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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
71

Fotoluminiscence krystalů CdTe / Photoluminescence of CdTe crystals

Procházka, Jan January 2013 (has links)
Title: Photoluminescence of CdTe crystals Author: Jan Procházka Department: Institute of Physics of Charles University in Prague Supervisor: Doc. RNDr. Pavel Hlídek, CSc. Abstract: Energy levels connected with defects in nominally undoped crystals CdTe, indium- doped crystals and chlorine-doped crystals were studied using low-temperature photoluminescence. The crystals are intended for X- and gamma- ray detectors operated at room temperature. An effect of annealing in cadmium or tellurium vapor on luminescence spectra was investigated. Some changes were interpreted by filling of vacancies not only by atoms coming from gaseous phase but also by impurities from defects like interstitials, precipitates, inclusions, grain boundaries etc. The luminescence bands assigned to defects important for compensation mechanism were examined, namely A-centers (complexes of vacancy in cadmium sublattice and impurity shallow donor) and complexes of two donors bound to a vacancy. It was shown, that temperature dependence of the luminescence bands results from more complicated processes than a simple thermal escape of bound excitons or thermal excitation of electrons (holes) from defects to bands. We observed expressive "selective pair luminescence" bands (SPL) on partially compensated In-doped samples during sub-gap...
72

Fotovodivost, fotoluminiscence a sběr náboje v semiizolačním CdTe a CdZnTe / Photoconductivity, photoluminescence and charge collection in semiinsulating CdTe and CdZnTe

Zázvorka, Jakub January 2016 (has links)
Title: Photoconductivity, photoluminescence and charge collection in semiinsulating CdTe and CdZnTe Author: Jakub Zázvorka Department: Institute of Physics of Charles University Supervisor of the doctoral thesis: prof. Ing. Jan Franc, DrSc., Institute of Physics of Charles University. Abstract: Cadmium telluride and its compounds with zinc are the material of choice in spectroscopic room temperature high energy radiation detectors. The development of the final device is influenced by many parameters, including material impurities and defects, homogeneity and surface preparation. This thesis offers a comprehensive investigation of the detector fabrication process and of the parameters and physical effects influencing the spectroscopic resolution and performance of the detector. Structure of deep levels is investigated through photoluminescence and correlated with other electro-optical measurements dealing with the impact of structural imperfections of the material and their effect. The influence of resistivity and photoconductivity homogeneity on the detector performance is studied through electrical measurement of the charge carrier transport and charge collection of the sample. Obtained results are explained using the Fermi level shift theory and confronted with a theoretical model and calculations. The...
73

Mapas do espaço recíproco de camadas epitaxiais de CdTe / Reciprocal space maps of CdTe epitaxial layers

Silva Junior, Gilberto Rodrigues da 20 July 2017 (has links)
Submitted by Marco Antônio de Ramos Chagas (mchagas@ufv.br) on 2018-03-15T13:07:11Z No. of bitstreams: 1 texto completo.pdf: 2639032 bytes, checksum: 153bde729e19c083a2c7e0cb47ba91f2 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-03-15T13:07:11Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 texto completo.pdf: 2639032 bytes, checksum: 153bde729e19c083a2c7e0cb47ba91f2 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-07-20 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Neste trabalho, foi realizada a caracterização estrutural de camadas de CdTe crescidas sobre substrato de Si(111). Mais precisamente, foi analisada a influência da temperatura de crescimento na qualidade estrutural das camadas. As amostras foram obtidas pela técnica de epitaxia por feixe molecular (MBE) e caracterizadas por difração de raios-X de alta resolução. As características estruturais foram analisadas através de medidas 2θ - ω e rocking curve , além da construção de mapas do espaço recíproco em torno das reflexões de Bragg simétricas (111) e assimétricas (224). Todos os resultados obtidos através das medidas de difração de raios-X indicaram que o aumento da temperatura de crescimento favoreceu o crescimento de uma camada epitaxial com menor densidade de defeitos. Além disso, as construções dos mapas do espaço recíproco possibilitaram uma análise mais detalhada da estrutura cristalina da camada epitaxial. Os mapas simétricos indicaram que abaixo de 300°C a camada cresceu com características de um policristal com textura, além de evidenciar a existência de uma inclinação cristalográfica entre as redes cristalinas da camada e do substrato. Os mapas assimétricos possibilitaram obter o estado de relaxação da camada, cujas características se mostraram condizentes com camadas epitaxiais totalmente relaxadas. / In this work, the structural characterization of CdTe layers grown on (111) Si substrate was performed. More precisely, the influence of the growth temperature on the structural quality of the layers was analyzed. The samples were obtained by molecular beam epitaxy technique (MBE) and characterized by high resolution X-ray diffraction. The structural characteristics were analyzed through 2θ-ω measurements and rocking curve, as well as the construction of reciprocal space maps around symmetric (111) and asymmetric (224) Bragg reflections. All results obtained by the X-ray diffraction measurements indicated that the increase in the growth temperature favored the growth of an epitaxial layer with lower defect density. In addition, the construction of the reciprocal space maps allowed for a more detailed analysis of the crystalline structure of the epitaxial layer. The symmetrical maps indicated that below 300 °C the layer grew with the characteristics of a textured polycrystalline, as well as evidencing the existence of a crystallographic tilt between the crystal lattices of the layer and the substrate. The asymmetric maps allowed to obtain the state of relaxation of the layer, whose characteristics were shown compatible with completely relaxed epitaxial layers.
74

Síntese e caracterização de pontos quânticos de CdS, CdSe E CdTe para aplicação em células solares

Santos, José Augusto Lucena dos January 2016 (has links)
Este trabalho foi desenvolvido em duas etapas: i) síntese, caracterização e aplicação de pontos quânticos de CdS, CdSe e CdTe em células solares. ii) modificação da superfície dos pontos quânticos de CdSe através de troca de ligante, seguida de caracterização e aplicação em células solares. Os pontos quânticos foram sintetizados utilizando acetatos de cádmio, selênio, telúrio e enxofre como precursores e ácido oleico como agente de estabilização. Na segunda etapa o ácido oleico foi substituído por ligantes com maior afinidade eletrônica pelos sítios de Cd2+: ácido 3-mercaptopropiônico, 4-ácido-mercaptobenzóico e ácido 11-mercaptoundecanóico. As amostras foram caracterizadas por UV-Vis, fluorescência, microscopia eletrônica de transmissão, difratometria de raios-X e voltametria cíclica. Adicionalmente, testes de solubilidade, análises de TGA e de RMN foram realizadas para confirmar a troca de ligante. Através dos resultados, verificou-se que todos os pontos quânticos sintetizados são adequados para sensibilização de TiO2 em dispositivos fotovoltaicos. No entanto, os pontos quânticos de CdSe e CdTe apresentaram fatores que evidenciam maior confinamento quântico, sendo que a maior estabilidade do éxciton foi obtida para o CdSe. Através das análises de RMN foi possível verificar que não existe apenas uma confirguração espacial preferencial para a adsorção do ligante sobre a superfície deste ponto quântico enquanto que curvas de corrente versus potencial e de eficiência de conversão de fóton incidente mostraram que a eficiência do dispositivo é fracamente dependente do ligante. Contudo, a troca de ligantes favorece a solubilidade em solventes com diferentes polaridades, inclusive água, o que amplia as possibilidades de aplicação dos pontos quânticos sintetizados neste trabalho. / This work was developed in two stages: i) synthesis, characterization and application of CdS, CdSe and CdTe quantum dots to assemble solar cells, ii) surface modification, characterization and application of CdSe quantum dots to assemble solar cells. The quantum dots were synthesized by using cadmium acetate, Se, S or Te as precursors and oleic acid as stabilizing agent. In the second stage the oleic acid capping layer was replaced by other ligands with higher electron affinity to Cd2+: 3-mercaptopropionic acid, 4-mercaptobenzoic acid and 11-mercaptoundecanoic acid. The samples were characterized by UV-Vis, fluorescence, transmission electron microscopy, x-ray diffractometry and cyclic voltammetry. Additionally, solubility tests, TGA analysis and NMR were performed to evaluate the CdSe surface modification. The results showed that all quantum dots synthesized are adequate to sensitize TiO2 in photovoltaic devices. However, CdSe and CdTe quantum dots presented better quantum confinement and the exciton generated in CdSe presented the higher stability. NMR analysis provided information about the non-preferential orientation for adsorption of the ligands on the CdSe surface, meanwhile measurements of current vs. potential and incident photon current efficiency showed a weak dependence of photovoltaic device efficiency with the nature of the ligand. On the other side, the surface modification favors the solubility in solvents with different polarizabilities, including water, widening the range for applications of the quantum dots synthesized in this work.
75

Monocrystalline ZnTe/CdTe/MgCdTe Double Heterostructure Solar Cells Grown on InSb Substrates by Molecular Beam Epitaxy

January 2014 (has links)
abstract: There has been recent interest in demonstrating solar cells which approach the detailed-balance or thermodynamic efficiency limit in order to establish a model system for which mass-produced solar cells can be designed. Polycrystalline CdS/CdTe heterostructures are currently one of many competing solar cell material systems. Despite being polycrystalline, efficiencies up to 21 % have been demonstrated by the company First Solar. However, this efficiency is still far from the detailed-balance limit of 32.1 % for CdTe. This work explores the use of monocrystalline CdTe/MgCdTe and ZnTe/CdTe/MgCdTe double heterostructures (DHs) grown on (001) InSb substrates by molecular beam epitaxy (MBE) for photovoltaic applications. Undoped CdTe/MgCdTe DHs are first grown in order to determine the material quality of the CdTe epilayer and to optimize the growth conditions. DH samples show strong photoluminescence with over double the intensity as that of a GaAs/AlGaAs DH with an identical layer structure. Time-resolved photoluminescence of the CdTe/MgCdTe DH gives a carrier lifetime of up to 179 ns for a 2 µm thick CdTe layer, which is more than one order of magnitude longer than that of polycrystalline CdTe films. MgCdTe barrier layers are found to be effective at confining photogenerated carriers and have a relatively low interface recombination velocity of 461 cm/s. The optimal growth temperature and Cd/Te flux ratio is determined to be 265 °C and 1.5, respectively. Monocrystalline ZnTe/CdTe/MgCdTe P-n-N DH solar cells are designed, grown, processed into solar cell devices, and characterized. A maximum efficiency of 6.11 % is demonstrated for samples without an anti-reflection coating. The low efficiency is mainly due to the low open-circuit voltage (V<sub>oc</sub>), which is attributed to high dark current caused by interface recombination at the ZnTe/CdTe interface. Low-temperature measurements show a linear increase in V<sub>oc</sub> with decreasing temperature down to 77 K, which suggests that the room-temperature operation is limited by non-radiative recombination. An open-circuit voltage of 1.22 V and an efficiency of 8.46 % is demonstrated at 77 K. It is expected that a coherently strained MgCdTe/CdTe/MgCdTe DH solar cell design will produce higher efficiency and V<sub>oc</sub> compared to the ZnTe/CdTe/MgCdTe design with relaxed ZnTe layer. / Dissertation/Thesis / Doctoral Dissertation Electrical Engineering 2014
76

Towards High-Efficiency Thin-Film Solar Cells: from Theoretical Analysis to Experimental Exploration

January 2015 (has links)
abstract: GaAs single-junction solar cells have been studied extensively in recent years, and have reached over 28 % efficiency. Further improvement requires an optically thick but physically thin absorber to provide both large short-circuit current and high open-circuit voltage. By detailed simulation, it is concluded that ultra-thin GaAs cells with hundreds of nanometers thickness and reflective back scattering can potentially offer efficiencies greater than 30 %. The 300 nm GaAs solar cell with AlInP/Au reflective back scattering is carefully designed and demonstrates an efficiency of 19.1 %. The device performance is analyzed using the semi-analytical model with Phong distribution implemented to account for non-Lambertian scattering. A Phong exponent m of ~12, a non-radiative lifetime of 130 ns, and a specific series resistivity of 1.2 Ω·cm2 are determined. Thin-film CdTe solar cells have also attracted lots of attention due to the continuous improvements in their device performance. To address the issue of the lower efficiency record compared to detailed-balance limit, the single-crystalline Cd(Zn)Te/MgCdTe double heterostructures (DH) grown on InSb (100) substrates by molecular beam epitaxy (MBE) are carefully studied. The Cd0.9946Zn0.0054Te alloy lattice-matched to InSb has been demonstrated with a carrier lifetime of 0.34 µs observed in a 3 µm thick Cd0.9946Zn0.0054Te/MgCdTe DH sample. The substantial improvement of lifetime is due to the reduction in misfit dislocation density. The recombination lifetime and interface recombination velocity (IRV) of CdTe/MgxCd1-xTe DHs are investigated. The IRV is found to be dependent on both the MgCdTe barrier height and width due to the thermionic emission and tunneling processes. A record-long carrier lifetime of 2.7 µs and a record-low IRV of close to zero have been confirmed experimentally. The MgCdTe/Si tandem solar cell is proposed to address the issue of high manufacturing costs and poor performance of thin-film solar cells. The MBE grown MgxCd1-xTe/MgyCd1-yTe DHs have demonstrated the required bandgap energy of 1.7 eV, a carrier lifetime of 11 ns, and an effective IRV of (1.869 ± 0.007) × 103 cm/s. The large IRV is attributed to thermionic-emission induced interface recombination. These understandings can be applied to fabricating the high-efficiency low-cost MgCdTe/Si tandem solar cell. / Dissertation/Thesis / Doctoral Dissertation Electrical Engineering 2015
77

Optimization of Monocrystalline MgxCd1-xTe/MgyCd1-yTe Double-Heterostructure Solar Cells

January 2017 (has links)
abstract: Polycrystalline CdS/CdTe solar cells continue to dominate the thin-film photovoltaics industry with an achieved record efficiency of over 22% demonstrated by First Solar, yet monocrystalline CdTe devices have received considerably less attention over the years. Monocrystalline CdTe double-heterostructure solar cells show great promise with respect to addressing the problem of low Voc with the passing of the 1 V benchmark. Rapid progress has been made in driving the efficiency in these devices ever closer to the record presently held by polycrystalline thin-films. This achievement is primarily due to the utilization of a remote p-n heterojunction in which the heavily doped contact materials, which are so problematic in terms of increasing non-radiative recombination inside the absorber, are moved outside of the CdTe double heterostructure with two MgyCd1-yTe barrier layers to provide confinement and passivation at the CdTe surfaces. Using this design, the pursuit and demonstration of efficiencies beyond 20% in CdTe solar cells is reported through the study and optimization of the structure barriers, contacts layers, and optical design. Further development of a wider bandgap MgxCd1-xTe solar cell based on the same design is included with the intention of applying this knowledge to the development of a tandem solar cell constructed on a silicon subcell. The exploration of different hole-contact materials—ZnTe, CuZnS, and a-Si:H—and their optimization is presented throughout the work. Devices utilizing a-Si:H hole contacts exhibit open-circuit voltages of up to 1.11 V, a maximum total-area efficiency of 18.5% measured under AM1.5G, and an active-area efficiency of 20.3% for CdTe absorber based devices. The achievement of voltages beyond 1.1V while still maintaining relatively high fill factors with no rollover, either before or after open-circuit, is a promising indicator that this approach can result in devices surpassing the 22% record set by polycrystalline designs. MgxCd1-xTe absorber based devices have been demonstrated with open-circuit voltages of up to 1.176 V and a maximum active-area efficiency of 11.2%. A discussion of the various loss mechanisms present within these devices, both optical and electrical, concludes with the presentation of a series of potential design changes meant to address these issues. / Dissertation/Thesis / Doctoral Dissertation Electrical Engineering 2017
78

Síntese e caracterização de pontos quânticos de CdS, CdSe E CdTe para aplicação em células solares

Santos, José Augusto Lucena dos January 2016 (has links)
Este trabalho foi desenvolvido em duas etapas: i) síntese, caracterização e aplicação de pontos quânticos de CdS, CdSe e CdTe em células solares. ii) modificação da superfície dos pontos quânticos de CdSe através de troca de ligante, seguida de caracterização e aplicação em células solares. Os pontos quânticos foram sintetizados utilizando acetatos de cádmio, selênio, telúrio e enxofre como precursores e ácido oleico como agente de estabilização. Na segunda etapa o ácido oleico foi substituído por ligantes com maior afinidade eletrônica pelos sítios de Cd2+: ácido 3-mercaptopropiônico, 4-ácido-mercaptobenzóico e ácido 11-mercaptoundecanóico. As amostras foram caracterizadas por UV-Vis, fluorescência, microscopia eletrônica de transmissão, difratometria de raios-X e voltametria cíclica. Adicionalmente, testes de solubilidade, análises de TGA e de RMN foram realizadas para confirmar a troca de ligante. Através dos resultados, verificou-se que todos os pontos quânticos sintetizados são adequados para sensibilização de TiO2 em dispositivos fotovoltaicos. No entanto, os pontos quânticos de CdSe e CdTe apresentaram fatores que evidenciam maior confinamento quântico, sendo que a maior estabilidade do éxciton foi obtida para o CdSe. Através das análises de RMN foi possível verificar que não existe apenas uma confirguração espacial preferencial para a adsorção do ligante sobre a superfície deste ponto quântico enquanto que curvas de corrente versus potencial e de eficiência de conversão de fóton incidente mostraram que a eficiência do dispositivo é fracamente dependente do ligante. Contudo, a troca de ligantes favorece a solubilidade em solventes com diferentes polaridades, inclusive água, o que amplia as possibilidades de aplicação dos pontos quânticos sintetizados neste trabalho. / This work was developed in two stages: i) synthesis, characterization and application of CdS, CdSe and CdTe quantum dots to assemble solar cells, ii) surface modification, characterization and application of CdSe quantum dots to assemble solar cells. The quantum dots were synthesized by using cadmium acetate, Se, S or Te as precursors and oleic acid as stabilizing agent. In the second stage the oleic acid capping layer was replaced by other ligands with higher electron affinity to Cd2+: 3-mercaptopropionic acid, 4-mercaptobenzoic acid and 11-mercaptoundecanoic acid. The samples were characterized by UV-Vis, fluorescence, transmission electron microscopy, x-ray diffractometry and cyclic voltammetry. Additionally, solubility tests, TGA analysis and NMR were performed to evaluate the CdSe surface modification. The results showed that all quantum dots synthesized are adequate to sensitize TiO2 in photovoltaic devices. However, CdSe and CdTe quantum dots presented better quantum confinement and the exciton generated in CdSe presented the higher stability. NMR analysis provided information about the non-preferential orientation for adsorption of the ligands on the CdSe surface, meanwhile measurements of current vs. potential and incident photon current efficiency showed a weak dependence of photovoltaic device efficiency with the nature of the ligand. On the other side, the surface modification favors the solubility in solvents with different polarizabilities, including water, widening the range for applications of the quantum dots synthesized in this work.
79

Nanopartículas de semicondutores: Desenvolvimento de novos métodos de diagnóstico de neoplasias

Maria Barros Moura do Nascimento, Rebeca 31 January 2010 (has links)
Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-12T15:49:49Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 arquivo2692_1.pdf: 3650940 bytes, checksum: 8f04ded24e8de278810f015de8023da9 (MD5) license.txt: 1748 bytes, checksum: 8a4605be74aa9ea9d79846c1fba20a33 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / O câncer é uma doença caracterizada pelo crescimento descontrolado de células anormais e é uma importante causa de morte na população. Nas últimas décadas, a utilização de nanopartículas de semicondutores tem dado grande contribuição para visualização e caracterização de materiais biológicos, inclusive em diagnosticar precisamente tumores. Neste trabalho utilizamos pontos quânticos como marcadores fluorescentes em neoplasias (câncer de laringe, câncer de pulmão, leucemia e glioblastomas). As nanopartículas de sulfeto de cádmio [CdS/Cd(OH)2] e de telureto de cádmio (CdTe) foram sintetizadas em solução aquosa e foram funcionalizadas com glutaraldeído a 0,01 % e quitosana para verificarmos seu desempenho como marcadores biológicos. As propriedades ópticas das amostras foram estudadas por espectroscopia de absorção, excitação e emissão e a caracterização estrutural foi realizada por difração de raio-x (DRX). Obtiveram-se imagens de fluorescência por microscopia de fluorescência convencional mostrando claramente a marcação fluorescente nas neoplasias. As análises por microscopia eletrônica de transmissão (MET) revelou a localização das nanopartículas na célula. Os quantum dots funcionalizados com glutaraldeído apresentou bons resultados para as amostras analisadas, enquanto que a quitosana não obteve sucesso com funcionalizador biológico neste estudo
80

Síntese , silanização e caracterização de pontos quânticos de CdTe/CdS e CdS/Cd(OH)2 para aplicações em sistemas biológicos

Ribeiro Chaves, Claudilene 31 January 2011 (has links)
Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-12T15:50:23Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 arquivo5724_1.pdf: 9403132 bytes, checksum: 06713767069f211cc46548d76721a7d6 (MD5) license.txt: 1748 bytes, checksum: 8a4605be74aa9ea9d79846c1fba20a33 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011 / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / Pontos quânticos (PQs ou QDs quantum dots) são nanopartículas de semicondutores da ordem de 1 a 10 nm que apresentam propriedades óticas dependentes do tamanho devido a efeitos de confinamento quântico. Neste trabalho destacamos metodologias para síntese de PQs de sulfeto de cádmio (CdS/Cd(OH)2) e telureto de cádmio (CdTe/CdS) que são materiais semicondutores tipo II-VI. Estes materiais vêm sendo utilizados como marcadores de células e tecidos devido às suas propriedades luminescentes na região do visível. Métodos de síntese coloidal das nanopartículas são baseados na redução química de sais ou na decomposição controlada de compostos organometálicos metaestáveis em soluções orgânicas. Para aplicações biológicas, a síntese em meio orgânico torna-se desvantajosa. Para a obtenção de PQs de CdS passivados com Cd(OH)2 utilizamos duas metodologias diferentes quanto a fonte de enxofre: na primeira, utilizamos o gás sulfídrico (H2S), metodologia já bem estabelecida no grupo. Mas, devido à toxicidade do H2S e a falta de reprodutibilidade na quantificação do gás utilizado na síntese (pois o gás é incolor), realizamos novas sínteses utilizando a tioacetamida (C2H5NS), sólido cristalino branco, solúvel em água. Os resultados mostram que a tioacetamida pode ser utilizada para obter íons sulfeto, substituindo assim, o uso do H2S. Também sintetizamos nanopartículas de CdTe passivadas com CdS utilizando diferentes estabilizantes. Todas as sínteses de CdTe foram realizadas em meio aquoso ou tampão salino fosfato trazendo ainda mais vantagens para aplicações biológicas. Sintetizamos PQs de CdTe com emissão no verde e no vermelho, dependendo das condições sintéticas e do estabilizador utilizado. Na tentativa de melhorar a estabilidade dos PQs de CdS/Cd(OH)2 em meio aquoso e proteger a camada de passivação da ação do pH e enzimas (quando aplicados nos sistema biológicos), recobrimos estes PQs com sílica (SiO2) utilizando duas metodologias distintas: silicato de sódio e processo sol-gel. Por último, utilizamos PQs CdTe/CdS e CdS/Cd(OH)2 para marcações biológicas em culturas de Tripanossoma cruzi e Leishmania amazonensis, parasitas causadores da Doença de Chagas e Leishmaniose, respectivamente. Para estas marcações também conjugamos os PQs com poli(etileno glicol) e transferrina (proteína modelo para estudos da via endocítica em parasitas). Com estes resultados poderemos ampliar a aplicação destes nanomateriais tanto em novas tecnologias como no desenvolvimento de novos protocolos para marcação celular. Estudos e aplicações de PQs demonstram que essas partículas são eficazes como novas sondas luminescentes para finalidades diagnósticas

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