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Thèse (M.Sc.)--Université Laval, 2004. / Bibliogr.: f. 100-109. Publié aussi en version électronique.

Proefschrift Universiteit Maastricht. / Met bibliogr., lit. opg. - Met samenvatting in het Nederlands.

O receptor CD40 e seu ligante CD40L possuem um papel importante na interface entre a resposta imune inata e a adaptativa. Disfunções desta via de sinalização são descritas em doenças de origem inflamatória e autoimunes. Em Lúpus eritematoso sistêmico (LES) foi descrito um aumento nos níveis séricos de CD40L solúvel, que participa na produção de autoanticorpos. Receptores ativados por proliferadores de peroxisomos (PPARs) são fatores de transcrição que inicialmente foram descritos como envolvidos apenas no metabolismo lipídico, mas que atualmente são também descritos como atuantes no controle da resposta imune. Com isso, nosso objetivo é determinar se a ativação dos PPARs modula o processo inflamatório através da interação com CD40/CD40L in vitro ou in vivo. Células de linhagem monocítica humana THP-1 foram tratadas por 24 horas com forbol-éster (PMA, 40 nM) e posteriormente estimuladas com CD40L recombinante (rhCD40L, 1 g/ml) por diferentes períodos. Transcritos de mRNA foram analisados por real time PCR e os resultados expressos como razão da expressão do gene housekeeping GAPDH. As células THP-1 apresentam um aumento na expressão de PPAR e após 16 e 2 horas de estímulo com rhCD40L, respectivamente. Estas células também foram estimuladas com LPS (10 g/ml) e LPS+rhCD40L para sabermos se a resposta obtida anteriormente era específica ao estímulo com rhCD40L. O resultado mostra que há uma diminuição na expressão de PPAR e após o estimulo com LPS ou LPS+rhCD40L, indicando que nessas condições a modulação da expressão de PPARs é especifica para a via de sinalização CD40/CD40L. Foi medida também a expressão de CD36, que é descrito na literatura como um indicador da atividade de PPARs. O resultado mostra que o estímulo com CD40L promove um aumento de CD36, o que indica indiretamente que o PPAR estava ativo neste modelo experimental. Para mostrar a interação direta destas duas vias de sinalização, silenciamos o gene de PPAR por siRNA e posteriormente anlisamos a expressão de CD80, cuja expressão encontra-se aumentada logo após a ativação do CD40 de acordo com a literatura. O resultado mostra que, com o silenciamento de PPAR , há um aumento de CD80 logo após a ativação do CD40, evidenciando assim a interação entre essas duas vias de sinalização. A fim de verificar se os achados encontrados in vitro poderiam ser observados in vivo, foi isolada a fração mononuclear de sangue periférico de pacientes com LES com a doença em atividade (n=17), a doença inativa (n=21) ou doadores saudáveis (n=12) e foi medida a expressão de PPAR e por real time PCR. PPAR apresenta um aumento em pacientes com a doença ativa ou inativa em comparação aos doadores saudáveis. Já a expressão de PPAR apresenta aumento apenas em lúpicos em atividade quando comparados com lúpicos inativos ou doadores saudáveis. Quando considerado nesta análise o efeito do tratamento dos pacientes com corticosteróides nos níveis de PPAR, obsevou-se que a expressão de PPAR apresenta o mesmo padrão anterior. Estes resultados sugerem a hipótese de que PPAR seja um possível marcador de atividade de LES. Para confirmar esta especificidade, foram adicionadas à analise células mononucleares retiradas de pacientes com tuberculose e com infecções agudas. Os dados mostram que os níveis elevados de PPAR se mantém apenas em pacientes com lúpus ativo, o que confirma nossa hipótese. Nossos achados sugerem que PPAR e são regulados especificamente em reposta a ativação da via do CD40/CD40L, em monócitos em cultura e em células obtidas de pacientes com LES. Podemos também sugerir que PPAR possa ser um marcador para a atividade de LES. Estes resultados podem representar um novo mecanismo de controle da via de sinalização do CD40/CD40L, participando no controle da resposta inflamatória em cultura e em células de pacientes lúpicos / The membrane receptor CD40 and its ligand CD40L play an important role in the interface between innate and acquired immunity. Dysfunction of this signaling pathway was described in inflammatory and autoimmune diseases. In systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), increased serum levels of soluble CD40L have been detected, where it plays a significant role in the generation of auto-antibodies. Peroxisome proliferator activator receptors (PPARs) are transcription factors originally described in lipid metabolism. More recently, they were also characterized as inflammatory modulators. Therefore, our objective was to determine whether the activation of PPARs may modulate the inflammatory process through interaction with the CD40/CD40L signaling pathway in vitro and in vivo. Macrophages derived from the human monocytic cell line THP-1 by 24h-treatment with PMA (40 nM) were stimulated with human recombinant CD40L (rhCD40L, 1 g/ml) for different periods. Messenger RNA (mRNA) transcripts for PPAR , and were determined by real time PCR and expressed as a ratio of the housekeeping gene GAPDH transcripts. THP-1 cells express a basal level of PPAR and gene transcription, which is increased 16 and 2 hours after exposure to rhCD40L, respectively. We also stimulated the THP-1 cells with LPS (10 g/ml) and LPS+rhCD40L to see if the increase of PPAR was a response specific to the rhCD40L stimuli. The data show that there is a decrease in PPAR and genes expression upon LPS or LPS+rhCD40L stimulation, indicating that in these times (2 and 16 hours) the response is specific for the CD40/CD40L signaling pathway. Increased expression of CD36 is known as an indicator of PPARs activity. We measured CD36 and saw an increase of this receptor after rhCD40L stimulus, indicating indirectly that PPARs were active in this experimental model. To prove the direct interaction between CD40/CD40L and PPAR , we silenced the PPAR gene by siRNA and analyzed the expression of CD80, which is known to increase after CD40 activation. The results show an increase in CD40L-stimulated CD80 expression upon silencing of PPAR , showing that there is an interaction between these signaling pathways. To confirm whether these findings also occur in vivo, mononuclear cells were isolated from whole blood samples from SLE patients with active (n=17) and inactive disease (n=21), and healthy donors (n=12). The mRNA transcripts for PPARs were detected by real time PCR. In both active and inactive SLE patients, monocytes show an increase in PPAR mRNA expression, as compared to healthy donors. PPAR mRNA is increased only in active patients when compared to healthy donors and inactive lupus patients. Further in this analysis, when we separated the patients with and without the administration of corticosteroids, PPAR displayed the same pattern as above. These results suggested that PPAR may be a marker for lupus activity. To validate this hypothesis, we compared the results obtained from patients with tuberculosis and acute infections. Results showed that only active-lupus patients have an increase in PPAR , confirming the specificity of this phenomenon and hence our hypothesis Our findings suggest that PPAR and are up-regulated specifically in response to CD40/CD40L activation, in both cultured macrophages and in monocytes obtained from SLE patients. We could also suggest that PPAR may be marker for lupus activity. Our results may represent a new control mechanism of the CD40/CD40L signaling pathway and seem to be implicated in the control of the inflammatory response in both human macrophages in vitro and SLE patients

Mémoire numérisé par la Division de la gestion de documents et des archives de l'Université de Montréal.

Dissertation (Ph.D.)--University of South Florida, 2008. / Includes vita. Includes bibliographical references. Also available online.

Mémoire numérisé par la Division de la gestion de documents et des archives de l'Université de Montréal

Obesity results from expansion of white adipose tissue. The inability of white adipose tissue to adequately store lipids leads to ectopic deposition of lipids in non-adipose tissue that can lead to systemic insulin resistance. It is well known that insulin resistance correlates with inflammation of adipose tissue in obese animals and humans. Decreasing inflammation in the adipose tissue has been proven as a therapeutic strategy for improvement of insulin sensitivity in vivo. Numerous factors secreted by immune cells, including macrophages, have been suggested as regulating adipose tissue insulin sensitivity. In the first part of my thesis, I describe the role of one such factor, CD40 in adipose tissue inflammation. The CD40-CD40L dyad acts as co-stimulation in the interaction of antigen-presenting cells, such as macrophages and dendritic cells, with effector cells, such as T cells, in adaptive immunity. We found that CD40 knockout mice were smaller but surprisingly more insulin resistant and glucose intolerant compared to wild-type mice when fed a high fat diet. Consistent with their metabolic phenotype, knockout mice displayed increased adipose tissue inflammation with infiltration of immune cells including macrophages and T cells. Consistent with increased inflammation, CD40 knockout adipose tissue displayed decreased lipid storage. Deficiency of CD40 also led to increased lipid deposition in liver, which may be due to increased lipid release into circulation from the adipose tissue as well as increased lipid synthesis in the liver. CD40 knockout mice had increased hepatic insulin resistance and increased gluconeogensis despite decreased hepatic inflammation. These findings suggest that CD40 is a novel regulator of adipose tissue inflammation in diet-induced obesity. In the second part of this thesis we examined perivascular adipose tissue and brown adipose tissue for the presence of inflammation. In contrast to visceral adipose tissue, macrophage infiltration was absent in perivascular and brown adipose tissue as defined by reduced F480+ cells by flow cytometry and immunohistochemistry. We also found that perivascular adipose tissue was similar to brown adipose tissue as shown by gross morphology and gene expression pattern. Inflammatory gene expression was not increased in brown or perivascular adipose tissue in obese mice as determined by microarray gene expression analysis. These findings suggest that perivascular adipose tissue is more similar to brown adipose tissue than white adipose tissue and that both perivascular and brown adipose tissue are resistant to inflammation. We conclude that, (1) CD40 protects against adipose tissue inflammation in diet-induced obesity, (2) the CD40 knockout mouse is an interesting model of hepatic steatosis with decreased inflammation and (3) perivascular adipose tissue is almost identical to brown adipose tissue in obese mice and that both are resistant to inflammation.

CD40 is a TNF-Receptor (TNFR) superfamily member that functions to promote several facets of the humoral immune response--including B cell proliferation, differentiation, antibody isotype switching, and cytokine expression. TNFR superfamily members lack intrinsic kinase activity and must recruit members of the TNFR-associated factor (TRAF) family of adaptor proteins to connect the receptor to intracellular signaling pathways. CD40-mediated JNK and NF-κB activation is critical for an intact humoral immune response; however, the precise mechanisms governing the spatiotemporal activation of these pathways are not completely understood. In this study we report that CD40 ligation results in the dual phosphorylation of TRAF2 on Ser-11 and Ser-55 to control the subcellular localization of key pathway intermediates and temporally regulate downstream JNK and IKK/NF-κB pathway activation. Notably, TBK1- mediated TRAF2 Ser-11 phosphorylation elicits the dissociation of a signaling complex, consisting of TRAF2, cIAP1/2, and IKKγ, from the CD40 receptor to potentiate a secondary phase of JNK and IKK activation. In the absence of this phosphorylation event, these proteins translocate to the insoluble lipid rafts along with the membrane-bound receptor complex, where TRAF2 undergoes Ser-55 phosphorylation-dependent self-ubiquitination and degradation necessary for cessation of JNK activation. Furthermore, TRAF2 Ser-11 phosphorylation inhibits non-canonical NF-κB activation by promoting the lipid raft localization of the CD40 receptor complex. This suggests that TRAF2 dual phosphorylation acts as a molecular switch to control canonical and non-canonical NF-κB activation. CD40 signaling is heavily implicated in a wide array of chronic inflammatory and autoimmune diseases--including Alzheimer's, Grave's disease, and diabetes. As such, characterization of the molecular mechanisms directing CD40 signal transduction will provide a foundation for the further development of targeted immunomodulatory therapeutics. In addition, the NF-κB transcriptional program has well-defined roles in oncogenesis and tumor progression, and many B cell lymphomas exploit the CD40L/CD40 dyad to constitutively activate the NF-κB pathway and potentiate neoplastic growth and survival. Through these analyses, we demonstrate that TRAF2 phosphorylation on Ser-11 and Ser-55 promote cell survival in response to genotoxic and oxidative stress, respectively, by regulating JNK and NF-κB pathway activation and coordinating the subcellular localization and stability of key signaling effectors. Furthermore, we show that inhibition of TRAF2 phosphorylation in B-cell lymphoma cells increases their sensitivity to standard frontline chemotherapeutics, including doxorubicin and vincristine, as well as the novel agents bortezomib and arsenic trioxide. These findings are clinically significant, as TRAF2 is found over-expressed and constitutively phosphorylated in DLBCL cell lines and patient biopsies. In addition, mice bearing tumors that harbor TRAF2 Ser-11 phospho-null mutations are more responsive to treatment with doxorubicin and have significantly prolonged survival compared to wild-type counterparts in a syngeneic model of B-cell lymphoma. The tumor microenvironment is characterized by pro-inflammatory cytokines, hypoxia, low glucose, and free radicals, all of which are known to induce chronic cellular stress and NF-κB activation. Cancer cell adaptation to these stressors has profound consequences for malignant progression and therapeutic response. In this regard, our findings present a unique opportunity where the molecular targeting to TRAF2 phosphorylation could increase the efficacy of current therapies by suppressing basal NF-κB activation, thus synergistically sensitizing NF-κB-driven malignancies to chemotherapeutic-induced cell death.

Dendritische Zellen (DC) sind spezielle Antigen-präsentierende Zellen und daher oft auch in die körpereigene Bekämpfung von Tumoren involviert. Über das CD40-CD40L-System stellen sie ein Ziel in der Tumorimmuntherapieforschung dar. CD40-spezifische Antikörper bewirken jedoch aufgrund der systemischen CD40-Aktivierung schwere Nebenwirkungen. Ziel dieser Arbeit war es deshalb, mit Hilfe von Tumor-spezifischen scFvs (antigenbindenden Einzelkettenfragmenten) Fusionsproteine zu generieren, die ausschließlich bzw. stark bevorzugt Tumor-lokalisiert dendritische Zellen aktivieren. In dieser Arbeit wurde anhand von Kokulturen von Tumorantigen-positiven Tumorzellen mit dendritischen Zellen gezeigt, dass dies möglich ist. Das hierfür generierte Fusionsprotein anti-CD20-Flag-CD40L führte CD20-restringiert, d.h. bei gleichzeitiger Bindung von CD20-positiven Tumorzelllinien (B-Zelllinien) zu einer deutlich verstärkten Aktivierung der DC. Mit einem solchen Fusionsprotein ist nun grundsätzlich die Möglichkeit vorhanden, DCs Tumorantigen-abhängig, das heißt im Tumorgewebe selbst verstärkt zu stimulieren. Die auf diese Weise aktivierten DCs können nun aufgrund der induzierten Veränderungen (IL-12-Produktion, Hochregulation kostimulierender Moleküle) Tumor-lokalisiert eine lokale, auf den Tumor begrenzte Immunantwort auslösen. Auf diese Weise sollte es möglich werden, Nebenwirkungen einer systemischen CD40-Aktivierung zu vermeiden bzw. zu reduzieren. Zudem stellt der Einsatz von anti-CD20-Flag-CD40L möglicherweise sogar eine Option zur Behandlung maligner B-Zell-Lymphome sowie Rituximab-resistenter Lymphome dar. / Dendritic cells (DC) are special antigen presenting cells, often involved in tumor destruction of the immune system. Therefore, the CD40-CD40L-system represents an important target in tumor treatment research. However, there are severe side effects with CD40-specific antibodies because of their systemic effects. The goal of this work was to create fusion proteins with tumor specific single-chain variable fragments (scFv), which are able to activate dendritic cells only tumor located. This principle was shown to work in cocultures with tumor antigen positive tumor cells together with dendritic cells. Anti-CD20-flag-CD40L, a newly generated fusion protein causes an enhanced activation of dendritic cells when additionally ligated to CD20-positive tumorcell lines, e.g. B-cell lines. This means with this kind of protein we are able to activate DC not only in a systemic way, but local directly at the tumor. Once activated, DC are able to release an immune answer. In this way it could be possible to avoid systemic CD40-activation. Additionally, it represents an alternative treatment of malignant B-cell-lymphoms and rituximab resistent lymphoms.