Dans un contexte de besoins croissants de moyens de communication pour augmenter la sécurité des vols et répondre aux attentes des compagnies et des passagers, le monde de l’aviation civile cherche de nouveaux systèmes de communication pouvant répondre à ces objectifs. Les systèmes de communication sol-bord existants, que ce soit les solutions par satellites en bande L (SATCOM, ...) ou les solutions cellulaires par liaison directe avec le sol (HF, VHF, ...), présentent des limites en terme de capacité, de couverture et de coût.La proposition avancée dans le cadre de cette thèse est d’utiliser les avions comme relais afin de propager les données jusqu’à une station sol. Ce système peut être vu comme un réseau ad hoc mobile dont les nœuds sont les avions civils en vol. Grâce à plusieurs sauts successifs au travers d’avions relais, chaque avion doit pouvoir joindre le sol sans être à portée directe d’une station. Le réseau ad hoc ainsi formé peut ensuite être utilisé pour différentes classes de communications : contrôle aérien, services pour les compagnies aériennes ou pour les passagers. Une telle solution permettrait d’améliorer la couverture des solutions cellulaires classiques en zone continentale. Elle est également applicable en zone océanique où les seuls moyens disponibles sont actuellement le satellite et la HF. On peut imaginer que les coûts de déploiement et de maintenance seraient relativement bas puisque l’infrastructure sol est limitée.Dans cette thèse, nous avons étudié la faisabilité puis les performances qui peuvent être attendues pour ce système de communication aéronautique innovant. / In the current aeronautical communications context, there is an increasing interest in offering new services to civil aircraft. For instance, airlines are looking into new solutions to back up flight data and cockpit voice records during the flight, or to provide more accurate meteorological data to pilots. Being able to offer Internet access to passengers is also a major demand from these companies. All these services represent new types of air-ground communications that require newcommunication systems. Indeed, traditional datalink systems are based on a direct airground link (e.g. VDL Mode 2) or on a satellite link (e.g. L-Band Inmarsat satellites).They all have limits in terms of capacity, coverage and cost. In this thesis, we study aeronautical ad hoc networks. They have recently been proposedas a new solution for future air-ground communications. The idea of such networks is to introduce wireless links between aircraft. This system can be seen as a mobile ad hoc network whose nodes are civil aircraft in flight. Each aircraft is able to act as a router to send data hop-by-hop to the destination. Such a solution would improve the coverage of conventional cellular solutions in continental area. It is also applicable to oceanic areas, where the only available solutions are now satellite and HF. The costs of deployment and maintenance would be relatively low because the ground infrastructure is limited. In this thesis, the feasibility of this innovative aeronautical communication system is investigated. A simulation tool has been developed to study the network connectivity, based on actual aircraft positions data both in continental and oceanic airspace.

[pt] As técnicas de múltiplo acesso mais cogitadas nas propostas para padrões de 3 geração de sistemas celulares envolvem alguma forma de CDMA ( Code Division Multiple Access)na qual os usuários podem transmitir simultaneamente na mesma faixa de freqüência sendo separáveis no receptor pela ortogonalidade, ou quase ortogonalidade, entre os sinais utilizados pelos diferentes usuários para transmissão de informação.Os receptores multiusuário, propostos para uso na 3 geração de sistemas celulares, realizam a detecção do sinal do usuário desejado conjuntamente com os sinais interferentes, resultando em um ganho de desempenho em relação aos receptores CDMA convencionais, que tratam os sinais interferentes como um simples ruído de fundo.Este trabalho tem por objetivo estudar a viabilidade de um receptor CDMA multiusuário hpibrido síncrono, que combina a eficiência do recepor Decorrelator no combate a interferência de múltiplo acesso (IMA) e sua simpicidade de implementação com a robustez e alto desempenho do receptor ótimo. Para evitar a complexidade inerente a estrutura de detecção ótima é sugerido que o conjunto de sinais na saída do estágio Decorrelator seja particionado em grupos e detectados de forma paralela e ótima. Esta técnica é conhecida como detecção ótima por grupos. Também é proposto e explorada a utilização de uma métrica para a formação dos grupos, baseada na minimização da probabilidade de erro de bit do usuário com pior desenpenho no sistema. Ao longo deste trabalho são exibidos resultados analíticos e de simulação, que comprovam a utilidade e exelente relação entre desempenho e complexidade da estrutura proposta em canais AWGN. Por fim, a estrutura proposta é avaliada para um canal com desvanecimento de Rayleigh plano. / [en] The most discussed multiple access techiniques for the 3G of mobile wireless systems involve some form of CDMA - Code Division Multiple Access- where the users can transmit simultaneously their signals in the same frequency band separable in the receiver by the orthogonality or, quasi- orthogonality, properties of the transmitted signals. Multiuser detectors MUD perform the detection of the desired user signal jointly with the signals transmitted by the remaining users, resulting in a better performance than the conventional CDMA receivers, that treat the interference created by the signals of other users simply as background noise.This work has the objective of investigating the viability of syncrhronous hybrid multiuser detector, wich combines the implementation simplicity and efficiency of the decorrelating multiuser detector in mitigating the multiple access interference with the robustness and high performance of the optimum multiuser detector.In order to avoid the complexity of the optimum multiuser detection scheme it is proposed to combine the signals from the decorrelator output into groups and perform optimal detection of the signals in each group. This approach is known as optimal group detection. Also in this work, a strategy on how to perform the grouping is proposed and explored. This strategy is based on the minimization the bit error probability of the user with the worst performance.Simulation and analytical results show the excellent trade-off between performance and complexity of the proposed optimum multiuser group detector in AWGN channels. The receiver performance is also evaluated in Rayleigh flat fading channels.

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Spectrum efficiency and energy efficiency are two important attributes driving innovation in wireless communication. Efficient spectrum utilization and sharing with multiple access techniques and using under-utilized spectra by cognitive radios is the current focus due to the scarcity and cost of the available radio spectrum. Energy efficiency to increase operating time of portable handheld devices like smartphones that handle simultaneous voice/video streaming and web browsing and battery powered nodes in a sensor network where battery capacity determines the lifetime of the network is another area attracting researchers. The focus of this thesis is the spectral efficiency of multicarrier code division multiple access (CDMA) in wireless ad-hoc networks. Furthermore, energy efficiency to maximize lifetime of a network are also studied.In a multicarrier CDMA system inter-carrier interference (ICI) due to carrier frequency offset and multiple access interference (MAI) are two major factors that deteriorate the performance. Previous work in this area has been mostly focused on simulation results due to the complexity of the analysis due to the large number of random variables involved. Taking into account accurate statistical models for ICI and MAI that account for the correlation between adjacent subcarriers, this thesis presents new mathematical analysis for the spectral efficiency of multicarrier CDMA communication systems over a frequency selective Rayleigh fading environment. We analyze and compare three multicarrier CDMA schemes which are multicarrier CDMA, multicarrier direct-sequence CDMA and multitone CDMA. We also present simulation results to confirm the validity of our analysis. We also analyze the performance of three simple multiple access techniques or coexistence etiquettes in detail, which are simple to implement and do not require any central control. Accurate interference models are developed and are used to derive accurate expressions for packet error rates in the case of direct sequence CDMA and slotted packet transmission schemes. These results are then used to study the performance of the coexistence etiquettes and compare them with each other. Finally we present a new joint node selection and power allocation strategy that increases lifetime of an ad-hoc network where nodes cooperate to enable diversity in transmission.

[pt] A predição da área de cobertura de um sistema celular CDMA é um dos pontos mais importantes no planejamento deste tipo de sistema. Esta dissertação visa englobar todos os aspectos relevantes para o planejamento e dimensionamento de sistemas CDMA, desenvolvendo uma metodologia de cálculo de cobertura que simultaneamente atenda aos modelos de propagação existentes e as condições de interferência. A metodologia desenvolvida foi implementada no programa denominado NetDimension, que está sendo desenvolvido pelo Centro de Estudos em Telecomunicações (CETUC) da Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio de Janeiro (PUC/Rio) no âmbito do programa de Softex. Na última parte da dissertação são apresentados alguns exemplos de cálculos de cobertura que foram realizados através do NetDimension, cujos resultados são expressos graficamente, facilitando a análise pelo usuário. / [en] CDMA cellular system coverage prediction is one of the most important issues in the planning of this type of system. This dissertation intends to discuss all the important aspects fo the planning and desing of CDMA systems, developing a coverage prediction methodology that simultaneously comply with the existent propagation models and the interference conditions. The developed methodology was implemented in the program named NetDimension, that is being developed by the Telecommunications Studies Center (CETUC) of the Rio de Janeiro Catholic University (PUC/RJ). In the last part of the dissertation some examples of coverage calculations are presented, which were performed using the software NetDimension. The results are expressed graphically, facilitating the analysis by the user.

The goal for the next generation of mobile communications system is to seamlessly integrate a wide variety of communication services such as high speed data, video and multimedia traffic as well as voice signals. The technology needed to tackle the challenges to make these services available is popularly known as the Third Generation (3G) Cellular Systems. One of the most promising approaches to 3G is to combine a Wideband Code Division Multiple Access (WCDMA) air interface with the fixed network of Global System for Mobile communications (GSM). In this thesis a signal simulator was implemented according to the physical layer specification of the IMT-2000 WCDMA system. The data is transmitted in a frame by frame basis through a time varying channel. The transmitted signal is corrupted by multiple access interference which is generated in a structured way rather than treating it as Additive White Gaussian Noise (AWGN). The signal is further corrupted by AWGN at the front end of the receiver. Simple rake diversity combining is employed at the receiver. We investigate the bit error rate at both uplink and downlink for different channel conditions. Performance improvement due to error correction coding scheme is shown. The simulator developed can be an invaluable tool for investigating the design and implementation of WCDMA systems. / Master of Science

International Telemetering Conference Proceedings / October 18-21, 2004 / Town & Country Resort, San Diego, California / A new class of precision timing and frequency reference is introduced that indirectly receives GPS timing and frequency information via TIA/EIA Standard IS-95 Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA) mobile telecommunications base station transmissions. Like cell phones, these products operate indoors without external antennas and provide accuracy, low cost and ease of installation. The technology fits particularly well in IP network synchronization and quality-of-service monitoring applications where rooftop antenna installation is often impossible. The salient characteristics of the IS-95 CDMA signals that make them suitable for this purpose and a general CDMA timing receiver architecture are described. Performance data versus similar references that use conventional GPS reception are also presented.

ITC/USA 2005 Conference Proceedings / The Forty-First Annual International Telemetering Conference and Technical Exhibition / October 24-27, 2005 / Riviera Hotel & Convention Center, Las Vegas, Nevada / The integrated Network Enhanced Telemetry (iNET) environment is meant to build and improve on the existing unidirectional legacy telemetry links. The optimized network would have to be capable of providing bi-directional, spectrally efficient, reliable, dynamically allocated, real time or near real time access to video and other types of test data over a shared bandwidth, high capacity network. Developed specifically for providing a reliable means of communications for large numbers of users, cellular technology seems particularly suited to addressing iNET’s needs. This paper investigates the creation of a cellular model for enhanced throughput for data users wherein a user would dynamically be allocated high data rates dependent on parameters such as the received signal to noise ratio (SNR). Our future work will develop the average data performance, comparing both the time division multiple access (TDMA) and code division multiple access (CDMA) environments for potential application in iNET.

International Telemetering Conference Proceedings / October 30-November 02, 1995 / Riviera Hotel, Las Vegas, Nevada / The Instrumentation Technology Branch of Wright Laboratory Armament Directorate (WL/MNSI), has successfully completed an Exploratory Development (6.2) program to develop Subminiature Telemetry (SMT). SMT is a flexible, programmable telemeter with self calibration, power control and Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum modulation. The development program successfully demonstrated the ability of the SMT system to collect up to 64 analog and/or 128 digital discrete signals with programmable gain, bandwidth and offset. The program demonstrated a spread spectrum multiple-access technique that allows for simultaneous transmission and receipt of up to 96 different telemetry units within a 100 MHz telemetry band. WL/MNSI is conducting an Advanced Technology Development (6.3) program to continue development in this area. An air-worthy 4 channel spread spectrum demodulator was developed to support the SMT program but it is too costly for ground applications. The goals of this effort are to reduce the demodulator cost by a factor of 10 while increasing the capability for simultaneously processing data from 24 telemetry units and to support the first Technology Transition Plan (TTP) between WL/MN and the Air Force Development Test Center (AFDTC). The TTP will facilitate the transition of SMT spread spectrum technology to AFDTC for mission support over the next three years.

An overwhelming number of models in the literature use average inter-cell interference for the calculation of capacity of a Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA) network. The advantage gained in terms of simplicity by using such models comes at the cost of rendering the exact location of a user within a cell irrelevant. We calculate the actual per-user interference and analyze the effect of user-distribution within a cell on the capacity of a CDMA network. We show that even though the capacity obtained using average interference is a good approximation to the capacity calculated using actual interference for a uniform user distribution, the deviation can be tremendously large for non-uniform user distributions. Call admission control (CAC) algorithms are responsible for efficient management of a network's resources while guaranteeing the quality of service and grade of service, i.e., accepting the maximum number of calls without affecting the quality of service of calls already present in the network. We design and implement global and local CAC algorithms, and through simulations compare their network throughput and blocking probabilities for varying mobility scenarios. We show that even though our global CAC is better at resource management, the lack of substantial gain in network throughput and exponential increase in complexity makes our optimized local CAC algorithm a much better choice for a given traffic distribution profile.