本論文研究的是澳裔美籍作家譚若思的中國觀及其變遷，研究從他早年在澳洲的中國接觸開始講起。本論文主要是在：1. 整理與分析譚若思早期與晚期的中國認識；2. 觀察譚若思在期間知識上的傳承與開創，以及自身立場的選擇－文中比較譚若思與其師費正清，以及譚若思與曾參與過的組織CCAS之間在觀點與立場上的異同；3. 說明為何原本親中的譚若思會出現立場的轉變。本研究發現，早期譚若思的中國觀帶有社會民主主義者的投射，著重地方性，對中國帶有理想，晚期則以新右派的角度論中國，看的是中國整體，並對中國十分批判，而譚若思看中國一貫的觀點則是聚焦在中國「現代性」的問題上。至於譚若思在知識上的傳承與開創，就在於他與費正清存在一些相似的觀點，即分析角度上的回歸，但除此之外，他主要是依自己開展自身的中國認識，並和費正清、CCAS有所呼應，而非受到他們的直接影響。最後，歷經期待落空、黑暗面的深掘、與中國青年的接觸、舊信仰「左」的思想的流失，以及美國中國觀的確立，這些共同刺激譚若思的轉向，以至於之後的譚若思呈現出與早期相當不同的中國觀察。

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The main aim of this thesis was to design and develop new Aluminium based compositionally complex alloys (CCAs) using the high entropy alloy (HEA) concept, and to understand their evolution of microstructures during casting and also after the secondary process which is heat-treatment, and finally to evaluate their subsequent mechanical properties. Prior to the development of alloys, a computational technique ThermoCalc was used which helped in understanding the phase formation in various results. Use of thermodynamic physical parameters for predicting the stability of single-phase fields was done to assess their validity in predicting the compositional regions of the alloys developed. The first alloy developed is Al73.6Mg18Ni1.5Ti1.9Zr1Zn4 in at% (NiTiZrZn) CCA. The microstructure consists of the FCC as a primary phase with ~49% volume fraction along with β-AlMg and intermetallic (IM) phases including Al3Ni, Al3Ti, and Al3Zr. After casting, the microstructure showed some presence of eutectic structures. The Al3Ti, and Al3Zr IM phases seemed to precipitate early which led to less homogenization of Ti and Zr, causing deviation in the amount of these elements in the matrix. Further, the CCA was heat-treated at 375 oC for 24hrs and 48hrs and the evolution of microstructure along with its hardness and phase transformation characterisation was investigated. The second developed alloy was quaternary Al65.65Mg21.39Ag10.02Ni2.94 in at% (AgNi) CCA. In the as-cast state, the main phase (matrix) was FCC with ~64 % volume fraction along with BCC, β-AlMg and Al3Ni IM phases. There was a good level homogenization of all elements in the alloy. They were further heat- treated at 400 oC for 24 hrs and 48 hrs and were studied for any change in microstructure along with its hardness and thermal stability. This CCA had the highest hardness value from all developed CCAs. Lastly, in order to check how Ni affects the microstructure and properties of (AgNi) CCA, a ternary Al67.2Mg22.09Ag10.7 in at% (Ag) CCA was developed. The composition was kept such that it is exactly 97% by excluding the Ni. During the development of this alloy, the cast was cooled in two ways first being the normal cooled just like other CCAs and second being a fast cooling method. Both of these alloys consists of the FCC phase as a primary phase with 72% volume fraction along with BCC and β-AlMg. Both of them were also heat treated at 400 oC for 24 hrs and 48 hrs to evaluate any changes in microstructure and also to assess its hardness and thermal stability.

Les Centres communaux d’Action sociale (CCAS), outils principaux des politiques de solidarité mises en œuvre par les municipalités, dispensent ce qu’il est convenu d’appeler une "aide facultative", en regard de l’aide traditionnelle des Conseils départementaux, chefs de file en ce domaine sur leurs territoires. À Besançon, depuis 1972, le CCAS est reconnu comme très en avance et très innovant. Mais, depuis quelques années, le sentiment d’un amenuisement de son champ d’action et de son influence se fait sentir : c’est dans ce contexte d’incertitude que l’institution a fait vœu de disposer d’un travail d’analyse et d’expertise prenant appui sur la sociologie des politiques sociales. L’organisation interne (les relations entre directions, les liens entre élus et techniciens…) et l’environnement externe (les rapports avec la mairie, le département, et l’ensemble des partenaires) posent la question de la place de l’intervention communale, en termes de prérogatives et de frontières. En partant de l’exemple bisontin, un regard plus général permet de mettre au jour les similitudes et les contrastes de structures comparables. Cette étude, appuyée par un financement CIFRE et reposant sur un paradigme interactionniste, allie à la fois approche technique et point de vue scientifique : elle propose des préconisations pratiques et des perspectives théoriques. / The Municipal Centers of Social Action (MCSA), main tools implemented and used by municipalities in promoting solidary policies, is providing what is well known under the name of a "facultative assistance", regarding the traditional help of Departmental councils, the leader in this domain on their territories. In Besançon, since 1972, the MCSA is recognize as well advanced and innovative. However, in the last couple of years, the MCSA usage has declined and its influence has been increasing. In this context of doubt, the institution has made the wish to provide the framework for the analysis and an expertise expanding on the sociology of social policies. The nature of the working relationships within the internal organization (relationships between the team Management, relationships between the elected officials and the technicians…) and the external environment (Relationships with the City, the Department, and the whole partner’s assembly), raise the question about the status of the municipal intervention, regarding the prerogatives and the boundaries. Referring to Bisontin’s example, a general vision allows enlightening of the similarities and the contrasts of comparable structures. This study, approved by an "ICFR" (Industrial Convention of Formation by the Research), and laying on an interactional paradigm, allies at the same time technical approach and scientific point of view: it suggests practical recommendations and theoretical perspectives.