate other reactor configurations in order to promote the effective fermentation of glycerol previously to the phosphorus removal system.
15

Desempenho de reator de leito estruturado submetido à aeração intermitente, na remoção de nitrogênio e fósforo de esgoto sanitário utilizando glicerol fermentado como fonte de carbono / Performance of a structured bed reactor subjected to intermittent aeration in the removal of nitrogen and phosphorus from sewage using fermented glycerol as carbon source

Jéssica Costa Lopes 16 May 2017 (has links)
Este trabalho buscou verificar a viabilidade do uso de fermentado de glicerol como fonte externa de carbono para a remoção biológica de nutrientes em um reator de leito estruturado, submetido à aeração intermitente (LEAI). O LEAI foi alimentado com efluente de reator UASB de bancada, usado no tratamento de esgoto sanitário. O reator LEAI possuía volume total de 12,3L e, devido às hastes cilíndricas verticais de espuma de poliuretano usadas como suporte para a biomassa, o volume útil foi de 8,6 L. Inicialmente, o reator foi operado sob aeração contínua com tempo de detenção hidráulica (TDH) de 24 horas e razão de recirculação de efluente igual a 3 para desenvolvimento de biomassa nitrificante no reator. Após a eficiência de nitrificação atingir 80%, o reator passou a ser operado com TDH de 12 horas e sob aeração intermitente, mantendo-se a razão de recirculação igual a 3. Foram então realizadas 4 fases em modo contínuo sob aeração intermitente (tempo de aeração/tempo sem aeração) de 2h/1h sem glicerol, 3h/1h sem glicerol, 2h/1h com glicerol, 3h/1h com glicerol. A adição de glicerol fermentado ocorreu somente durante os períodos não aerados. Em todas as fases, a DQO média efluente ao sistema variou entre 26±8 e 59±14 mg.L-1. Em relação à remoção de nitrogênio total (como NTK), verificou-se a baixa eficiência de remoção nas fases em que não houve a adição do fermentado, atingindo 49,6±13,5% (2h/1h) e 29,2±10,1% (3h/1h). Entretanto, nas fases em que houve a inserção do glicerol, as eficiências de remoção de N-total foram superiores, obtendo-se 64,9±21,6% (2h/1h) e 69,5±11,7% (3h/1h). Não foi observada remoção de fósforo em nenhuma das fases em que o reator foi operado com alimentação contínua. A fim de verificar a eficácia do fermentado de glicerol na remoção de N e P, o sistema foi modificado para que o reator LEAI operasse em bateladas sequenciais (RSB). Nessa etapa da pesquisa, observou-se o estabelecimento da comunidade acumuladora de fósforo no sistema, obtendo-se eficiência de remoção de fósforo de 56,1±8,5%. A eficiência de remoção de nitrogênio total também aumentou, atingindo 86,2±6,2%. Concluiu-se que o fermentado do glicerol apresenta potencial significativo para uso como fonte exógena de carbono no processo de remoção de fósforo e N-total. Concluiu-se também que, embora o glicerol fermentado contenha compostos favoráveis à remoção de fósforo em reatores de leito estruturado, a alimentação contínua do reator com aeração intermitente, não promove as condições ideais para o estabelecimento de processo estável de remoção de fósforo. No entanto, a elevada eficiência de oxidação de NTK, de remoção de matéria orgânica e de desnitrificação, aliadas à baixa produção sólida, mostram que o LEAI é uma alternativa interessante em comparação às tecnologias praticadas atualmente para pós-tratamento de efluentes de reatores anaeróbios. Contudo, quando a remoção de fósforo é necessária, a operação do reator em bateladas sequenciais é a alternativa viável. / This work aimed to verify the viability of the use of fermented glycerol as an external carbon source for the nutrient biological removal in structured-bed reactor subjected to recirculation and intermittent aeration (SBRRIA). The SBRRIA was fed effluent from UASB reactor bench scale, used in the treatment of domestic sewage. The SBTTIA reactor had a total volume of 12.3L and, due to the vertical cylindrical strips of polyurethane foam used as biomass support, the useful volume was 8.6 L. Initially, the reactor was operated under continuous aeration with hydraulic retention time (HRT) of 24 hours and effluent recirculation ratio of 3 for the development of nitrifying biomass in the reactor. After the nitrification efficiency reach 80%, the reactor started to be operated at the HRT of 12 h under intermittent aeration, maintaining the recirculation ratio equal to 3. Four phases were then carried out continuously under intermittent aeration (aeration / time without aeration) of 2h/1h without glycerol, 3h/1h without glycerol, 2h/1h with glycerol, 3h/1h with glycerol. The addition of fermented glycerol occurred only during time without aeration. In all phases, the average COD effluent of the system ranged between 26±8 and 59±14 mg.L-1. Low removal efficiency of total nitrogen (as TKN) was verified in the phases without addition of the fermented glycerol, reaching 49.6±13.5% (2h/1h) and 29.2±10.1% (3h/1h). However, the efficiency of total nitrogen removal efficiency was higher when fermented glycerol was added during the non-aerated period, attaining 64.9±21.6% (2h/1h) and 69.5±11.7% (3h/1h). No phosphorus removal was observed in any of the previous phases in which the reactor was operated under continuous feeding. In order to verify the feasibility of fermented glycerol in the removal of N and P, the system was modified so that the LEAI reactor operated in sequential batch mode (SRB). At this stage of the research, the establishment of the phosphorus accumulating community in the system was observed and phosphorus removal efficiency attained 56.1±8.5%. The efficiency of total nitrogen removal also increased up to 86.2±6.2%. It was concluded that the fermented glycerol presents significant potential for use as an exogenous carbon source in the process of phosphorus and nitrogen removal. It can be also concluded that fixed bed reactors can remove phosphorus from wastewaters using fermented glycerol presenting compounds favorable to the development of phosphorus accumulating microorganisms (PAO). However, reactors subjected to continuous feeding and intermittent aeration do not promote good conditions for the establishment of stable phosphorus removal process. Nevertheless, the high efficiency of TKN oxidation, organic matter removal and denitrification, coupled with low solid production, show that SBRRIA is an interesting alternative for the post-treatment of anaerobic reactor effluents. However, when phosphorus removal is required, sequential batch reactor operation is the viable alternative.
16

Influential data cases when the C-p criterion is used for variable selection in multiple linear regression

Uys, Daniel Wilhelm January 2003 (has links)
Dissertation (PhD)--Stellenbosch University, 2003. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: In this dissertation we study the influence of data cases when the Cp criterion of Mallows (1973) is used for variable selection in multiple linear regression. The influence is investigated in terms of the predictive power and the predictor variables included in the resulting model when variable selection is applied. In particular, we focus on the importance of identifying and dealing with these so called selection influential data cases before model selection and fitting are performed. For this purpose we develop two new selection influence measures, both based on the Cp criterion. The first measure is specifically developed to identify individual selection influential data cases, whereas the second identifies subsets of selection influential data cases. The success with which these influence measures identify selection influential data cases, is evaluated in example data sets and in simulation. All results are derived in the coordinate free context, with special application in multiple linear regression. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Invloedryke waarnemings as die C-p kriterium vir veranderlike seleksie in meervoudigelineêre regressie gebruik word: In hierdie proefskrif ondersoek ons die invloed van waarnemings as die Cp kriterium van Mallows (1973) vir veranderlike seleksie in meervoudige lineêre regressie gebruik word. Die invloed van waarnemings op die voorspellingskrag en die onafhanklike veranderlikes wat ingesluit word in die finale geselekteerde model, word ondersoek. In besonder fokus ons op die belangrikheid van identifisering van en handeling met sogenaamde seleksie invloedryke waarnemings voordat model seleksie en passing gedoen word. Vir hierdie doel word twee nuwe invloedsmaatstawwe, albei gebaseer op die Cp kriterium, ontwikkel. Die eerste maatstaf is spesifiek ontwikkelom die invloed van individuele waarnemings te meet, terwyl die tweede die invloed van deelversamelings van waarnemings op die seleksie proses meet. Die sukses waarmee hierdie invloedsmaatstawwe seleksie invloedryke waarnemings identifiseer word beoordeel in voorbeeld datastelle en in simulasie. Alle resultate word afgelei binne die koërdinaatvrye konteks, met spesiale toepassing in meervoudige lineêre regressie.
17

臺灣連接器產業經營績效影響因素之探討

黎函思 Unknown Date (has links)
由於臺灣產業在全球產業升級與金磚四國的廉價勞力及廣大市場競爭優勢的衝擊下,更加重視產品的創新及技術提升,以維持獲利率與競爭力,所以,研究發展為一影響廠商經營績效之重要因素。本文以產業經濟學中的結構-行為-績效分析法為架構,利用2000至2004年臺灣上市、上櫃及興櫃連接器廠商的資料,運用三階段最小平方法對廠商研究發展密集度及獲利率之間的相互關係進行研究。研究結果顯示:(1) 研究發展密集度對獲利率的影響為顯著的負向關係,其平方項對獲利率的影響為顯著的正向關係,顯示台灣連接器廠商投入研究發展的比例與獲利不成比例,研究發展的投入較多並不表示廠商在當期能有較好的獲利,反而都因費用在當期提列而使成本增加。但當研究發展活動到達一定規模以後,研究發展活動再增加則對獲利率有正面的影響,獲利率與研究發展密集度呈現U型的非線性關係。此外,本文之實證結果顯示,可以增進廠商績效的因素包括前期淨利的增加及銷售成長率提高。(2)廠商之績效對廠商的研究發展行為呈現顯著的正向關係,表示廠商的績效提高使廠商有足夠的能力進行研究發展,研究發展的意願增強。此外,本文之實證結果證明,可使廠商提高研究發展意願的因素包括平均員工服務年資較短的較商、廠商成立年數愈長、較具規模的廠商及主要產品應用於通訊業之廠商。上述之結果印證了臺灣地區連接器產業廠商之研究發展密集度與獲利率確實存在顯著的交互影響關係。
18

VARIATION IN C/P RATIOS IN DEVONIAN-MISSISSIPPIAN MARINE SHALES: TESTING THE PRODUCTIVITY-ANOXIA FEEDBACK MODEL

Scott, Brian T. 01 January 2009 (has links)
Carbon/phosphorus ratios for late Devonian-early Mississippian marine black shales along a transect from the Illinois Basin, across the Cumberland Saddle, and into the Appalachian Basin were evaluated to assess the role of productivity in organic carbon accumulation. Phosphorus is a key limiting nutrient for biological productivity in marine environments and may be regenerated preferentially relative to organic carbon, the amount of regeneration possibly being related to bottom-water anoxia. A positive feed-back mechanism (more specifically, productivity-anoxia feedback or PAF) has been proposed between water-column anoxia, high benthic regeneration of phosphorus, and marine productivity. This regeneration of phosphorus under anoxic conditions and overturn of surface waters has been proposed as an explanation for enhanced organic matter accumulation in the Appalachian Devonian Basin. The Cumberland Saddle is a structurally low segment of the Cincinnati Arch that lies at the crest of the arch between the Jessamine and Nashville domes that connects the Illinois and Appalachian basins. C/P data for two cores in the Illinois Basin, four cores across the Cumberland Saddle, and two cores in the Appalachian Basin are discussed in light of the productivity-anoxia feedback model.
19

The "structuring forces" of detection the cases of C.P. Snow and John Fowles /

Eriksson, Bo H. T. January 1900 (has links)
Thesis (doctoral)--Uppsala University, 1995. / Includes bibliographical references (p. 238-249) and index.
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Influence of commodity costs on the price of FMCG products / Influence of commodity costs on the price of FMCG products

Baituyakova, Danagul January 2015 (has links)
The goal of this thesis is to provide a reader with a comprehensive outlook on the cost-pricing process in a real FMCG company. Firstly, the thesis concentrates on the theoretical background of cost methodologies and pricing strategies from a perspective of a private firm. Secondly, the thesis presents a tool, which calculates the reflection of the change in the commodity cost on the shelf price of a good. Thirdly, statistical testing is applied in order to identify if the model could correlate with reality based on historical data. In this part the thesis discusses the limitations of the model and gives more real life examples of how the price is set, besides the commodity influence. Thanks to it, a reader will be able to draw conclusions from the given information and deeper understand the complexity of the FMCG market industry.

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