(This thesis consists of two parts.) Part I Comparison of Traveling Wave and Gain-Clamped Semiconductor Optical Amplifiers. Today's Wavelength Division Multiplexing (WDM) optical networks are getting dynamic light-path reconfigurable and optical transparent. Optical amplification without optoelectronic conversion is a key technology in all-optical networks. semiconductor optical amplifier (SOA) is a very potential device in this field. Besides the linear amplification, the nonlinear features of SOA make it has a broad application in wavelength conversion, tunable wavelength filter, optical switching and optical logic. The simple structure and very compact size of SOA indicate the essential low-cost and compatibility of integration. Resonant cavity is the basic structure of conventional SOAs, while gain-clamped SOAs (GC-SOAs) provide a constant gain which raises a lot of interests in applications. SOA with Distributed Bragg Reflectors (DBR) is one of the structures to realize the clamped gain. In this thesis the performances of traveling wave SOA (TW-SOA) and DBR-SOA are compared through a dynamic model. This model consists of a distributed feedback wave equation, a carrier rate equation and a material gain model, thereby can be used to simulate both of the two SOAs. To balance the time cost of simulation and the accuracy of the result, three important non-physical parameters, simulated bandwidth, cavity discritization and frequency discretizaiton, are investigated. The simulation results show that DBR-SOA has a very stable device gain which is independent on input optical power. From a noise level point of view DBR-SOA and TW-SOA have different characteristics. These comparison is conducted with both large signal input and small signal input. In addition, a desirable application, SOA in a multi-channel WDM system, is also simulated with GC-SOA and TW-SOA. The Bit Error Rate (BER) of TW-SOA increases greatly due to inter-channel cross talk, while the BER of GC-SOA is virtually constant with the variation of WDM channel number. Another application, wavelength converter, shows TW-SOA is very useful in non-linear application. Part II Impact of Dispersion on Hybrid of Frequency-Hopped Optical CDMA and WDMA Networks. A new analytical formula for analysis of the system performance of the Hybrid of Wavelength Division Multiple Access (WDMA) and Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA) is developed and presented. The effects of fiber dispersion and inter-channel crosstalk are considered and their impact on system performance is analyzed in terms of power penalty. Finally, methods to overcome the effects of the fiber dispersion are discussed. / Thesis / Master of Applied Science (MASc)

The communications industry is experiencing an explosion in the demand for personal communications services (PCS). Several digital technologies have been proposed to replace overburdened analog systems. One system that has gained increasing popularity in North America is a 1.25 MHz Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA) system (IS-95). In CDMA systems, multiple access interference limits the capacity of any system using conventional single user correlation or matched filter receivers. Previous research has shown that multiuser detection receivers that employ interference cancellation techniques can significantly improve the capacity of a CDMA system. This thesis studies two such structures: the successive interference cancellation scheme and the parallel interference cancellation scheme. These multiuser receivers are integrated into an IS-95 compatible receiver model which is simulated in software. This thesis develops simulation software that simulates IS-95 with conventional and multiuser receivers in multipath channels and when near-far conditions exist. Simulation results present the robustness of multiuser receivers to near-far in a practical system. In addition to multiuser implemenations, quantization effects from finite bit analog to digital converters (ADC) in CDMA systems will also be simulated. / Master of Science

Many industries are turning to wireless communication systems to track their assets. One example of such an industry is the shipping industry, where — under the growing emphasis on homeland security — tracking cargo containers and their contents has become a high priority. There are several beacons on the commercial market that will meet this need if the required beacon does not need to be independently powered or to have global coverage. This thesis attempts to find a design solution for a beacon that transmits location data, is battery powered, and has world-wide coverage. The beacon is intended to be a low power, transmit only device, and the receiver will not be designed to operate in real-time. Several communication systems were evaluated on these conditions, and the Globalstar Satellite System was selected to use as the communication system for the beacon. The Globalstar Satellite System is a low earth orbiting (LEO) satellite system and uses Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA) to allocate system resources to the maximum number of users possible. Discussions of spread spectrum techniques and theory, Rake receivers, and error correction codes are included as a background for the design. This thesis examines the initial steps in the design of the transmitter beacon and aims to determine the minimum required beacon transmit power for good receiver performance. A portion of the correlator in the Globalstar receiver is simulated for several scenarios: a single user case with varying transmit power, and a multiple user case with fixed transmit power. Although not likely to occur, the single user case was used to baseline system performance and to verify the multi-user case results. The simulated correlator employed a parallel search strategy and used a truncated version of the Globalstar system code sequence. Finally, a threshold analysis was performed to determine if better receiver performance could be obtained. / Master of Science

[pt] Neste trabalho será inicialmente discutida a recepção e o desempenho de sinais espalhados espectralmente em canais corrompidos por ruído aditivo gaussiano branco e por desvanecimento plano ou seletivo. A seguir será feita a análise de sistemas CDMA, abordando-se a estrutura de recepção, os códigos de espalhamento, a caracterização estatística da interferência multiusuário e a influência das fases das portadoras, dos filtros de transmissão, dos atrasos entre os sinais e da sincronização na potência interferente. Será também abordado o controle de potência em sistemas CDMA, avaliando-se a redução da capacidade causada por erros neste controle, obtendo-se sua implementação e propondo-se um algoritmo de minimização do erro médio quadrático caso a solução analítica não possa ser aplicada. Por fim, será feita a descrição da transmissão do sinal de tráfego da padronização do sistema CDMA IS-95 e avaliado o desempenho do esquema de recepção proposto. / [en] This work will initially discuss reception and performance issues of spread sprectrum signals considering additive white gaussian noise and flat or selective fading channels. Then it will analyze the CDMA system, considering the reception structure, spreading codes, multiuse interference statistical characteristics, and the influence of carrier phases, transmission filters, delays between signals abd synchronization on the interference power. It will also adress the power control in CDMA systems, evaluating the capacity reduction caused by power control errors, achieving an analytical soluction to the power allocation in the forward link, discussing its implementation and suggesting a least square error algorithm when the analytical soluction can not be used. Finally, it will describe the traffic channel transmission in the IS-95 CDMA standard, evaluating the performance of the reception model.

Code-Division Multiple-Access (CDMA) is one of the leading digital wireless communication methods currently employed throughout the world. Third generation (3G) and future wireless CDMA systems are required to provide services to a large number of users where each user sends data burst only occasionally. The preferred approach is packet based CDMA so that many users share the same physical channel simultaneously. In CDMA, each user is assigned a pseudo-random (PN) code sequence. PN codephase synchronization between received signals and a locally generated replica by the receiver is one of the fundamental requirements for successful implementation of any CDMA technique. The customary approach is to start each CDMA packet with a synchronization preamble which consists of PN code without data modulation. Packets with preambles impose overheads for communications in CDMA systems especially for short packets such as mouse-clicks or ATM packets of a few hundred bits. Thus, it becomes desirable to perform PN codephase synchronization using the information-bearing signal without a preamble. This work uses a segmented matched filter (SMF) which is capable of acquiring PN codephase in the presence of data modulation. Hence the preamble can be eliminated, reducing the system overhead. Filter segmentation is also shown to increase the tolerance to Doppler shift and local carrier frequency offset. <p>Computer simulations in MATLAB® were carried out to determine various performance measures of the acquisition system. Substantial improvement in probability of correct codephase detection in the presence of multiple-access interference and data modulation is obtained by accumulating matched filter samples over several code cycles prior to making the codephase decision. Correct detection probabilities exceeding 99% are indicated from simulations with 25 co-users and 10 kHz carrier frequency offset or Doppler shift by accumulating five or more PN code cycles, using maximum selection detection criterion. Analysis and simulation also shows that cyclic accumulation can improve packet throughput by 50% and by as much as 100% under conditions of high offered traffic and Doppler shift for both fixed capacity and infinite capacity systems.

Code-Division Multiple-Access (CDMA) is one of the leading digital wireless communication methods currently employed throughout the world. Third generation (3G) and future wireless CDMA systems are required to provide services to a large number of users where each user sends data burst only occasionally. The preferred approach is packet based CDMA so that many users share the same physical channel simultaneously. In CDMA, each user is assigned a pseudo-random (PN) code sequence. PN codephase synchronization between received signals and a locally generated replica by the receiver is one of the fundamental requirements for successful implementation of any CDMA technique. The customary approach is to start each CDMA packet with a synchronization preamble which consists of PN code without data modulation. Packets with preambles impose overheads for communications in CDMA systems especially for short packets such as mouse-clicks or ATM packets of a few hundred bits. Thus, it becomes desirable to perform PN codephase synchronization using the information-bearing signal without a preamble. This work uses a segmented matched filter (SMF) which is capable of acquiring PN codephase in the presence of data modulation. Hence the preamble can be eliminated, reducing the system overhead. Filter segmentation is also shown to increase the tolerance to Doppler shift and local carrier frequency offset. <p>Computer simulations in MATLAB® were carried out to determine various performance measures of the acquisition system. Substantial improvement in probability of correct codephase detection in the presence of multiple-access interference and data modulation is obtained by accumulating matched filter samples over several code cycles prior to making the codephase decision. Correct detection probabilities exceeding 99% are indicated from simulations with 25 co-users and 10 kHz carrier frequency offset or Doppler shift by accumulating five or more PN code cycles, using maximum selection detection criterion. Analysis and simulation also shows that cyclic accumulation can improve packet throughput by 50% and by as much as 100% under conditions of high offered traffic and Doppler shift for both fixed capacity and infinite capacity systems.

In recent years the need for multimedia packet data services in wireless networks has grown rapidly. To overcome that need third generation (3G) mobile services have been proposed. The fast growing demands multimedia services in 3G services brought the need for higher capacity. As a result of this, the improvement on throughput, traffic serving performance has become necessary in 3G systems. Code division multiple access (CDMA) technique is one of the most important 3G wireless mobile techniques that has been defined. The scheduling mechanisms used in CDMA plays an important role on the efficiency of the system. The power, rate and capacity parameters are variable and dependent to each other in designing a scheduling mechanism. The schedulers for CDMA decide which user will use the frequency band at which time interval with what power and rate. In this thesis different type of algorithms used in time slotted CDMA are studied and a new algorithm which supports Quality of Service (QoS) is proposed. The performance analysis of this proposed algorithm is done via simulation in comparison to selected CDMA schedulers.

In recent years, mobile communications have become affordable and popular. High cellular capacity in terms of number of users and data-rates is in need. As the available frequency spectrums for mobile communications are limited, the utilization of the radio resources to achieve high capacity without imposing high equipment cost is of utmost importance. Recently, multi-hop cellular networks (MCNs) were introduced. These networks have the potential of enhancing the cell capacity and extending the cell coverage at low extra cost. However, in a cellular network, the cell or system capacity is inversely related to the cell size. In MCNs, the cell size, the network density and topology affect the coverage of source nodes and the total demands that can be served and, thus, the system throughput. Although the cell size is an important factor, it has not been exploited for maximizing throughput. Another major issue in MCNs is the increase in packet delay because multi-hopping is involved. High packet delay affects quality of service provisioning in these networks. In this thesis, we propose the Optimal Cell Size (OCS) and the Optimal Channel Assignment (OCA) schemes to address the cell size and packet delay issues for a time division duplex (TDD) wideband code division multiple access (W-CDMA) MCN. OCS finds the optimal cell sizes to provide an optimal balance of cell capacity and coverage to maximize the system throughput, whereas OCA assigns channels optimally in order to minimize packet relaying delay. Like many optimized schemes, OCS and OCA are computationally expensive and may not be suitable for large real-time problems. Hence, we also propose heuristics for solving the problems. For the cell size problem, we propose two heuristics: Smallest Cell Size First (SCSF) and Highest Throughput Cell Size First (HTCSF). For the channel assignment problem, we propose the Minimum Slot Waiting First (MSWF) heuristic. Simulation results show that OCS achieves high throughput compared to that of conventional (single-hop) cellular networks and OCA achieves low packet delay in MCNs. Results also show that the heuristics, SCSF, HTCSF and MSWF, provide good results compared to the optimal ones provided by OCS and OCA, respectively. / Thesis (Ph.D, Computing) -- Queen's University, 2009-02-02 22:53:41.825

[pt] Nesta tese é abordada a transmissão CDMA (Code Division Multiple Access) por blocos em canais SISO (Single Input - Single Output) seletivos em frequência. Considera-se a transmissão tanto em portadora única quanto multiportadora, com intervalo de guarda do tipo prefixo cíclico e do tipo preenchimento de zeros. São investigadas estruturas de detecção multiusuário às cegas, baseadas no critério de míınima variância com restrições lineares. Implementações adaptativas do tipo gradiente estocástico e do tipo míınimos quadrados são apresentadas e novos algoritmos de estimação de canal são propostos. É também discutida nesta tese a transmissão CDMA por blocos em canais MISO (Multiple Input - Single Output) seletivos em frequência. Considera-se, assim como no canal SISO, os casos de transmissão em portadora única e multiportadora, incorporando intervalos de guarda do tipo prefixo cíclico e do tipo preenchimento de zeros. Para este tipo de sistema, duas estruturas de transmissão são propostas e uma análise do ganho de diversidade para cada tipo de estrutura é conduzido, identificando as condiçõoes para atingir o máximo ganho de diversidade. Um detector baseado no critério de mínimo erro quadrático médio é implementado para cada estrutura e, no caso da primeira estrutura de transmissão, um detector às cegas baseado no critério de mínima variância é proposto. Uma implementação adaptativa do tipo mínimos quadrados é apresentada e novos algoritmos de estimação de canal são propostos. / [en] This thesis addresses block CDMA (Code Division Multiple Access) transmission in frequency selective SISO (Single Input - Single Output) channels. Both multicarrier and single carrier transmission are considered with cyclic prefix and zero padding as guard interval. Blind multiuser detection based on the linearly constrained minimum variance criterion is investigated. Stochastic gradient and recursive least squares implementations are presented and new channel estimation algorithms are proposed. It is also discussed in this thesis block CDMA transmission in frequency selective MISO (Multiple Input - Single Output) channels, including, as in the SISO channel, the case of multicarrier and single carrier transmission with cyclic prefix and zero padding as guard interval. Two structures are proposed for transmission in this scenario, an analysis of the diversity gain for each type of structure is conducted and conditions for achieving the maximum diversity gain are identified. A detector based on the minimum mean square error criterion is implemented for each structure. Recursive least squares implementations are presented and new blind channel estimation algorithms are proposed.

CoordenaÃÃo de AperfeÃoamento de Pessoal de NÃvel Superior / Ericsson Brasil / In this dissertation, we present a distributed data estimation and detection approach for the uplink of a network that uses CDMA at transmitters (users). The analyzed network can be represented by an undirected and connected graph, where the nodes use a distributed estimation algorithm based on consensus averaging to perform joint channel and symbol estimation using a receiver based on tensor signal processing. The centralized receiver, developed for a central base station, and the distributed receiver, developed for micro base stations, have their performances compared in a heterogeneous network. Then, two tensor-based receivers are proposed to be used in a relay-assisted network. In this case, the proposed receiver makes use of collaborative signal processing among relays to recover sources information before forwarding to the base station using a Decode-and-Forward protocol. The first receiver is based on the uncoded transmission of the tensor data reconstructed by the relays from the estimation of their factors matrix. The second one considers a tensor encoding of symbols estimated at the relays before transmission to the base station. The different proposed receivers are compared by means of computer simulations in terms of convergence and bit error rate. / Nesta dissertaÃÃo, apresentamos uma abordagem distribuÃda para a estimaÃÃo e detecÃÃo de dados para uplink em uma rede que emprega CDMA nos transmissores (usuÃrios). A rede analisada pode ser representada por um grafo sem direÃÃo e conectado, em que os nÃs fazem uso de um algoritmo de estimaÃÃo distribuÃda baseado em consenso mÃdio para realizar a estimaÃÃo conjunta de sÃmbolos transmitidos e do canal, utilizando um receptor baseado em processamento tensorial. O receptor centralizado, operando em uma EstaÃÃo RÃdio Base central, e o receptor distribuÃdo, operando em Micro EstaÃÃes RÃdio Base, tÃm seus desempenhos comparados em uma rede heterogÃnea. Em seguida, considerando-se uma rede assistida por repetidores, dois receptores tensoriais sÃo propostos. Neste caso, fazemos uso de um processamento de sinais colaborativo entre os repetidores para a recuperaÃÃo da informaÃÃo transmitida pela fonte, antes de ser encaminhada para estaÃÃo rÃdio base fazendo uso do protocolo Decode-and-Forward. O primeiro receptor à baseado na transmissÃo nÃo codificada do tensor de dados reconstruÃdo pelos repetidores a partir da estimaÃÃo de suas matrizes fatores. O segundo considera uma codificaÃÃo tensorial dos sÃmbolos previamente estimados nos repetidores antes da transmissÃo para estaÃÃo rÃdio base. Os diferentes receptores propostos sÃo comparados atravÃs de simulaÃÃes computacionais em termos de convergÃncia e taxa de erro de bit.