Techn. University, Diss., 2005--Darmstadt.

[pt] Este trabalho apresenta uma análise detalhada de uma recente proposta de combinação da transmissão em blocos com portadora única e a técnica CDMA, referida como CS-CDMA (Chip Spread CDMA). Uma característica marcante desta técnica de transmissão é que diferentemente do que ocorre nos sistemas DS-CDMA, a ortogonalidade entre os códigos dos diferentes usuários é mantida mesmo quando a transmissão é feita através de um canal multipercurso seletivo em frequência, suposto invariante no tempo, permitindo assim que os usuários possam ser identicamente desacoplados na recepção. Além desta vantagem, resultados de desempenho indicaram uma significativa superioridade deste sistema sobre o tradicional DS-CDMA. Entretanto comparações existentes, consideraram apenas o up-link, do sistema e adotaram algumas premissas, que incluem, a utilização de códigos ortogonais pelos diversos usuários e a suposição de canais de transmissão invariantes no tempo. O presente trabalho apresenta uma análise detalhada da técnica (CS-CDMA e uma análise comparativa dos sistemas em condições menos favoráveis. Os sistemas operam em ambientes invariante e variante no tempo, com códigos ortogonais e não ortogonais e em dois cenários diferentes, down- link e up-link. Os resultados consideram recepção com equalização no domínio da frequência utilizando equalizadores do tipo ZF (Zero Forcing) e MMSE (Minimum Mean Squared Error). Simulações foram realizadas no intuito de se avaliar o desempenho dos dois sistemas considerados. Curvas de probabilidade de erro foram obtidas e ilustram e comparam tais desempenhos em diferentes situações e cenários de interesse. / [en] This dissertation proposes detailed analysis of a recent combined mechanism for transmission in blocks with a single carrier and CDMA technique known as Chip Spread CDMA (CS-CDMA). An important feature of this transmission technique is that unlike what happens in Direct Sequence (DS-CDMA) systems, the orthogonality between codes of different users is maintained even when the transmission, considered time-invariant, is made through a selective multipath channel frequency, which ideally allows users to be uncoupled in reception. However, existing comparisons only consider the up-link transmission and adopt certain assumptions, which include orthogonal codes for different users and time invariant channels. This technique have shown a significant superiority as compared with the traditional DS-CDMA. A comparison of (CS-CDMA systems in more realistic conditions are presented in this work. Various environments were tested in the presence of BPSK modulation systems, as well as invariant and time-varying transmission. Comparison between scenarios down-link and up-link are also presented. The results consider equalized reception in the frequency domain using the ZF (Zero Forcing) equalizers and MMSE (Minimum Mean Squared Error). Simulations were carried out in order to evaluate the performance of the two systems considered. Error probability curves were obtained to illustrate and compare the performances in different situations and scenarios.

[pt] Várias técnicas de múltiplo acesso estão sob discussão para sistemas celulares de 3a. geração. Uma delas é baseada em um sistema híbrido TD/CDMA (Time Division, Code Division Multiple Access). Neste sistema os sinais de todos os usuários simultaneamente ativos são síncronos, o que permite o emprego de receptores de detecção conjunta. Estes receptores conseguem cancelar idealmente as componentes de interferência de múltiplo acesso e entre símbolos e assim apresentam desempenho superior aos receptores CDMA convencionais. Além do desenvolvimento de receptores com melhor desempenho, outra técnica para aumentar a capacidade dos sistemas celulares é o emprego de antenas inteligentes. Neste trabalho, uma ferramenta de simulação foi desenvolvida para verificar o desempenho de sistemas TD/CDMA com e sem o emprego de receptores de detecção conjunta, em três situações: com a variação do número de usuários, considerando-se falhas no mecanismo de controle de potência e de estimação do canal. Adicionalmente, foi estudada a conveniência do emprego antenas inteligentes em conjunto com receptores CDMA convencionais e com detecção conjunta. Os resultados obtidos indicam que, apesar de aumentar a complexidade do sistema, o uso de receptores de detecção conjunta é bastante atraente, já que seu desempenho mostrou-se significativamente superior ao dos receptores CDMA convencionais. / [de] Several multiple acess techniques are under discussion for third generation cellular systems. One of them is based on a hybrid time division, code division multiple acess (TD/CDMA). Since in this acess technique all users sharing the same slot are time synchronized, it is possible to jointly detect the different user signals arriving at the base station, eliminating both intersymbol and multiple acess interferences. Besides the use of techniques aiming to improve the receiver performance, another way to increase the capacity of a cellular system is adaptive antennas at the base station. A simulation tool was developed to verify the performance of a TD/CDMA system with with and without joint detection in three different situations: varying the number of simultaneous active users, in presence of failures on the power control mechanism and in presence of imprecisions of the channel estimator. It was compared also the performance of both receivers considering the effects of using smart antennas. The obtained results indicate that, in spite of increasing system complexity, the use of joint detection receivers might be a better option since its performance wes shown to be significantly better than that of conventional CDMA receivers.

Abstract The research of early ad hoc-like networks, namely multi-hop packet radio networks, was mainly concentrated on lower layers (below network layer). Interestingly, the research of modern ad hoc networks has been mainly restricted to routing protocols. This is understandable, since routing is very challenging in such dynamic networks, but the drawback is that the lower layer models used in the studies are often highly simplified, giving inaccurate or even incorrect results. In addition, modern ad hoc network solutions are usually suboptimal because lower layers, not designed especially for ad hoc networking, are used. Thus, ad hoc networking performance, in general, can be notably enhanced by considering also the design of lower layers. The simple deployment and robustness make wireless ad hoc networks attractive for several applications (e.g., military, public authority, peer-to-peer civilian, and sensor networking), but the performance of the current solutions is typically not adequate. The focus of this work is on the effects of lower layer functionalities on the performance of ad hoc networks, while also taking into account the effects of upper layers (e.g., the effect of application traffic models). A CDMA (Code Division Multiple Access) based dual channel flat ad hoc network solution, incorporating cross-layering between all three lowest layers, is proposed and analyzed. The main element of this is the Bi-Code Channel Access (BCCA) method, in which a common code channel is used for broadcast information (e.g., route discovery), while a receiver-specific code channel is used for all directed transmissions. In addition, a new MAC (Medium Access Control) solution designed for BCCA is presented. Moreover, a novel network layer spreading code distribution (NSCD) method is presented. The advantage of these methods is that they are designed especially to be used in ad hoc networks. With an extensive set of case studies, it is shown that the presented methods outperform the typically used ad hoc network solutions (based on IEEE 802.11) in different kind of scenarios, environments, modeling concepts, and with different parameters. Detailed simulations are carried out in order to analyze the effects of different features at the lower layers, finding also interesting phenomena and dependencies between different layers. It is also shown that close attention should be paid to lower layer modeling even though the overall network performance would be in focus. In addition, various interesting features and behavior models regarding ad hoc networking are brought up. / Tiivistelmä Ensimmäiset tutkimukset rakenteettomista (ad hoc) verkoista esiintyivät nimellä monihyppypakettiradioverkot, ja ne koskivat pääasiassa verkkokerroksen alapuolella olevia tietoliikennekerroksia, mutta nykyiset tutkimukset ovat kuitenkin keskittyneet pääasiassa reititysprotokolliin. Tämä on sikäli ymmärrettävää, että reititys on hyvin haasteellista tämän tyyppisissä dynaamisissa verkoissa, mutta ongelma on, että käytetyt alempien kerrosten mallit ovat usein hyvinkin yksinkertaistettuja, mikä voi johtaa epätarkkoihin tai jopa vääriin tuloksiin. Tämän lisäksi nykyiset ehdotetut rakenteettomien verkkojen ratkaisut ovat usein tehottomia, sillä käytettyjä alempien kerrosten ratkaisuja ei ole tarkoitettu tällaisiin verkkoihin. Niinpä rakenteettomien verkkojen suorituskykyä voidaan parantaa huomattavasti kiinnittämällä huomiota alempien kerrosten suunnitteluun. Verkkojen rakenteettomuus on ajatuksena houkutteleva useissa käyttökohteissa (esimerkiksi sotilasympäristössä, viranomaiskäytössä, käyttäjien välisissä suorissa yhteyksissä ja sensoriverkoissa), mutta suorituskyky ei useinkaan ole riittävällä tasolla käytännön sovelluksiin. Työssä tutkitaan pääasiassa alempien kerrosten toiminnallisuuden vaikutusta rakenteettomien verkkojen suorituskykyyn ottaen huomioon myös ylemmät kerrokset, kuten sovellustason mallit. Työssä esitellään ja analysoidaan koodijakomonikäyttöön (CDMA, Code Division Multiple Access) perustuva kaksikanavainen tasaisen rakenteettoman verkon ratkaisu, jossa hyödynnetään kaikkien kolmen alimman kerroksen välistä keskinäistä viestintää. Ratkaisun ydin on BCCA-menetelmä (Bi-Code Channel Access), jossa käytetään kahta kanavaa tiedonsiirtoon. Yksi kanava on tarkoitettu kaikille yhteiseksi kontrollikanavaksi (esimerkiksi reitinmuodostus voi käyttää tätä kanavaa), kun taas toinen kanava on käyttäjäkohtainen kanava, jota käytetään suoraan viestittämiseen kyseiselle käyttäjälle (varsinainen data yms.). Tämän lisäksi esitellään myös BCCA-menetelmää varten suunniteltu kanavakontrollimenetelmä sekä verkkotasolla toimiva hajotuskooditiedon jakamiseen tarkoitettu menetelmä. Näiden uusien menetelmien etu on se, että ne on suunniteltu nimenomaan rakenteettomiin verkkoihin. Kattavan testivalikoiman avulla osoitetaan, että esitetty uusi ratkaisu peittoaa tyypilliset IEEE 802.11 -standardiin pohjautuvat rakenteettomien verkkojen ratkaisut. Testeissä käytetään erityyppisiä verkkorakenteita, ympäristöjä, mallinnusmenetelmiä ja parametreja. Yksityiskohtaisissa simuloinneissa ajetaan eri testitapauksia ja selvitetään, miten alempien kerrosten eri menetelmät missäkin tapauksessa vaikuttavat suorituskykyyn. Alempien kerrosten mallinnuksessa on syytä olla tarkkana, sillä työssä käy ilmi, että mallinnusvirheillä voi olla suurikin vaikutus myös ylempien kerrosten suorituskykyyn. Työ myös paljastaa useita mielenkiintoisia ilmiöitä ja vuorovaikutussuhteita, jotka liittyvät tutkittujen menetelmien ja yleisesti rakenteettomien verkkojen toimintaan.

This thesis introduces performance analysis on the effect of using orthogonal polyphase spreading sequences in the uplink scenario of Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA) systems, with the use of two novel dynamic code allocation algorithms to exploit the cross-correlation properties of the spreading sequences. The analysis is also extended to the cooperative communication world, where a cooperative uplink technique is presented that builds on the results and conclusions achieved in the conventional uplink scenario. Theoretical analysis and simulation results are given to highlight the performance gains achieved using the proposed techniques. As Multiple-Input Multiple-Output (MIMO) systems have been increasingly studied and researched in the recent literature to accommodate for the high demand of current and future generations of wireless communications, this thesis follows the same pattern and investigates a new MIMO transmission technique, namely, Spatial Modulation. The thesis then proposes new novel Spatial Modulation enhancement techniques that focus on utilising more of the available system resources for further performance improvements.

This paper provides theoretical analysis of LTE network and Femto cells. Its presents their modulation and transition techniques, their performance and of course implementation of Femto cells into LTE macro-layer. It also describes potential risk of interference between LTE macro-layer and Femto cells and provides the way how to solve and simulate interference. Finally it states simulation and analysis of model situations.

No description available.

No description available.

No description available.

No description available.