Antarctic Wind Engineering deals with the effects of wind on the built environment. The assessment of wind induced forces, wind resource and wind driven snowdrifts are the main tasks for a wind engineer when participating on the design of an Antarctic building. While conventional Wind Engineering techniques are generally applicable to the Antarctic environment, there are some aspects that require further analysis due to the special characteristics of the Antarctic wind climate and its boundary layer meteorology. The first issue in remote places like Antarctica is the lack of site wind measurements and meteorological information in general. In order to complement this shortage of information various meteorological databases have been surveyed. Global Reanalyses, produced by the European Met Office ECMWF, and RACMO/ANT mesoscale model simulations, produced by the Institute for Marine and Atmospheric Research of Utrecht University (IMAU), have been validated versus independent observations from a network of 115 automatic weather stations. The resolution of these models, of some tens of kilometers, is sufficient to characterize the wind climate in areas of smooth topography like the interior plateaus or the coastal ice shelves. In contrast, in escarpment and coastal areas, where the terrain gets rugged and katabatic winds are further intensified in confluence zones, the models lack resolution and underestimate the wind velocity. The Antarctic atmospheric boundary layer (ABL) is characterized by the presence of strong katabatic winds that are generated by the presence of surface temperature inversions in sloping terrain. This inversion is persistent in Antarctica due to an almost continuous cooling by longwave radiation, especially during the winter night. As a result, the ABL is stably stratified most of the time and, only when the wind speed is high it becomes near neutrally stratified. This thesis also aims at making a critical review of the hypothesis underlying wind engineering models when extreme boundary layer situations are faced. It will be shown that the classical approach of assuming a neutral log-law in the surface layer can hold for studies of wind loading under strong winds but can be of limited use when detailed assessments are pursued. The Antarctic landscape, mostly composed of very long fetches of ice covered terrain, makes it an optimum natural laboratory for the development of homogeneous boundary layers, which are a basic need for the formulation of ABL theories. Flux-profile measurements, made at Halley Research Station in the Brunt Ice Shelf by the British Antarctic Survery (BAS), have been used to analyze boundary layer similarity in view of formulating a one-dimensional ABL model. A 1D model of the neutral and stable boundary layer with a transport model for blowing snow has been implemented and verified versus test cases of the literature. A validation of quasi-stationary homogeneous profiles at different levels of stability confirms that such 1D models can be used to classify wind profiles to be used as boundary conditions for detailed 3D computational wind engineering studies. A summary of the wind engineering activities carried out during the design of the Antarctic Research Station is provided as contextual reference and point of departure of this thesis. An elevated building on top of sloping terrain and connected to an under-snow garage constitutes a challenging environment for building design. Building aerodynamics and snowdrift management were tested in the von Karman Institute L1B wind tunnel for different building geometries and ridge integrations. Not only for safety and cost reduction but also for the integration of renewable energies, important benefits in the design of a building can be achieved if wind engineering is considered since the conceptual phase of the integrated building design process.

Packed bed reactors with counter-current, gas-liquid flows have been considered to be applicable in CO2 capture systems for post-combustion processing from fossil-fueled power production units. However, the hydrodynamics within the packing used in these reactors under counter-current flow has not been assessed to provide insight into design and operational parameters that may impact reactor and reaction efficiencies. Hence, experimental testing of a laboratory-scale spherical ball, packed bed with two-phase flow was accomplished and then a meso-scale 3D CFD model was developed to numerically simulate the conditions and outcomes of the experimental tests. Also, the hydrodynamics of two-phase flow in a packed bed with structured packing were simulated using a meso-scale, 3D CFD model and then validated using empirical models. The CFD model successfully characterized the hydrodynamics inside the packing, with a focus on parameters such as the wetted surface areas, gas-liquid interactions, liquid distributions, pressure drops, liquid holdups, film thicknesses and flow regimes. The simulation results clearly demonstrated the development of and changes in liquid distributions, wetted areas and film thicknesses under various gas and liquid flow rates. Gas and liquid interactions were observed to occur at the interface of the gas and liquid through liquid entrainment and droplet formation, and it became more dominant as the Reynolds numbers increased. Liquid film thicknesses in the structured packing were much thinner than in the spherical ball packing, and increased with increasing liquid flow rates. Gas flow rates had no significant effect on film thicknesses. Film flow and trickle flow regimes were found in both the spherical ball and structured packing. A macro-scale, porous model was also developed which was less computationally intensive than the meso-scale, 3D CFD model. The macro-scale model was used to study the spherical ball packing and to modify its closure equations. It was found that the Ergun equation, typically used in the porous model, was not suitable for multi-phase flow. Hence, it was modified by replacing porosity with the actual pore volume within the liquid phase; this modification successfully accounted for liquid holdup which was predicted via a proposed equation.

An axi-symmetric shock-tube model has been developed to simulate the shock-wave propagation and reflection in both non-reactive and reactive flows. Simulations were performed for the full shock-tube geometry of the high-pressure shock tube facility at Texas A&M University. Computations were carried out in the CFD solver FLUENT based on the finite volume approach and the AUSM+ flux differencing scheme. Adaptive mesh refinement (AMR) algorithm was applied to the time-dependent flow fields to accurately capture and resolve the shock and contact discontinuities as well as the very fine scales associated with the viscous and reactive effects. A conjugate heat transfer model has been incorporated which enhanced the credibility of the simulations. The multi-dimensional, time-dependent numerical simulations resolved all of the relevant scales, ranging from the size of the system to the reaction zone scale. The robustness of the numerical model and the accuracy of the simulations were assessed through validation with the analytical ideal shock-tube theory and experimental data. The numerical method is first applied to the problem of axi-symmetric inviscid flow then viscous effects are incorporated through viscous modeling. The non-idealities in the shock tube have been investigated and quantified, notably the non-ideal transient behavior in the shock tube nozzle section, heat transfer effects from the hot gas to the shock tube side walls, the reflected shock/boundary layer interactions or what is known as bifurcation, and the contact surface/bifurcation interaction resulting into driver gas contamination. The non-reactive model is shown to be capable of accurately simulating the shock and expansion wave propagations and reflections as well as the flow non-uniformities behind the reflected shock wave. Both the inviscid and the viscous non-reactive models provided a baseline for the combustion model iii which involves elementary chemical reactions and requires the coupling of the chemistry with the flow fields adding to the complexity of the problem and thereby requiring tremendous computational resources. Combustion modeling focuses on the ignition process behind the reflected shock wave in undiluted and diluted Hydrogen test gas mixtures. Accurate representation of the Shock - tube reactive flow fields is more likely to be achieved by the means of the LES model in conjunction with the EDC model. The shock-tube CFD model developed herein provides valuable information to the interpretation of the shock-tube experimental data and to the understanding of the impact the facility-dependent non-idealities can have on the ignition delay time measurements.

This study is devoted to some of the most important issues for advancing inkjet printing for possible application in the coating industry with a focus on piezoelectric droplet on demand (DOD) inkjet technology. Current problems, as embodied in liquid filament breakup along with satellite droplet formation and reduction in droplet sizes, are discussed and then potential solutions identified. For satellite droplets, it is shown that liquid filament break-up behavior can be predicted by using a combination of two pi-numbers, including the Weber number, We and the Ohnesorge number, Oh, or the Reynolds number, Re, and the Weber number, We. All of these are dependent only on the ejected liquid properties and the velocity waveform at the print-head inlet. These new criteria are shown to have merit in comparison to currently used criteria for identifying filament physical features such as length and diameter that control the formation of subsequent droplets. In addition, this study performs scaling analyses for the design and operation of inkjet printing heads. Because droplet sizes from inkjet nozzles are typically on the order of nozzle dimensions, a numerical simulation is carried out to provide insight into how to reduce droplet sizes by employing a novel input waveform impressed on the print-head liquid inflow without changing the nozzle geometry. A regime map for characterizing the generation of small droplets based on We and a non-dimensional frequency, Ω is proposed and discussed. In an attempt to advance inkjet printing technology for coating purposes, a prototype was designed and then tested numerically. The numerical simulation successfully proved that the proposed prototype could be useful for coating purposes by repeatedly producing mono-dispersed droplets with controllable size and spacing. Finally, the influences of two independent piezoelectric characteristics - the maximum head displacement and corresponding frequency, was investigated to examine the quality of filament breakup quality and favorable piezoelectric displacements and frequencies were identified.

Laser Chemical Vapor Deposition (LCVD) has been shown to have great potential for the manufacture of small, complex, two or three dimensional metal and ceramic parts. One of the most promising applications of the technology is in the fabrication of an integrated dispenser cathode assembly. This application requires the deposition of a boron nitridemolybdenum composite structure. In order to realize this structure, work was done to improve the control and understanding of the LCVD process and to determine experimental conditions conducive to the growth of the required materials. A series of carbon fiber and line deposition studies were used to characterize processshape relationships and study the kinetics of carbon LCVD. These studies provided a foundation for the fabrication of the first high aspect ratio multilayered LCVD wall structures. The kinetics studies enabled the formulation of an advanced computational model in the FLUENT CFD package for studying energy transport, mass and momentum transport, and species transport within a forced flow LCVD environment. The model was applied to two different material systems and used to quantify deposition rates and identify ratelimiting regimes. A computational thermalstructural model was also developed using the ANSYS software package to study the thermal stress state within an LCVD deposit during growth. Georgia Techs LCVD system was modified and used to characterize both boron nitride and molybdenum deposition independently. The focus was on understanding the relations among process parameters and deposit shape. Boron nitride was deposited using a B3N3H6-N2 mixture and growth was characterized by sporadic nucleation followed by rapid bulk growth. Molybdenum was deposited from the MoCl5-H2 system and showed slow, but stable growth. Each material was used to grow both fibers and lines. The fabrication of a boron nitridemolybdenum composite was also demonstrated. In sum, this work served to both advance the general science of Laser Chemical Vapor Deposition and to elucidate the practicality of fabricating ceramicmetal composites using the process.

Ce travail vise à modéliser la propagation du vent par des techniques de simulation de CFD dans des tissus urbains contrastés à l’échelle du quartier (450m × 450m) afin d'évaluer les impacts de la morphologie urbaine sur le potentiel énergétique éolien. Face aux problèmes environnementaux locaux et globaux, le développement des énergies renouvelables devient de plus en plus urgent à l’échelle mondiale. Notre objectif est d’adapter la morphologie urbaine au développement du captage de l’énergie éolienne. Pour ce faire, deux questions fondamentales sont posées : quels sont les impacts de la morphologie urbaine sur l'écoulement du vent dans la ville ? Comment évaluer le potentiel énergétique éolien de la ville ? Nous partons d’une synthèse bibliographie sur les trois domaines : l'énergie éolienne urbaine, la morphologie urbaine et la simulation aéraulique. Les avantages et les inconvénients des éoliennes urbaines sont discutés. Des indicateurs de morphologie urbaine sont ainsi proposés. Les méthodes de simulation CFD (Mécanique des fluides numérique) sur l'écoulement du vent autour de bâtiments sont présentées. Des nouvelles technologies et des méthodes d'intégration architecturale de petites éoliennes sont ainsi présentées. Pour valider notre modèle, nous faisons une étude approfondie des paramètres du code ANSYS FLUENT avec la référence des données d’un benchmark issu d'expérimentations en soufflerie. Plusieurs méthodes de vérification avant et après les simulations sont proposées. Après validation de notre modèle, des simulations de formes simples sont faites. Avec un bâtiment, deux bâtiments et trois bâtiments, les impacts de différents paramètres simples de configuration sont analysés. En raison de leur efficacité et de leur faisabilité, l'évaluation énergétique est principalement faite au-dessus des toits de bâtiments. Les effets de la concentration du vent au-dessus des toits sont ainsi évalués. Nous simulons ensuite des modèles morphologiques plus complexes, par l’évaluation du potentiel éolien dans six quartiers de formes urbaines typiques dans le monde et favorables pour exploiter l'énergie éolienne. Treize indicateurs morphologiques ayant potentiellement une influence sur l'écoulement du vent sont proposés. Des analyses de cohérence entre les indicateurs morphologiques et les indicateurs d'évaluation de l'énergie éolienne au-dessus des toits sont faites. Ensuite, des variantes de formes urbaines typiques sont étudiées. L’influence de certaines modifications de ces prototypes sur le potentiel éolien est étudiée et les prototypes les plus favorables pour l'exploitation de l'énergie éolienne sont proposés. L'énergie éolienne dans un quartier existant à Pekin est ensuite évaluée. Des conditions locales (formes physiques, climat, aspects socio-économiques) sont considérées pour évaluer la faisabilité du développement de l’énergie éolienne. L'emplacement et le choix des techniques d’éoliennes urbaines adaptées sont discutés. Enfin, une méthode mathématique basée sur des paramètres morphologiques simples est présentée pour évaluer le potentiel éolien au-dessus des toits. L'indicateur de l'impact d'obstacle des bâtiments est défini. La cohérence entre les résultats de la méthode mathématique et ceux de la simulation CFD est enfin analysée. / This work concentrates on wind flow simulation by CFD techniques in different urban fabrics at the neighborhood scale (450m × 450m), in order to assess the impacts of urban morphology on wind energy potential. Facing local and global environmental problems, the development of renewable energy is becoming increasingly urgent and important. Our goal is to adapt the urban morphology in the development of urban wind energy. To do so, two fundamental questions are aroused: What are the impacts of urban morphology on the wind flow in the city? How to evaluate the urban wind power? We start with a summary of bibliography on three areas: urban wind energy, urban morphology and CFD (Computational fluid dynamics) simulation. The advantages and disadvantages of different urban wind turbines are discussed. Some new technologies and methods of architectural integration of small wind turbine are presented. Indicators of urban morphology are proposed. The methods of CFD simulation of wind flow around buildings are presented. To validate our model of air flow simulation, we start with a study of the numerical simulation parameters with the reference of a benchmark of wind tunnel experiments. Several methods of verification before and after the CFD simulation are presented. After validation of our model, we begin to simulate some simple forms. With one, two and three buildings, the impacts of different simple configurations parameters are analyzed. Considering the effectiveness and feasibility, wind energy assessment is mainly taken over the roofs of buildings. The combined effects of altitude and wind concentration above the roof, are evaluated. We then simulate more complex morphological models, by assessing the wind potential in six neighborhoods that are urban forms both worldwide typical and favorable for wind energy development. Morphological indicators that potentially affect the wind flow are proposed. Analysis of coherence are made between these indicators and the values of the coefficient of increase of wind speed and of the wind power indicator above the roof. Then, some prototypes of basic urban forms from real neighborhoods are studied. The influence of some modifications of these prototypes on the wind energy potential is analyzed, and the most favorable conditions for the exploitation of wind power prototypes are recommended. Then, wind energy in a real neighborhood in Beijing is evaluated. Local conditions (physical forms, climate, social-economic aspects) are considered to assess the feasibility of developing wind energy. The location and the choice of techniques suitable urban wind turbines are discussed. Finally, a mathematical method based on some simple morphological parameters is presented, in order to assess wind potential above the rooftops. The obstacle impact indicator of the buildings is defined. The coherence between the results of the simplified mathematical method and those of CFD simulation are analyzed.

Le couchage rideau est un procédé d'enduction sans contact qui permet un couchage « contour » d'une feuille de papier dont le point clé est la stabilité du rideau. Ce procédé semble devoir se développer dans les années à venir pour la production de papiers impression-écriture et de papiers et cartons d'emballages. Néanmoins, il existe aujourd'hui un écart important entre la stabilité théorique du rideau et les observations. Nous avons donc analysé par CFD l'écoulement interne dans un dispositif de couchage pilote avec différents fluides Newtoniens et Non-Newtoniens ainsi que l'écoulement externe sur le plan incliné de l'appareil. L'étude de l'écoulement interne par CFD a permis de faire ressortir la cause de vortex pouvant apparaître dans le dispositif. Pour avoir un écoulement sans vortex, le nombre de Reynolds à l'entrée doit être inférieur à une valeur critique égale à 20 pour la géométrie étudiée quel que soit le fluide utilisé. De plus la présence d'une seconde cavité permet de filtrer les perturbations pour des fluides peu rhéofluidifiants, ce qui est le cas des sauces de couchages pour des papiers WFC. Ces résultats ont été validés expérimentalement à l'aide de traceurs et de PIV en utilisant une réplique exacte en Plexiglas de la coucheuse rideau. Enfin en ce qui concerne l'étude de l'écoulement externe sur le plan incliné, l'utilisation de la CFD a permis de conclure que, pour les dispositifs de couchage utilisés et les conditions opératoires de nos industries, certains problèmes présentés dans la littérature ne devraient pas exister. / Curtain coating is a contactless coating process which permits a contour coating of the paper and the key parameter of this process is a perfect stable curtain. This technology is expected to spread widely for graphic paper grades and boards in the next few years. Nevertheless, many experimental works revealed some differences between stability theory and results observed on the curtain. In this work, we performed CFD simulations both for Newtonian and Non-Newtonian fluids on the internal flow in a pilot curtain coater and on the flow down the inclined plane. The CFD study of the internal flow revealed the cause of vortex creation into the coater. To maintain vortex-free operation, the Reynolds number at the inlet must remain below a critical value whatever the fluid, which is equal to 20 with the studied geometry whatever the studied fluid. Moreover, a second cavity is useful since instabilities coming from the first cavity could be filtered for low shear-thinning fluids, which is the case of the WFC coating colours. These simulation results were validated thanks to flow visualization experiments with tracers and PIV using a transparent replica of the coater. Finally CFD simulations on the inclined plane were carried out and permitted to conclude that for the range of operating conditions used on the pilot curtain coater, some issues presented in literature should not exist industrially.

This Master’s thesis is dedicated to cavitation erosion of a material surface. First part of thesis describes basic principle of cavitation and its erosion consequences of solid objects. There are mentioned basic cavitation models used in CFD software. Second part incorporate concept design and numerical calculation of critical shape in reference to highest intensity of cavitation erosion at flow area. Last part of thesis is experimental and it is focused on cavitation erosion at flow area due to critical shapes from numerical calculation.

<div>As small satellites are increasingly used in the space industry, creative solutions for the use of their limited volume will be required. Conformal tanks are one idea to better make use of this volume. These tanks are non-traditionally shaped and non-axisymmetric. Because slosh can have detrimental effects on a spacecraft, it should be understood. However, slosh in these more complicated geometries has not been thoroughly investigated in the past.</div><div><br></div><div>This research looks at slosh within six geometries, five of which are conformal tanks. These geometries are evaluated in both an experiment and using CFD simulations. It was found that the total slosh motion appears to be the sum of slosh behavior along each dimension. Slosh along a line of symmetry will have center of mass movement that stays along that line. Slosh off the line of symmetry will deviate from that line unless slosh frequency is the same in each direction.</div>

The Hybrid Norwood (HN) is a relatively new first stage procedure for neonates with Hypoplastic Left Heart Syndrome (HLHS), in which a sustainable univentricular circulation is established in a less invasive manner than with the standard procedure. A computational multiscale model of such HLHS circulation following the HN procedure was used to obtain detailed hemodynamics. Implementation of a reverse-BT shunt (RBTS), a synthetic bypass from the main pulmonary to the innominate artery placed to counteract aortic arch stenosis, and its effects on local and global hemodynamics were studied. A synthetic and a 3D reconstructed, patient derived anatomy after the HN procedure were utilized, with varying degrees of distal arch obstruction, or stenosis, (nominal and 90% reduction in lumen) and varying RBTS diameters (3.0, 3.5, 4.0 mm). A closed lumped parameter model (LPM) for the peripheral or distal circulation coupled to a 3D Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) model that allows detailed description of the local hemodynamics was created for each anatomy. The implementation of the RBTS in any of the chosen diameters under severe stenosis resulted in a restoration of arterial perfusion to near-nominal levels. Shunt flow velocity, vorticity, and overall wall shear stress levels are inverse functions of shunt diameter, while shunt perfusion and systemic oxygen delivery correlates positively with diameter. No correlation of shunt diameter with helicity was recorded. In the setting of the hybrid Norwood circulation, our results suggest: (1) the 4.0mm RBTS may be more thrombogenic when implemented in the absence of severe arch stenosis and (2) the 3.0mm and 3.5mm RBTS may be a more suitable alternative, with preference to the latter since it provides similar hemodynamics at lower levels of wall shear stress.