Typescript (photocopy). / Digitized by Kansas Correctional Industries

<p>This dissertation examines urban renewal programs carried out in Hamilton, Ontario and Buffalo, New York, from 1949 to 1974. It shows how these projects fit within the Congrès internationaux d’architecture moderne’s Functional City paradigm and how the modernist aesthetic was reflected in these industrial cities’ planning documents and practices. Urban renewal is often examined by focusing on issues of race, politics and social upheaval. This cross-border study offers a new approach to the analysis through the modernist aesthetic. The comparative study demonstrates that modernist ideas were integral to both Hamilton’s and Buffalo’s urban renewal schemes, contributing both to the desired outcome and to the process, a commitment to action through the destruction of blocks of homes and buildings. The analysis shows how the aesthetic transcended national differences in politics and programs and offers new insight to our understanding of urban renewal on both sides of the international border.</p> / Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)

In Latin America, the post-war period marked a significant epoch of architectural and urbanist experimentation of modernist ideas coming from the other side of the Atlantic. This was the case in Medellín, Colombia and the Functional City approach by CIAM (Congrès Internationaux d'Architecture Modern, in English: International Congresses of Modern Architecture) which conceptualises “the four urban functions,” proposed in the Athens Charter as decisive city planning principles: living, working, recreation and circulation. However, by the late 1950s (with the dissolution of CIAM) and the subsequent decade (1960s) CIAM’s ideas started losing credibility and support. While modernist urbanism was declining, large-scale economic-oriented approaches by international agencies permeated the formulation of development plans. This was the case with the planning approach proposed for Colombia by BIRF (Inter-American Bank for Reconstruction and Development) based on industrial production. These approaches led to (ongoing) transformations in the Colombian urbanist approach, concentrating on socio-economic development. Despite these transformations and in contrary to local urbanists’ impression that CIAM principles have been surpassed decades ago, the dissertation argues that Functional City principles continue to shape Medellin’s urban development today. The research involves a historical study of CIAM, its philosophy (especially regarding urban design – Functional City) its application and ‘’centre of gravity’’ relocation to Latin America, where this approach has been implemented over last 60 years. Consequently, a comparative case study, based on historical primary and secondary sources was undertaken. The Functional City plans of three cities were analysed: Buenos Aires (1938-9), Bogotá (1953), and Brasília (1957). Subsequently, an in-depth case study of Medellín, Colombia, including recent plans was carried out. It was based mainly on primary data sources; local historical archives (original plans and reports), which produced a unique set of evidence that was supported through interviews with key participants and direct researcher’s observations. This study contributes to a better understanding of current urbanisation patterns In Latin America. Furthermore, this study will invite reflection and public debate over questions such as: urbanization for whom/against whom and who decides? Particularly, it provides indicators for a desirable future course of action in Colombian urban planning that would benefit directly local and national authorities. This benefit would be through the provision of new insights and evidence to enable their work supporting resource management and sustainable urban development. Moreover, this will contribute to the design of effective policy and practice for facilitating longer-term development in ways that are positive for the population, which may well have applicability to other cities in Latin America.

Notre thèse porte sur le GATEPAC, Grupo de Arquitectos y Técnicos Españoles para el Progreso de la Arquitectura Contemporánea, qui est un groupe d’architectes créé en 1930, et affilié au mouvement moderne et aux CIAM. Le groupe, attiré par l'exemple international, est composé d’une vingtaine d’architectes et se divise en trois sous-groupes : l’un à Madrid, un deuxième au Pays Basque; et un troisième en Catalogne. Le GATEPAC se définit dès lors comme intégrant les problématiques internationales des CIAM et propose l’application de celles-ci dans la péninsule avec sa participation à des concours, des expositions, mais aussi de commissions. Leurs travaux sont synthétisés dans la revue de propagande du GATEPAC, A.C., Arquitectura Contemporánea.Ce groupe d’architectes espagnols, qui appartient à la seconde génération du mouvement moderne, naît à la croisée de deux moments importants dans l’histoire de l’architecture et dans l’histoire politique de l’Espagne : la naissance des CIAM et des CIRPAC de 1928, et l’avènement de la Seconde République espagnole, après sept années de dictature, le 14 avril 1931. Cela nous invite à nous interroger sur la manière dont le GATEPAC, compris comme la seconde génération du mouvement moderne, s'inspire de l’architecture européenne pour ensuite s’en affranchir et participer pleinement aux réflexions internationales, mais aussi sur la façon dont les sous-groupes régionaux gèrent leurs identités pour participer aussi aux politiques nationales et régionales. L’action de chaque sous-groupe est fortement imbriquée dans les politiques régionales issues de la Seconde République. / This thesis concerns the GATEPAC, Grupo de Arquitectos y Técnicos Españoles para el Progreso de la Arquitectura Contemporánea, a group of architects created in 1930 and affiliated both to the architectural modern movement and to the CIAM. This group, following the example of other international experiences, was composed by about twenty or so architects and was divided into three subgroups : one in Madrid, one in the Basque Country and the last one in Catalonia. The GATEPAC can be defined as a group integrating all the international issues ad subjects contained in the CIAM and proposes their application in the country by the participation to architect contests, expositions and commissions. Its work can be found synthesized in the propaganda magazine of the GATEPAC, A.C., Arquitectura Contemporánea.The GATEPAC, which belongs to the second generation of the modern movement, uprises at the junction of two important moments in architectural and in Spanish political histories : the CIAM and the CIRPAC’s births in 1928, and the advent of the Second Spanish Republic,on the 14th of april 1931, after seven years of dictatorship. These two conditions move us to think about how the GATEPAC, as part of the second generation of the architectural modern movement and inspired at the beginning by the European architecture gets to free itself and to participe in the international architectural discussions, but also about how the three sub-groups handle their identities in order to contribute to national and regional policies. Actually, the role of each subgroup is essential and strongly related to the regional policies implemented during the Second Republic.

Dissertação (mestrado)—Universidade de Brasília, Centro de Desenvolvimento Sustentável, 2014. / Submitted by Raquel Viana (raquelviana@bce.unb.br) on 2015-10-27T19:15:06Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2014_LeonaradeOliveiraRocha.pdf: 1574814 bytes, checksum: 58d356915e9fb2c6c25c348b179b5a8b (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Marília Freitas(marilia@bce.unb.br) on 2015-12-20T16:26:06Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 2014_LeonaradeOliveiraRocha.pdf: 1574814 bytes, checksum: 58d356915e9fb2c6c25c348b179b5a8b (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2015-12-20T16:26:06Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2014_LeonaradeOliveiraRocha.pdf: 1574814 bytes, checksum: 58d356915e9fb2c6c25c348b179b5a8b (MD5) / Esta investigação analisa a participação do Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico – CNPq na Colaboração Interamericana em Materiais - CIAM, mediante a descrição da evolução dos materias e seus impactos na sociedade, a caracterização e o planejamento de CT&I brasileiro para os Novos Materiais, o detalhamento da Colaboração e o estudo dos resultados alcançados. Este trabalho também revela que a participação do CNPq na Colaboração foi substantiva no avanço do conhecimento, na formação de recursos humanos e no estabelecimento de relações profícuas entre os grupos de pesquisa e as instituições participantes. Além disso, realça alguns desafios para a CIAM e também sinaliza a pertinência de outros estudos decorrentes desta investigação. ______________________________________________________________________________________________ ABSTRACT / The present investigation analyzes the participation of the Brazilian National Council for Scientific and Technological Development - CNPq at Materials Pan-American Collaboration - CIAM, by describing the evolution of materials and their impact on society, the characterization and the Brazilian ST&I planning for new materials, detailing the Collaboration and the outcomes. Also shows that the participation of CNPq in the Collaboration was successful and can be seen as the substantive advancement of knowledge, in the training of human resources and the establishment of fruitful relationships between research groups and player institutions. Furthermore, it highlights some challenges for the CIAM and also signals the relevance of other studies resulting from this research.

[pt] No final dos anos 1960, os projetos arquitetônicos em grandes escalas foram desacreditados no Ocidente por estarem associados à presença dos Poderes vigentes. Influenciados pelos ideais de Maio de 1968, os arquitetos ocidentais passaram a procurar modelos alternativos, baseados na linguagem histórica. Eles buscavam com isso alcançar a autonomia da forma arquitetônica, esvaziando-a do suposto conteúdo ideológico, que estaria aderido às formas abstratas modernas. No entanto, o enfoque pós-moderno nos elementos formais do objeto arquitetônico e do espaço urbano implicava no abandono da questão urbanística na escala metropolitana. Esta escala espacial seria marcada pela perda das referências às estruturas formais orgânicas. No Japão, a pesquisa moderna em grandes escalas não foi interrompida, oferecendo um amplo instrumental para a questão urbanística contemporânea. Esta dissertação verifica como os arquitetos Fumihiko Maki e Rem Koolhaas propõem a retomada e a revisão do urbanismo moderno metropolitano. Eles partem do pressuposto de que a Forma arquitetônica seria vazia de significados intrínsecos. A apropriação por parte dos Poderes e, também, por parte das pessoas imprimiria à arquitetura significados, retirando dos arquitetos a responsabilidade sobre a totalidade do projeto e devolvendo-lhes a legitimidade da disciplina. Esta pesquisa percorre os caminhos seguidos por esses arquitetos a partir de suas referências orientais e ocidentais, mostrando como, em diversos momentos, os conceitos arquitetônicos dos dois mundos convergem, apontando a persistência do pensamento moderno. / [en] By the end of the 1960s, large-scale architectural projects were discredited in West because they were associated with the established Power. Influenced by the ideals of May 1968, architects began searching alternative models based on the Historical language. They wanted to reach the autonomy of the architectural form by releasing it from their supposed ideological content, which was adhered to the abstract modern forms. Nevertheless, the post-modern approach, which was based on formal elements of the architectonical object and of the urban space, implied in the relinquishment of the metropolitan-scale. This urban-scale would be characterized by the references loss of organic formal structures. In Japan, modern research on large-scales was not interrupted, offering an important arsenal to the questions of contemporary urbanism. This dissertation verifies how the architects Fumihiko Maki and Rem Koolhaas propose the retaking and revision of modern metropolitan urbanism. They presuppose that architectonical Form is devoid of intrinsic meaning. Its appropriation by Power and also by people gives it meaning, removing architects responsibility on the totality of the project and giving them back the legitimacy of the discipline. This research follows the paths opened by these two architects through their Eastern and Western references, revealing the many instances in which architectonical concepts of both worlds converge, aiming to the persistence of modern thought.

The doctoral thesis is concentrated on housing as selected manner to convert the released textile factories. In the first part was attention given to history which confirmed the high recovery factor of Brno´s industrial past to reuse. Next part was focused on analysis of the XXth century forms of collective housing, especially the loft housing, to characterize the perspective habitation in selected factories. Finally was the contemporary housing observed through three specific aspects to aim the conversion of Brno´s textile factories.