Presented here is a comparison of two magnetic densimeters, one using a r.f. sensing system and one using an optical sensing system. Both systems have the same control system. Based on a series of experiments, it appears that the optical sensing densimeter is much easier to handle than the one using r.f. sensing. This is because the r.f. system is much more sensitive to stray electromagnetic radiation. Presented here also is a method for determining the partial specific volumes of each component in a multi-component system, prior to and after the interaction of these components using a magnetic densimeter. / Master of Science

No description available.

At the present time, millions of dollars are being lost by major airlines each year because of the inability of high density air terminals to efficiently service all of the demands placed upon them during peak periods of demand. Up to the present time, studies involving congestion have been aimed primarily at the implementation of computerized techniques to aid the air traffic controller during peak demand periods. By scheduling aircraft in a given system in a different manner, delay, caused by congestion, could possibly be reduced at high density terminals even more than it has been reduced by the results obtained from previous studies. The approach taken in this study involves testing different heuristic scheduling algorithms, based on what has been done previously, to determine what extent total system delay can be reduced. The method of approach which was followed was based on a simulator which models aircraft movement between N major terminals. For each scheduling algorithm developed, hourly statistics related to the number of aircraft demanding service, average departure delay, and average arrival delay were calculated along with total system delay times for arriving and departing aircraft. The results obtained from these algorithms were analyzed and compared with the scheduling algorithm which resulted in a reduction in delay being examined in greater detail to determine whether or not such a schedule would actually be feasible and worthwhile. / Master of Science

C75, um inibidor sintético da ácido graxo sintase, causa anorexia e perda de peso em roedores, mas os mecanismos envolvidos com esses efeitos ainda não são totalmente conhecidos. A hipótese testada nesse trabalho foi que o tecido adiposo marrom (TAM), um órgão com importante função no controle da termogênese, poderia estar envolvido nos efeitos mediados pelos inibidores da ácido graxo sintase. Para isso, ratos Wistar foram submetidos ao implante de cânula no ventrículo lateral direito seguido, ou não, pela desnervação simpática cirúrgica do TAM. Sete dias após, C75 (150 g/7,5 L), cerulenina, um inibidor natural da ácido graxo sintase, (150 g/7,5 L) ou RPMI (veículo) foi administrado nos animais com privação alimentar de 24 horas. Foi demonstrado que uma única injeção intracerebroventricular de C75 reduziu a ingestão alimentar no primeiro dia e induziu perda de peso por dois dias. Além disso, as análises de telemetria mostraram que o C75 promoveu um rápido aumento na temperatura corporal interna, maior taxa de estoque de calor de 30 minutos a 6 horas da administração, e um aumento na dissipação de calor por 4 horas. A desnervação do TAM atenuou os efeitos do C75 sobre a regulação térmica bem como seu efeito sobre o peso corporal e a ingestão alimentar. Em paralelo, o C75 induziu aumento na temperatura do TAM (até 8 horas após a injeção), no conteúdo de noradrenalina e na atividade da citocromo c oxidase mitocondrial e da expressão do RNAm da UCP-1 no tecido. Todos esses efeitos foram abolidos com a desnervação simpática do TAM. Tal como o C75, a cerulenina, também induziu um aumento na temperatura corporal interna e do TAM, o qual também foi abolido pela desnervação do TAM. A atividade locomotora espontânea não foi alterada por nenhum inibidor da ácido graxo sintase. A imunohistoquímica para c-Fos revelou que o C75 aumentou o número de células imunorreativas a c-Fos na área pré-óptica, núcleo paraventricular, dorsomedial do hipotálamo, ventromedial do hipotálamo, locus coeruleus e rafe pálida, regiões que estão envolvidas com a regulação central da temperatura. Estes dados sugerem um papel do TAM no aumento da temperatura corporal evocado pelos inibidores da ácido graxo sintase e provêm novos mecanismos para explicar a hipofagia e o aumento do gasto energético observados com a administração desses compostos. / C75, a synthetic inhibitor of fatty acid synthase, causes anorexia and weight loss in rodents, but the underlying mechanisms are not totally known. Thus, the hypothesis tested in this work was that brown adipose tissue (BAT), an organ with important role for control of thermogenesis, could be involved in the anti-obesity effects of fatty acid synthase inhibitors. To address this issue, Wistar rats were submitted to cannula implant into right lateral ventricle and following, or not, by surgical sympathetic denervation of BAT. Seven days later, C75 (150g/7.5L), cerulenin, a natural fatty acid synthase inhibitor, (150 g/7.5 L) or RPMI (vehicle) was administered in 24h-fasted animals. It was demonstrated that a single intracerebroventricular injection of C75 decreased the food intake on the first day, and induced weight loss for two days. Furthermore, telemetry analyzes shown that the C75 induced a rapid increase in core body temperature, a higher heat storage rate from 30 minutes until 6 hours of injection, and an increase in heat dissipation for 4 hours. The BAT denervation attenuated the thermoregulatory effects of C75 as well as its effect on body weight and food intake. In parallel, C75 induced an increase in BAT temperature (up to 8 hours of the injection), higher content of norepinephrine, and an increase in the activity of cytochrome c oxidase and mRNA expression of UCP-1 in the tissue. All these effects were abolished by sympathetic denervation. Like C75, the central administration of cerulenin also induced an increase in the BAT and core body temperature, which was also abolished by BAT denervation. The spontaneous locomotor activity was not altered by any fatty acid synthase inhibitor. The immunohistochemistry for c-Fos revealed that the C75 increased numbers of Fos-immunoreactive cells in preoptica area, paraventricular nucleus, dorsomedial hypothalamus, ventromedial hypothalamus, locus coeruleus and raphe pallidus, regions which are involved in the central thermoregulation. These data implicate a role for BAT in the fatty acid synthase inhibitors-evoked increase in body temperature and provide new mechanisms to explain hypophagia and increased energy expenditure observed with the administration of these compounds.

C75, um inibidor sintético da ácido graxo sintase, causa anorexia e perda de peso em roedores, mas os mecanismos envolvidos com esses efeitos ainda não são totalmente conhecidos. A hipótese testada nesse trabalho foi que o tecido adiposo marrom (TAM), um órgão com importante função no controle da termogênese, poderia estar envolvido nos efeitos mediados pelos inibidores da ácido graxo sintase. Para isso, ratos Wistar foram submetidos ao implante de cânula no ventrículo lateral direito seguido, ou não, pela desnervação simpática cirúrgica do TAM. Sete dias após, C75 (150 g/7,5 L), cerulenina, um inibidor natural da ácido graxo sintase, (150 g/7,5 L) ou RPMI (veículo) foi administrado nos animais com privação alimentar de 24 horas. Foi demonstrado que uma única injeção intracerebroventricular de C75 reduziu a ingestão alimentar no primeiro dia e induziu perda de peso por dois dias. Além disso, as análises de telemetria mostraram que o C75 promoveu um rápido aumento na temperatura corporal interna, maior taxa de estoque de calor de 30 minutos a 6 horas da administração, e um aumento na dissipação de calor por 4 horas. A desnervação do TAM atenuou os efeitos do C75 sobre a regulação térmica bem como seu efeito sobre o peso corporal e a ingestão alimentar. Em paralelo, o C75 induziu aumento na temperatura do TAM (até 8 horas após a injeção), no conteúdo de noradrenalina e na atividade da citocromo c oxidase mitocondrial e da expressão do RNAm da UCP-1 no tecido. Todos esses efeitos foram abolidos com a desnervação simpática do TAM. Tal como o C75, a cerulenina, também induziu um aumento na temperatura corporal interna e do TAM, o qual também foi abolido pela desnervação do TAM. A atividade locomotora espontânea não foi alterada por nenhum inibidor da ácido graxo sintase. A imunohistoquímica para c-Fos revelou que o C75 aumentou o número de células imunorreativas a c-Fos na área pré-óptica, núcleo paraventricular, dorsomedial do hipotálamo, ventromedial do hipotálamo, locus coeruleus e rafe pálida, regiões que estão envolvidas com a regulação central da temperatura. Estes dados sugerem um papel do TAM no aumento da temperatura corporal evocado pelos inibidores da ácido graxo sintase e provêm novos mecanismos para explicar a hipofagia e o aumento do gasto energético observados com a administração desses compostos. / C75, a synthetic inhibitor of fatty acid synthase, causes anorexia and weight loss in rodents, but the underlying mechanisms are not totally known. Thus, the hypothesis tested in this work was that brown adipose tissue (BAT), an organ with important role for control of thermogenesis, could be involved in the anti-obesity effects of fatty acid synthase inhibitors. To address this issue, Wistar rats were submitted to cannula implant into right lateral ventricle and following, or not, by surgical sympathetic denervation of BAT. Seven days later, C75 (150g/7.5L), cerulenin, a natural fatty acid synthase inhibitor, (150 g/7.5 L) or RPMI (vehicle) was administered in 24h-fasted animals. It was demonstrated that a single intracerebroventricular injection of C75 decreased the food intake on the first day, and induced weight loss for two days. Furthermore, telemetry analyzes shown that the C75 induced a rapid increase in core body temperature, a higher heat storage rate from 30 minutes until 6 hours of injection, and an increase in heat dissipation for 4 hours. The BAT denervation attenuated the thermoregulatory effects of C75 as well as its effect on body weight and food intake. In parallel, C75 induced an increase in BAT temperature (up to 8 hours of the injection), higher content of norepinephrine, and an increase in the activity of cytochrome c oxidase and mRNA expression of UCP-1 in the tissue. All these effects were abolished by sympathetic denervation. Like C75, the central administration of cerulenin also induced an increase in the BAT and core body temperature, which was also abolished by BAT denervation. The spontaneous locomotor activity was not altered by any fatty acid synthase inhibitor. The immunohistochemistry for c-Fos revealed that the C75 increased numbers of Fos-immunoreactive cells in preoptica area, paraventricular nucleus, dorsomedial hypothalamus, ventromedial hypothalamus, locus coeruleus and raphe pallidus, regions which are involved in the central thermoregulation. These data implicate a role for BAT in the fatty acid synthase inhibitors-evoked increase in body temperature and provide new mechanisms to explain hypophagia and increased energy expenditure observed with the administration of these compounds.

CATALÀ:L'enzim carnitina palmitoïltransferasa1 (CPT1), localitzat a la membrana mitocondrial externa, constitueix el principal punt de control de l'entrada d'àcids grassos de cadena llarga (LCFA) al mitocondri i és clau en el manteniment d'àcids grassos circulants. Existeixen tres isotips descrits (CPT1A, CPT1B i CPT1C) que codifiquen per enzims amb diferents característiques cinètiques i patrons d'expressió.1.- Mecanismes de control transcripcional del gen CPT1B humà.El promotor humà de la CPT1B inclou un element de resposta a PPAR i un lloc d'unió a MEF-2. Hem investigat el paper d'aquests elements de resposta i la possible interacció entre PPARα i MEF2C en la regulació transcripcional d'aquest promotor. Dels resultats obtinguts podem concloure que la resposta del promotor a PPARα depèn: del context cel·lular, de l'element de resposta a MEF-2 i de la disposició espacial d'aquest respecte al PPRE. La combinació d'aquests elements cis en el promotor de la CPT1B indueix l'expressió màxima del gen en resposta a diferents senyals. La concurrència de senyals metabòlics i miogènics en aquest promotor genera una conformació transcripcional permissiva d'aquest promotor que porta a una activació sinèrgica del promotor en aquells teixits on es troben els corresponents factors de transcripció (MEF2C, PPARα/RXRα) i el substrat metabòlic de l'enzim, els àcids grassos que activen PPARα. En la mateixa una regió promotor una zona rica en GC capaç d'unir Sp1 ha resultat fonamental per l'expressió basal del gen i per la transactivació per PPARα però no per la de PPARδ. 2.- Relació estructura/funció de l'enzim CPT1 de porc.A nivell cinètic, les CPT1A mostren una alta afinitat per la carnitina i una baixa sensibilitat al malonil-CoA mentre que les CPT1B presenten característiques contràries. Una excepció a aquesta relació és la CPT1A de porc (PLCPT1) que es comporta com una quimera natural entre els isotips A i B, presentant afinitats pels substrats similars a les CPT1A i una IC50 pel malonil-CoA típica de les CPT1B. Utilitzant quimeres entre la CPT1A de rata i la CPT1A de porc hem demostrat que l'extrem C-terminal de les CPT1A es comporta com un únic domini que dicta la sensibilitat total a malonil-CoA de l'enzim. El grau de sensibilitat a l'inhibidor ve determinat per l'estructura adoptada per aquest domini. Utilitzant mutants delecionats hem mostrat que la sensibilitat a malonil-CoA també depèn de la interacció d'aquest únic domini carboxil amb els primers 18 aminoàcids de la proteïna. D'aquests resultats podem concloure que les CPt1A de rata i porc presenten diferent sensibilitats a malonil-CoA perquè els primers 18 aminoàcids dels enzims interaccionen diferent amb el domini C-terminal.Hem aïllat l'isotip muscular de la CPT1 de porc (PMCPT1), una proteïna de 772 aminoàcids molt similar a les CPT1B. Expressada en Pichia pastoris la CPt1B de porc ha resultat ser un enzim amb característiques cinètiques pròximes a les CPT1A. 3.- Efecte de C75 sobre el sistema CPT. Els enzims CPT1 i CPT2 són components del sistema llançadora CPT. Aquest sistema es troba finament regulat pels nivells de malonil-CoA, un inhibidor reversible de la CPT1. Per la seva capacitat d'inhibir la sintasa d'àcids grassos (FAS), el C75 és capaç d'incrementar els nivells intracel·lular de malonil-CoA intracel·lular. Paradoxalment també activa l'oxidació d'àcids grassos de cadena llarga. Per tal d'identificar la diana exacta del C75 en el sistema CPT vam analitzar l'activitat enzimàtica de CPT1A, CPT1B i CPT2 davant el tractament amb C75. Els resultats d'aquests experiments indiquen que el C75 actua sobre el sistema CPT activant CPT1A, CPT1B i CPT2 de manera independent de malonil-CoA. / The outer mitochondrial membrane enzyme carnitine palmitoyltransferase1 (CPTI) catalyzes the initial and regulatory step in the β-oxidation of long-chain fatty acids. There are three characterized isotypes: CPT1A, CPT1B and CPT1C. The human CPT1B promoter includes a functional PPAR responsive element and a myocite-specific site that binds MEF2C. We investigated the roles of these sites and the potential interaction between PPARα and MEF2C regulating this promoter. The combination of cis elements in the promoter of the CPT1B maximally induces the expression of this gene in response to a combination of signals. The concurrence of myogenic and metabolic signals generates a transcriptionally permissive conformation of the promoter that gives rise to a synergistic transcription of the gene in tissues containing the corresponding transcription factors and fatty acids that activate PPARα.Kinetic hallmarks of the CPT1A are high affinity for carnitine and low sensitivity to malonyl-CoA inhibition, while the opposite characteristics are intrinsic to the CPT1B isotype. Pig and rat CPT1A share common Km values for their substrates but differ in their sensitivity to malonyl-CoA inhibition. Using chimeras between rat CPT1A and pig CPT1A, we show that the C-terminal region behaves as a single domain, which dictates the overall malonyl-CoA sensitivity of this enzyme. Using deletion mutation analysis, we show that malonyl-CoA sensitivity also depends on the interaction of this single domain with the first 18 N-terminal amino acid residues. Pig and rat CPT1A have different malonyl-CoA sensitivity, because the first 18 N-terminal amino acids interact differently with the C-terminal domain. Pig CPT1B is a protein of 772 amino acids that shares extensive sequence identity with CPT1B. Expressed in Pichia pastoris, pig CPT1B shows kinetic characteristics similar to those of the CPT1A isotype. CPT1 and CPT2 enzymes are components of the CPT shuttle system. This system is tightly regulated by malonyl-CoA. Because of its ability to inhibit fatty acid synthase, C75 is able to increase malonyl-CoA intracellular levels. Paradoxically it also activates β-oxidation. To identify the exact target of C75 within the CPT system, we expressed CPT1 and CPT2 in Pichia pastoris. We show that C75 acts on recombinant CPT1A, CPT1B and CPT2.

Costs and production records from six 1/ Virginia meat packers and processors were analyzed by departments to obtain the interfirm variation in man-hours required and in the costs of labor and selected resources. In addition, four firms that were unable to supply departmental data supplied total plant labor records and selected other costs. These four firms were combined with the other six and analyzed for interfirm variation of the selected resources for the total operation. The total analysis included the following costs in addition to labor efficiency: labor, supply, maintenance, office, insurance, sales, depreciation, rent, and utility. Graphic analysis was used to investigate relationships between volume and labor efficiency and volume and costs. The standard deviation and coefficient of variation were calculated to measure the variation that existed among firms. Considerable interfirm and interdepartmental variation was found. In most instances the coefficient of variation exceeded 30. In the departmental analysis there was a relationship between volume and labor efficiency only in calf kill and fabricating. There was no meaningful relationship between volume and costs in the departmental analysis. In the total analysis there was neither a meaningful relationship between volume and labor efficiency nor volume and costs. All firms were inefficient in some areas of operation. The norms and measures of variation as discovered should prove to be valuable management tools when used with individual plant records to delineate problem areas within a firm. / Master of Science