Mineralisch getränkte Carbonfasern (MCF) stellen eine vielversprechende Alternative zu herkömmlichen Stahlbewehrung in Beton dar. Für eine effiziente industrielle Herstellung von MCF muss eine ausreichende Verarbeitungszeit für die Imprägniersuspension gewährleistet sein. In der vorliegenden Untersuchung wurde zu diesem Zweck ein aus Metakaolin hergestelltes Geopolymer (GP) entwickelt und getestet. Die Tränkung von Carbonfasergarnen wurde kontinuierlich und automatisiert durchgeführt. Anschließend wurden die MCF bei 75 °C wärmebehandelt, um die Reaktionsprozesse zu beschleunigen. Die mechanische Leistung von MCF nahm im Verlauf des Aushärtungsprozesses von 2 auf 8 Stunden allmählich zu, was auf das größere Ausmaß der Geopolymerisation zurückzuführen ist. Bei einer solchen verlängerten Aushärtung zeigten thermogravimetrische und mikroskopische Analysen zwar eine stärkere 'reagierte' Mikrostruktur, aber auch einen höheren Gehalt an Hohlräumen. Nach 8-stündigen Erhitzen erreichten die Zugfestigkeit und der Young-Modul von MCF 2960 MPa bzw. 259 GPa, bezogen auf die Garnquerschnittsfläche.:Abstract Schlagwörter 1. Einleitung 2. Experimentelles Programm 2.1. Materialien 2.2. Herstellung von MCF 2.3. Testen der Geopolymermatrix 2.4. Mechanische Prüfung von MCF 2.5. Morphologische Charakterisierung 3. Ergebnisse und Diskussion 3.1. Charakterisierung der Geopolymermatrix 3.2. Hergestellte MCF mit Geopolymer und Wärmebehandlung bei 75 °C. 3.3. Chemische und morphologische Analyse 4. Schlussfolgerung Erklärung des konkurrierenden Interesses Literaturen / Mineral-impregnated, carbon fiber composites (MCF) are a promising alternative to conventional concrete reinforcements. For the efficient industrial production of MCF, sufficient processing time for the impregnation suspension must be ensured. In the present investigation, a metakaolin-made geopolymer (GP) has been developed and tested for this purpose. The impregnation of carbon-fiber yarns was performed continuously and automated. Subsequently, the MCF were heat-treated at 75 °C to accelerate the reaction processes. The mechanical performance of MCF gradually increased in the advancement of the curing process from 2 to 8 h, which is attributed to the greater extent of geopolymerization. In such extended curing, thermogravimetric and microscopic analysis showed indeed a more “reacted” microstructure but also a higher content of voids. After heating for 8 h, the tensile strength and Young's modulus of MCF reached 2960 MPa and 259 GPa, respectively, when related to the yarn cross-sectional area.:Abstract Schlagwörter 1. Einleitung 2. Experimentelles Programm 2.1. Materialien 2.2. Herstellung von MCF 2.3. Testen der Geopolymermatrix 2.4. Mechanische Prüfung von MCF 2.5. Morphologische Charakterisierung 3. Ergebnisse und Diskussion 3.1. Charakterisierung der Geopolymermatrix 3.2. Hergestellte MCF mit Geopolymer und Wärmebehandlung bei 75 °C. 3.3. Chemische und morphologische Analyse 4. Schlussfolgerung Erklärung des konkurrierenden Interesses Literaturen

Due to their excellent strength, rigidity, and damping properties, as well as low weight, carbon fiber reinforced composites (CFRCs) are being widely used for load bearing structures. On the other hand, with an increased demand and usage of CFRCs, effective methods to re-use waste carbon fiber (CF) materials, which are recoverable either from process scraps or from end-of-life components, are attracting increased attention. In this paper, hybrid yarns consisting of waste staple CF (40 and 60 mm) and polyamide 6 staple fibers (60 mm) are manufactured on a DREF-3000 friction spinning machine with various process parameters, such as spinning drum speed, suction air pressure, and core–sheath ratio. The relationship between different textile physical properties of the hybrid yarns, such as tensile strength, elongation, and evenness with different spinning parameters, core–sheath ratio, and input CF length is revealed.

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Six poly(ether ketone ketone)/carbon composite panels were manufactured from powder coated towpreg. All six panels were initially processed using a hot press equipped with controlled cooling. Four of the panels were used to investigate the effect of cooling rate on crystallinity. A fifth panel was used to investigate the effect of annealing the composite after completion of the standard fabrication process. The sixth panel was used to investigate changes in toughness due to manufacturing towpreg with polymer that had been reclaimed from the towpreg fabrication system’s air cleaner. Cooling rates of 2°C/min, 4°C/min, 6°C/min, and 8°C/min resulted in composites with crystallinities of 33%, 27%, 24%, and 23%, respectively. The principal investigation of the effect of cooling rate on crystallinity and mode I and mode II strain energy release rates, G_Ic and G_IIc, respectively, showed that G_Ic and G_IIc values increase with increasing cooling rate. Comparison of the toughness values as a function of crystallinity showed that the dependence of toughness on crystallinity is approximately equivalent to the dependence of toughness on cooling rate. Comparison of the data from the annealed panel to that from the analogous principal panel showed that annealing increased the crystallinity and decreased the mode I strain energy release rate. There was no effect, however, on the mode II strain energy release rate. Comparison of the data from the panel made with reclaimed polymer to that from its analogous principal panel showed that the reclaimed polymer panel had equivalent crystallinity and G_Ic values. On the other hand, the G_IIc values in this panel were lower than in the analogous principal panel. / Master of Science

Against the background of global warming and the associated need to drastically reduce energy and resource consumption, action must also be taken in the building sector. Resource-efficient construction methods must be used that nevertheless allow the increasing construction tasks in areas such as infrastructure and housing to continue to be fulfilled. In order to successfully introduce a new construction method to the market, the aspects of recyclability and economic efficiency are essential, in addition to important government requirements for climate neutrality and technical performance. Above all, the economic viability, that is, the economic advantageousness, as well as its simple applicability compared to competing systems, decides on the success and widespread use of a new technology. Carbon reinforced concrete, with its outstanding technical properties and simultaneous material efficiency, is an important building block toward climate neutrality in the construction industry. It is a promising technology that still has to prove its economic advantages and robust applicability under market conditions. In addition to the infrastructure sector, there is great potential in the area of housing creation, which needs to be tapped for carbon reinforced concrete. For this challenge, it is necessary to design a competitive value chain that allows the realization of marketable products in mass production on existing plant technology. The article gives a short overview of the economic and ecological status quo in the field of prefabricated construction with carbon concrete, using the example of the C3-result building CUBE. In particular, the CUBE-BOX, which is made of prefabricated and semi-prefabricated parts, is examined in more detail and the carbon reinforced concrete components used are compared with classic reinforced concrete constructions in terms of sustainability. In this context, the conceivable global climate protection contribution of the carbon reinforced concrete construction method is forecast based on potential market segments.

Roller conveyors are critical components in various industries for material handling, enabling the efficient transportation of items in assembly lines, warehouses, and distribution centers. Traditionally constructed from materials such as steel, aluminum, or plastic, roller conveyors are now being innovatively designed using composite materials. This study investigates the design, analysis, and optimization of roller conveyors utilizing composite materials to achieve weight reduction while maintaining or enhancing structural integrity and operational efficiency. Composite materials offer enhanced properties compared to their individual components. Typical composites include fibers like carbon, glass, or aramid within a matrix of epoxy resin, providing superior strength, corrosion resistance, and customization capabilities. The research employs finite element analysis (FEA) and other advanced modeling techniques to evaluate the performance of composite roller conveyors under various loading conditions. The findings suggest that using composite materials can significantly reduce the weight of roller conveyors, leading to decreased energy consumption, lower operational costs, and improved handling efficiency. The optimized design enhances productivity and contributes to sustainability by minimizing environmental impact. This thesis advances the understanding of composite-based roller conveyors, demonstrating their potential to replace conventional materials and achieve higher efficiency in industrial applications.

Dans le domaine du renforcement et/ou de la réparation des structures en béton armé par des matériaux composites à l'aide de la méthode du collage extérieur au moyen d'un adhésif époxy, une des préoccupations de la communauté scientifique est l'intégrité structurelle de ce système dans le cas d'incendie dans lequel la haute température est une caractéristique essentielle et peut atteindre jusqu'à 1200°C. Ce travail de recherche est axé sur le comportement thermomécanique à très haute température des matériaux composites [un composite à base de polymère carbone/ époxy (Carbon Fiber Reinforced Polymer- CFRP), un composite textile/ mortier cimentaire (Textile Reinforced Concrete- TRC) et un adhésif à base d'époxy]. L'évolution des propriétés mécaniques et d'autres aspects mécaniques de ces matériaux composites avec la température a été caractérisée. Une nouvelle procédure expérimentale concernant la mesure de la déformation de l'éprouvette à l'aide du capteur laser est développée et validée. Une étude numérique et expérimentale a été réalisée dans le but de déterminer principalement la température à la rupture des joints « composite/ adhésif/ composite » sous les sollicitations mécaniques et thermiques. L'efficacité de la protection thermique de deux isolants [PROMASPRAY®T (produit commercial de la société PROMAT] et Isolant A (produit développé par le LGCIE site Tusset) a aussi été étudiée dans cette thèse. Enfin, une approche numérique, à l'aide du logiciel ANSYS, est utilisée afin de déterminer, de façon préliminaire et approximative, à l'échelle matériau, les propriétés thermiques des matériaux (composite textile/ mortier cimentaire -TRC et Isolant A) / In the area of the strengthening and/or the reparation of reinforced concrete structures with composites by means of the external bonding method using an epoxy adhesive, one of the preoccupation of the scientific community is the structural integrity of this system in the event of fire in which the high temperature is the essential feature et can reach up to 1200°C. This research focuses on the thermo-mechanical behavior of composite materials [carbon/epoxy adhesive composite (or carbon fiber reinforced polymer (CFRP), textile/cementitious mortar composite (or textile reinforced concrete (TRC)] and an epoxy-based adhesive. The evolution of mechanical properties and other mechanical aspects of these materials with the temperature has been characterized. A new experimental procedure concerning the measurement of sample strain by the laser sensor is developed and validated. An experimental and numerical study has been realized in order to mainly determine the temperature at the failure of "composite/adhesive/composite" joints under thermal and mechanical loadings. The effectiveness of the thermal protection of two insulators [PROMASPRAY®T (a commercial product of the PROMAT company and the insulator A (product developed by the LGCIE site Tuset)] has also been investigated in this PhD thesis. Finally, a numerical approach, using ANSYS software, is used to determine, in the preliminary and approximate way, at material scale, thermal properties of the materials [the textile reinforced concrete (TRC) and the insulator A]

Les composites Carbone/Carbone (C/C), largement utilisés à hautes températures dans des environnements oxydants, sont sensibles à l'oxydation dès 400°C. Deux voies sont envisagées pour accroître la tenue à l'oxydation de ces matériaux. La première est de renforcer la force de la liaison fibre/matrice en modifiant les propriétés de surface des fibres de carbone. La seconde voie d 'étude consiste à remplacer une partie de la matrice carbone par un oxyde. L'introduction d'une nouvelle phase conduit à la création de nouvelles interfaces dans les matériaux. L'ensemble des résultats obtenus à partir des caractérisations physico-chimiques et macroscopiques des matériaux élaborés permettent alors de répondre à la problématique qui est de connaître le rôle des interfaces dans les propriétés macroscopiques de composites C/C. / C/C composites are widely used as structural parts in oxiding environment. Yet, they become very sensitive to air oxidation for temperature higher than 400°C. This work proposed two methods to improve their oxidation resistance :(i) the fiber/matrix bond is increased by modifying the properties of the carbon fiber surface, and (ii) a fraction of the carbon matrix is substitued by an oxide phase.Introduction of new constituants leads to the creation of new material interfaces. Thus, the influence of the interfaces on the macroscopic properties of the composite is evaluated by physico-chemical and macroscopic characterizations.

Dans le domaine de l'électronique de puissance, la gestion thermique de l'intégration des puces en silicium au sein du système global constitue un problème clé. La chaleur dissipée par les composants électriques est évacuée vers l’extérieur à travers un drain thermique, généralement en cuivre, qui est brasé sur le substrat céramique. Cette étude est consacrée à l'élaboration de drains thermiques adaptatifs en matériaux composites cuivre allié/fibres de carbone (FC) qui combinent une bonne conductivité thermique et un CTE proche de celui du substrat. Dans ce type de matériau, la liaison interfaciale renfort/matrice doit être forte afin d'optimiser le transfert des propriétés entre les deux composants. Le couple cuivre/carbone étant non réactif, un élément d’addition carburigène (Cr ou B) est ajouté à la matrice de cuivre afin de créer cette liaison chimique forte. Un matériau modèle a été réalisé par pulvérisation cathodique afin d’étudier la diffusion de l’élément d’addition au sein de la couche de cuivre vers la zone interfaciale et la formation d’un carbure métallique. Une méthode de chimie des solutions a ensuite été utilisée pour élaborer des poudres de cuivre allié de stœchiométrie donnée. Enfin, les matériaux composites (Cu-B/FC et Cu-Cr/FC) ont été élaborés par métallurgie des poudres et leurs propriétés thermiques et mécaniques corrélées à la microstructure et à la chimie des zones interfaciales / In the field of power electronics, thermal management of silicon chips plays a key role in our ability to increase their performance. Heat generated by the electronic components is dissipated through the heat sink, generally made of Copper that is brazed on to a ceramic substrate. This study focuses on the elaboration of adaptive heat sink material using Copper alloys/Carbon fibers (CF) composite materials which have a good thermal conductivity and a CTE close to the ceramic substrate. In this kind of material, it is necessary to have a strong matrix/reinforcement link in order to optimize transfer properties. Since there is no reaction between Copper and Carbon, a carbide element (Cr or B) is added to the Copper matrix to create this strong chemical bond. A model material has been elaborated by cathode sputtering in order to study the diffusion of the alloying element in the Copper layer and the metallic carbide formation in the interfacial zone. Copper alloy powders, with a given stoichiometry, have also been synthesized by a chemical method. Lastly, composite materials (Cu-B/CF and Cu-Cr/CF) have been elaborated by a powder metallurgy process and their thermal and mechanical properties correlated to the microstructure and the chemistry of the interfacial zones.

Si l'emploi des matériaux composites dans l'aéronautique est déjà effectif sur des éléments de structures principales et de grande taille, leur généralisation aux structures secondaires bute sur leur positionnement en termes de coûts et performances face aux métaux. Il s'agit dans ce travail de contribuer à la mise en place d'une filière française de pièces composites hautes performances à bas coûts en s'appuyant sur un procédé de moulage en grande série, à savoir le thermoformage à haute pression. Ainsi, il a été question dans un premier temps d'optimiser ce procédé vis-à-vis des principales matières rencontrées dans les structures aéronautiques. Ensuite, les stratifiés moulés ont été caractérisés et les effets des conditions environnementales sévères (humidité, température, impact) sur leur comportement mécanique étudiés. Par ailleurs, réduire les coûts des pièces signifie également réduire les coefficients de sécurité qui restent très élevés pour les pièces composites. Cela passe par une meilleure prédictibilité de la rupture des matériaux et du comportement mécanique au-delà du linéaire. Sur le carbone/PEEK satin de 5 pris comme matériau d'illustration, les phénomènes non linéaires (viscoplasticité) ainsi que les mécanismes d'endommagement et de rupture ont été étudiés. Un accent particulier a été mis sur le délaminage et un critère permettant de prédire son amorçage a été proposé. La possibilité de faire des modèles éléments finis des pièces directement à l'échelle mésoscopique (du pli) a été également explorée et laisse entrevoir des pistes prometteuses pour des dimensionnements plus sûrs et donc moins conservatifs. / If the use of composite materials is already effective on elements of main structures and large size parts, their generalization to secondary parts is not effective due to their cost and their performances compared to metals. The framework of this thesis is to contribute to the establishment of a French chain of high performance composite parts at low cost. Thus, it was initially question of optimizing the process vis-à-vis the main composite materials used in the aerospace structures. Then, the molded laminates were characterized and the effects of severe conditions (humidity, temperature, impact) on their mechanical behavior were studied. Also, reduce the cost of parts also means reducing the safety factors which remain very high. This requires a better prediction of the failure and the mechanical behavior beyond the linear. Taking the five harness satin weave carbon/PEEK material as example, non-linear phenomena (viscoplasticity), damage mechanisms and failure criteria were studied, with particular emphasis on the delamination. The possibility to perform finite element analysis of the parts directly at the mesoscopic scale (ply-scale) was also explored and suggests promising expectations for a less conservative sizing of composite structures.