Τα κίνητρα αποτελούν σημαντικό στοιχείο στην εκπαιδευτική διαδικασία. Κίνητρο είναι ό, τι ωθεί ή κινεί το άτομο σε δράση. Η παρούσα έρευνα έχει σκοπό να διερευνήσει τις απόψεις παιδιών, εκπαιδευτικών και γονέων για τα κίνητρα μάθησης των παιδιών προσχολικής ηλικίας. Συγκεκριμένα, τα ερωτήματα της έρευνας είναι τα εξής: 1. Σε τι βαθμό τα παιδιά προσχολικής ηλικίας επιλέγουν να εμπλακούν σε μια δραστηριότητα με σκοπό την ικανοποίηση της εκπαιδευτικού; 2. Σε τι βαθμό τα παιδιά προσχολικής ηλικίας επιλέγουν να εμπλακούν σε μια δραστηριότητα με σκοπό την αμοιβή; 3. Σε τι βαθμό τα παιδιά προσχολικής ηλικίας εμπλέκονται σε μια δραστηριότητα με δική τους πρωτοβουλία; 4. Σε τι βαθμό τα παιδιά προσχολικής ηλικίας αναζητούν νέες γνώσεις και μαθησιακές εμπειρίες; 5. Σε τι βαθμό συγκλίνουν οι απόψεις εκπαιδευτικών και γονέων για τα κίνητρα των παιδιών για μάθηση; 6. Υπάρχει συσχέτιση ανάμεσα στις απόψεις γονέων, εκπαιδευτικών και παιδιών; Το δείγμα αποτέλεσαν 45 παιδιά προσχολικής ηλικίας, με τις εκπαιδευτικούς και τους γονείς τους. Χρησιμοποιήθηκε η κλίμακα Children’s achievement rating scale (CARS) που μεταφράστηκε και προσαρμόστηκε στα ελληνικά και δόθηκε σε γονείς και εκπαιδευτικούς. Για τα παιδιά δομήθηκε ένα εργαλείο βασισμένο στην κλίμακα της Harter για εσωτερικά και εξωτερικά κίνητρα. Τα συμπεράσματα της έρευνας μας δείχνουν πως υπάρχουν παιδιά προσχολικής ηλικίας που έχουν εσωτερικά κίνητρα για μάθηση. Δεν απουσιάζουν, ωστόσο, τα εξωτερικά και τα κοινωνικά κίνητρα. Γονείς και εκπαιδευτικοί φαίνεται να μην διαφοροποιούνται στις απαντήσεις τους σχετικά με τα κίνητρα των παιδιών, αλλά οι γονείς αναγνωρίζουν σε μεγαλύτερο βαθμό στη συμπεριφορά των παιδιών τους κίνητρα, απ’ ότι οι εκπαιδευτικοί. Τέλος, οι απόψεις γονέων, εκπαιδευτικών και παιδιών φαίνεται να συγκλίνουν, χωρίς να λείπουν, ωστόσο, μικρές παρεκκλίσεις. / Motivation constitutes an important element in the educational procedure. Motivation is whatever motivates or leads a person to action. Current research investigates children’s, teachers’ and parents’ views about learning motivation of pre-school age children. Particularly, the questions of the research are the following: 1. Do pre-school age children choose to get involved in an activity in order to satisfy the teacher? 2. Do children of pre-school age choose to get involved in an activity with the goal of reward? 3. Do children of pre-school age get involved in an activity with their own initiative? 4. Do children of pre-school age seek for new knowledge and learning experience? 5. Do the teacher’s and parent’s views converge about the motivation of children towards learning? 6. Is there a correlation among the parent’s, teacher’s and children’s views? The sample consisted of 45 children pre-school age with their teachers and parents. The scale Children’s Achievement Rating Scale (CARS) was used which was translated and adjusted in Greek was given to parents and teachers. A tool based on the scale of Harter about intrinsic and extrinsic motivation was structured for the children. The analysis of results shows that there are children of pre-school age who have intrinsic motivation for learning. However, the extrinsic motivation are not absent, as well as the social motivation. Both parents and teachers seems to agree concerning children’s motivation, but parents recognize higher motivation in their children learning behavior than the teachers. Finally, parent’s, teachers’ and children’s views seem to converge, although, there is some divergence.

Le trafic routier évolue dans un contexte qui a connu trois changements majeurs ces deux dernières décennies : changement politique tout d'abord, avec la remise en cause de la place jusque-là occupée par la voiture en ville ; changement technologique ensuite, par lequel tant le véhicule que son conducteur produisent et reçoivent des données indépendamment des infrastructures de gestion du gestionnaire ; changement financier enfin, alors que les systèmes de gestion du trafic sont très dépendants de finances publiques de plus en plus contraintes.Dans ce contexte, l'auteur, du fait de ses fonctions, adopte le point de vue d'un gestionnaire de voirie clé, la Ville de Paris. En charge de l'évaluation des conséquences techniques des politiques de circulation sur l'écoulement du trafic motorisé, il s'intéresse ici à la manière dont les nouvelles données de trafic renouvellent la connaissance technique du gestionnaire sur la demande.Pour ce faire, l'auteur montre d'abord que les données de trafic et l'information trafic ont toujours été au cœur des préoccupations du gestionnaire. Données et information sont profondément liées à la technologie disponible et aux missions mêmes du gestionnaire. Les développements théoriques, alimentés par les données, tentent ainsi de lier les technologies avec les missions du gestionnaire.Ensuite, à travers l'évaluation technique de politiques de circulation (fermetures de voie, réduction de la vitesse limite) sur la base de deux types de nouvelles données (vitesses GPS et temps de parcours Bluetooth), l'auteur analyse les caractéristiques de ces jeux de données, les résultats auxquels ils permettent de parvenir, et la manière dont ils complètent la connaissance tirée des capteurs fixes historiques. Ces nouveaux jeux de données permettent au gestionnaire d'obtenir une connaissance de la demande du point de vue des usagers, alors que les capteurs fixes fournissent principalement un point de vue collectif de flux. Cette richesse nouvelle d'information redéfinit les schémas de décision du gestionnaire de voirie / Road traffic evolves in a context which has undergone three major changes in the past two decades: first, a political change, reshaping the car's role in cities; second, a technical change, through which both vehicles and drivers emit and receive information independently of road authorities' roadside infrastructure; and finally, a financial change, as traffic management infrastructure has heavily relied on public funding which now becomes scarcer.From the perspective of a key road authority, the City of Paris, the Author, in charge of assessing the impact on traffic flow of major disruptive policies, addresses how new traffic data renews the road authority's knowledge of the traffic, on technical grounds.The Author has worked on Bluetooth travel-time and GPS based Floating Car Data datasets. He believes he makes two major contributions in the field.He first shows that traffic data and traffic information have always been at the core of the road authority's concerns, deeply related to the available technology, the missions of the road authority, and the theory attempting to bridge the gap between the two.Through the technical assessment of traffic-related policies (road closures, speed-limit reduction), based on two types of new traffic data (GPS speeds and Bluetooth travel-times), the Author analyzes the characteristics of the two datasets, the results they yield and how they complement legacy fixed-sensor based data. They allow the road authority to grasp user-perspective information whereas legacy data mostly offered a collective flow perspective. This, in turn, reshapes the decision-making process of road authorities

The incidence of gastrointestinal (GI) cancers has been steadily increasing in the UK since the mid 1970’s. These include cancers of the colon and oesophagus. Colon cancers have a high incidence rate, being the fourth most common cancer in the UK for both men and women. Oesophageal cancers in comparison are much rarer, however they have a poor survival rate primarily due to a late diagnosis. The key to improving survival for these cancers and many others is to detect and remove the disease at the early stages, to prevent the cancer from advancing. At present the ‘gold standard’ for diagnosis is a biopsy followed by histopathology. This technique is invasive, time consuming and highly subjective. It is therefore important to look towards non-invasive methods for early and rapid diagnosis. Optical techniques have begun to show such promise. By probing the interactions of tissues with light, diagnostic information is able to be obtained non-invasively. Techniques such as Raman spectroscopy utilise inherent molecular vibrations to extract biochemical information from tissues. Raman spectroscopy, however, is currently fundamentally limited by long acquisition times, due to the inherently weak signals produced. Using coherent Raman techniques such as coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering (CARS) and stimulated Raman scattering (SRS), the molecular vibrations are coherently driven to provide an enhancement in signal. This thesis explored spectral signatures from snap frozen oesophageal sections in the fingerprint (450 cm-1 to 1850 cm-1) and high wavenumber (2800 cm-1 to 3050 cm-1) regions using spontaneous Raman and compared with spectra from hyperspectral SRS. The diagnostic potential for each technique was assessed for four major pathology groups, normal, Barrett’s oesophagus, dysplasia and adenocarcinoma. Samples were classified using a principal component fed linear discriminant analysis (PCA-LDA) approach with a leave-one-out cross validation. Comparisons were made to haematoxylin and eosin (H&E) stained sections. Raman in the fingerprint region was found to be the most promising for diagnosis. There were minimal changes in the high wavenumber region between pathology groups which was also reflected in the SRS spectra and proved to be insufficient for classification. Further comparisons were made between spontaneous and coherent Raman techniques using frozen colon sections. The morphological and structural information available was explored using a k-means cluster analysis. Both spontaneous and coherent Raman were able to distinguish important structural features in the colon, such as the epithelial cells that form the colonic glands and surrounding connective tissue. Both are important visual markers for cancer diagnosis in the current approach. SRS demonstrated higher spatial resolution and faster acquisition times in comparison to spontaneous Raman. This work has discussed the many advantages of using coherent Raman techniques for tissue applications, but has also highlighted some of the limitations for spectral measurements, arising from the complexity of the system.

Works on Serial and Parallel Diagnostics of Direct Fuel Injection for the Superb 1.8 TSI is concerned with the use of the Škoda Superb II. generation, based on VOŠ professional training, automotive and technical secondary school in České Budějovice. Because the car is fully functional, it is possible to demonstrate both the mode of operation and the control options on the individual components. The aim of this diploma thesis is therefore to make, document and describe diagnostics of the fuel system of the mentioned vehicle using the gauges and diagnostic tools available in the school education. I believe that I will acquire other valuable theoretical and practical knowledge, which I will apply in the technical practice.

The automobile is a cultural artifact embedded in our lives and imbued with meaning. Autonomous vehicle technology stands to alter not just the way we drive or whether we drive, it also has the power to fundamentally change the way we live. The development of driverless cars enables the examination of the complex relationships that individuals have with the automobile and reveals the fears associated with this technological change.

Por volta de meados desse século, haverá 40 megacidades no mundo, quase o dobro das 21 que temos hoje. Cerca de um quinto delas terão mais de 30 milhões de habitantes na sua região metropolitana. A imensa maioria dessas quatro dezenas de enormes aglomerados urbanos se formará em países emergentes, onde as condições de desenvolvimento humano e urbano são menos propícias que o desejável para receber, num espaço tão curto, o desafio de acomodar tamanho contingente de novos habitantes. Esse crescimento poderá trazer consequências não muito simples de serem dimensionadas. Mas é possível desenvolver cenários que permitam antever algumas dessas consequências, para auxiliar no processo de planejamento dos eventos futuros. Para conseguir atingir o objetivo de elaborar cenários que pudessem ser, além de visões sobre o futuro, ferramentas que permitissem ensaios, testes de hipóteses e novas formulações, a elaboração do modelo aqui descrito contou com recursos que vieram de duas metodologias bastante testadas, casos da Dinâmica de Sistemas e da técnica Delphi. O que se procurou fazer foi vencer, com a junção de partes de cada uma delas, as limitações que cada metodologia tem na sua base original. Da Dinâmica de Sistemas, procurou-se aproveitar da completude da análise da cadeia de fatos intervenientes e relações de causa e efeito, sem adotar integralmente a complexidade da sua estrutura total, muito necessária para a montagem de modelos para estudar determinados problemas, mas demasiadamente ampla para questões que necessitam de uma abordagem menos densa. Da técnica Delphi foi utilizada a sua prática de consultas sequenciais a grupos de especialistas, de modo a dar consistência ao processo de simplificação do conjunto de variáveis gerado, sem, no entanto, perder a possibilidade de simular novos cenários apenas com a alteração dos valores e pesos das variáveis, o que, pela característica da metodologia Delphi, só seria possível numa pesquisa inteiramente nova. O conjunto de cenários aqui descrito permite algumas conclusões importantes tanto sobre São Paulo quanto sobre as projetadas 40 megacidades de 2040. E a diversidade de análises possíveis, o número praticamente ilimitado de cenários que podem ser gerados, e a relativa simplicidade para se elaborar e utilizar o modelo proposto foram objetivos que se quis alcançar nesse trabalho. / By the middle of this century, there will be 40 megacities in the world, almost twice as the 21 we have today. About a fifth of them will have more than 30 million inhabitants in its metropolitan area. The vast majority of these 40 huge urban centers will be formed in emerging countries, where human and urban development conditions are less favorable than the desirable to receive in such a short space of time, the challenge of accommodating this great contingent of new inhabitants. This growth can bring not very simple consequences to be solved. But it is possible to develop scenarios which shows some of the possible consequences, to support the planning process of future events. To be able to achieve the goal of developing scenarios that could be not only visions of the future but also tools that allow experimenting and the test of hypothesis and new formulations, the preparation of the model described here had features that came from two very well tested methodologies: System Dynamics and Delphi technique. What was sought was to overcome the limitations that each method has its original basis with the joint of some of their parts. From System Dynamics, we took advantage of the analysis completeness of the chain of intervenient facts and cause-effect relationships without fully embrace the complexity of the overall structure, much needed for the assembly of models for studying certain problems, but too wide for questions that require a less dense approach. Delphi technique was used for the practice of sequential consultation with expert groups in order to give consistency to the set of variables on the simplification process generated, without, however, losing the possibility to simulate new scenarios only with the changing values and weights of the variables, which, by the feature of the Delphi methodology, would only be possible in a completely new search. The set of scenarios described here allows some important conclusions about both São Paulo and the projected 40 megacities of 2040. And the diversity of possible analyzes, a virtually unlimited number of scenarios that can be generated, and the relative simplicity to develop and use the proposed model were objectives that were presented on this work.

nÃo hà / O trabalho tem como objetivo analisar o comportamento dos principais fatores que influenciam na depreciaÃÃo de veÃculos atravÃs da avaliaÃÃo do perfil dos automÃveis no cenÃrio atual, estimando o seu percentual de perda financeira e relacionando com as variÃveis existentes a fim de determinar as caracterÃsticas do comportamento depreciativo. A pesquisa utilizada à quantitativa e atravÃs dela busca-se aprofundar o tema abordado tornando-o mais claro e construindo questÃes importantes para a conduÃÃo da pesquisa. Deste modo, atravÃs do mÃtodo economÃtrico, foram levantados valores de veÃculos no intervalo de trÃs anos, identificadas as relaÃÃes entre as variÃveis existentes, ou seja, as caracterÃsticas dos automÃveis e identificadas os principais fatores que influenciam a depreciaÃÃo para definir o tipo veÃculo que possui maior perda. Por fim, apÃs anÃlise dos dados serÃo apresentadas as consideraÃÃes finais sobre as caracterÃsticas de comportamento depreciativo e se este obteve resultados satisfatÃrios. / The study aims to analyze the behavior of the main factors that influence the depreciation of vehicles by assessing the profile of the car in the current scenario, estimating their percentage of financial loss and linking with existing variables in order to determine the characteristics of derogatory behavior. The research used a quantitative approach and through it seeks to deepen the topic addressed making it clearer and building issues important to the conduct of research. Thus, through the econometric method, values rose vehicles within three years, we identified the relationships between variables exist, ie, the characteristics of the car and identified the main factors that influence the depreciation to define type vehicle that has a higher loss. Finally, after analyzing the data will be presented findings on the characteristics of derogatory behavior and if it achieved satisfactory results.

No description available.

Orientador: João Carlos de Menezes / Dissertação (mestrado profissional) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Mecânica, Faculdade de Engenharia Eletrica e de Computação e Instituto de Química / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-16T19:47:41Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Nahas_LeandroLafiandre_M.pdf: 2528374 bytes, checksum: 557f889189fdbae7ea36996fe0893714 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010 / Resumo: Este projeto originou-se quando a família de motores objeto deste estudo foi introduzida no mercado e já os primeiros lotes de motores produzidos apresentaram esta falha, vulgarmente conhecida como degola da camisa. Esta falha compreende a trinca e propagação por todo o perímetro da camisa de cilindro e consequentemente a descida da camisa para a parte inferior do bloco do motor. Durante a descida, a camisa choca-se com elementos girantes do motor e vem por sua vez colapsar por completo. Este trabalho tem como base a extrapolação dos limites especificados em projeto da camisa de cilindro do tipo seca. Veremos que mínimas variações dimensionais no projeto da camisa de cilindro podem ter consequências gravíssimas para o conjunto. Analisaremos um caso real onde a mínima variação no projeto foi fatal para o componente e suas conseqüências, catastróficas para o motor. Para a determinação da causa raiz e consequentemente a solução do problema, foi utilizada a metodologia ¿Six Sigma¿. / Abstract: This project has been started as a consequence of repeated failures reported by users of a family of diesel engines introduced in the Brazilian market. The reported imperfections were investigated and in all cases a failure of the engine sleeve could be observed as the main cause of the engines breakdown. Cracks propagations have been in the region of the flange of cylinder sleeves. As the cracks propagate at the inner region of the flanged of the sleeve, where high stresses can be anticipated, a rupture of the flange, separating this part from the sleeve, used to occur. This occurrence is vulgarly named as the "decapitation of the sleeve". As a consequence of this phenomenon, the sleeve descends to the lower part of the engine block crashing against the moving parts of the engine, causing a complete collapse of the internal parts of the engine. The present work reports all phases of the investigation which revealed the main cause of the failures. In order to accomplish this research, the "Six Sigma" method has been employed as a supporting methodology. / Mestrado / Dinâmica / Mestre em Engenharia Automobilistica

Considerando o nível de competitividade do mercado automobilístico atual, a satisfação do cliente tem se tornado uma vantagem competitiva a ser considerada, devido ao aumento da expectativa dos clientes em relação à percepção da qualidade. Neste aspecto, uma das maiores dificuldades existentes no projeto de sistemas de freio reside no fato de transformar informações e/ou opiniões subjetivas em informações e/ou dados objetivos, tais como parâmetros de projeto. O presente trabalho investiga a análise objetiva do conforto de frenagem de automóveis de passeio, estabelecendo indicadores que auxiliem e/ou complementem as análises subjetivas normalmente utilizadas pela empresa, para um estudo de caso envolvendo a mudança de material de atrito da pastilha do freio a disco de um automóvel de passeio. Foram utilizados para a análise objetiva, programas de simulação computacional para analisar o desempenho do sistema de freio com relação aos indicadores estabelecidos. Os dados obtidos através desta simulação foram comparados, tanto com os resultados da avaliação subjetiva, quanto aos resultados de medições experimentais do veículo analisado, buscando analisar a correlação dos resultados. Ao final do trabalho, da comparação realizada entre a avaliação subjetiva e a avaliação objetiva observou-se uma melhoria no conforto de frenagem aos usuários, apesar de ser imperceptível na avaliação subjetiva. Esta ferramenta será muito importante no estabelecimento da curva de conforto de frenagem ótima para os novos desenvolvimentos de sistemas de freio eletrohidráulicos, denominados “brake-by-wire” (BBW). / Considering today’s competitive automotive market, the customer satisfaction has become a competitive advantage to be considered, due to the customer expectation increasing regarding the quality perception. In this aspect, one of biggest existing difficulties in the brake system design is to transform subjective information and/or opinions into objective information and/or data, such as design parameters. The present study investigates the objective analysis of the brake pedal feeling for passenger cars, establishing index that can support and/or complement the subjective analysis, usually used by our company, for a study case involving the friction material change of passenger car’s caliper brake pad. The computational simulation program has been used for the objective analysis, to analyze the brake system performance based on established index. The obtained data through this simulation was compared with the subjective evaluation results as much as with experimental measurements results of the analyzed vehicle, analyzing the correlation of results. To the end of this study, based on the comparison between subjective evaluation and objective evaluation, it observed a brake comfort improvement for drivers, instead of this characteristic would be imperceptive in subjective evaluation. This tool will be very important in the optimum comfort curve establishment for the new developments of electro-hydraulic brake systems, called "brake-by-wire" (BBW).