Reading analogue clocks is a sub-area of ​​mathematics in elementary school that is rarely examined. It is also not clarified in the curriculum. Nevertheless, reading analogue clocks is the basis for calculating time differences. The National Agency for Education explains that measurement of time should be taught. However, the reading of clocks is not explained in the control documents. Reading analog clocks is a complicated process. Different skills and knowledge are required to succeed with a reading. Studies show that presentations of the analog clock tend to look similar in many classrooms. This study aims to investigate how teachers teach reading and time measurement in the analog clock. The theory selected is Williams's theory of image schemes. The method chosen is interview. The main result reveals that level classifications of pupils are common. It also turns out that organizing and building structure around different ways to read the analog clock can lead to students' difficulties in reading the clock correctly. Teaching absolute and relative readings is mixed in such a way that it can lead to confusion for the students. The results may also indicate a lack of knowledge among teachers, about students' misreadings and what they are due to. The result also confirms that even hours and relative clock times are taught through presentations of the positions of the hands. At the same time, teachers are teaching their students, in the passage of time and the movements of the various hands. This is contrary to previous research. / Avläsning av analoga klockor är ett delområde inom matematik i grundskolan som sällan undersökts och som saknar förtydligande i läroplanen. Trots detta utgör avläsning av analoga klockor grunden för att kunna räkna med tidsdifferenser. Skolverkets styrdokument förklarar att mätning av tid ska undervisas. Avläsning av klockor finns däremot inte förklarat i styrdokumenten. Avläsning av analoga klockor är en komplicerad process. Det krävs olika förmågor och kunskaper för att lyckas med en avläsning. Studier visar att presentationer av den analoga klockan tenderar att se ut på ett likartat sätt i många klassrum. Denna studie går ut på att undersöka hur lärare undervisar avläsning och tidmätning i den analoga klockan. Den utvalda teorin är Williams teori om bildscheman. Den utvalda metoden är intervju. I det huvudsakliga resultatet avslöjas att nivåindelningar av elever i undervisningen är vanligt. Det visar sig också att organiserandet och uppbyggandet av struktur kring olika sätt att avläsa den analoga klockan, kan leda till elevers svårigheter med att avläsa klockan rätt. Undervisning i absoluta och relativa avläsningar blandas på ett sådant sätt att det kan leda till förvirring för eleverna. Resultaten visar möjligtvis också på en kunskapsbrist bland lärare, om elevers felavläsningar och vad de beror på. I resultatet bekräftas också att jämna timmar och relativa klocktider undervisas genom presentationer av visarnas positioner. Samtidigt undervisar lärare sina elever i tidens gång och de olika visarnas rörelser. Det står i motsats till vad forskning visar.

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Ko, Pui Hang. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2008. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 86-90). / Abstracts in English and Chinese. / Chapter 1. --- Introduction --- p.1 / Chapter 1.1 --- Micro bearing in precision engineering --- p.1 / Chapter 1.2 --- Micro spiral spring --- p.5 / Chapter 1.3 --- Outline of the thesis --- p.9 / Chapter 2. --- Mainspring Segment with Carbon Nanotube Coating --- p.10 / Chapter 2.1 --- Introduction --- p.10 / Chapter 2.2 --- Coating on the mainspring --- p.12 / Chapter 2.2.1 --- Experimental Setup for Finding the Young's Modulus --- p.12 / Chapter 2.2.2 --- Elastic Modulus of the mainspring without coating --- p.15 / Chapter 2.2.3 --- Elastic Modulus of the mainspring with coating --- p.18 / Chapter 2.2.4 --- Thickness of the coating --- p.19 / Chapter 2.3 --- Elastic deformation of mainspring --- p.22 / Chapter 2.3.1 --- Mathematical Model Derivation --- p.24 / Chapter 2.3.2 --- Data Analysis --- p.35 / Chapter 2.4 --- Summary --- p.38 / Chapter 3. --- FEA of the Spiral Spring Structure --- p.53 / Chapter 3.1 --- Introduction --- p.53 / Chapter 3.2 --- Model Formation --- p.55 / Chapter 3.2.1 --- Preprocess --- p.56 / Chapter 3.2.2 --- Solver --- p.60 / Chapter 3.2.3 --- Post-process --- p.71 / Chapter 3.3 --- A Comparison between Simulation and Experiment Results --- p.74 / Chapter 3.3.1 --- Experimental setup --- p.74 / Chapter 3.3.2 --- Results Analysis --- p.77 / Chapter 3.4 --- Summary --- p.78 / Chapter 4. --- Conclusions and Future Work --- p.81 / Chapter 4.1 --- Summary of micro spiral spring --- p.81 / Chapter 4.2 --- Contributions --- p.83 / Chapter 4.3 --- Future work --- p.84 / Bibliography --- p.86 / Appendix --- p.91 / Chapter A1 --- "Specification of CSM Instrument, Swiss, Variocouple" --- p.91 / Chapter A2 --- Matlab® program of the spiral spring segment FEA --- p.91 / Chapter A3 --- "The paper: ""Nano-Bearing: A New Type of Air Bearing with Flexure Structure""" --- p.99

Tam, Lam Chi. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2008. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 85-88). / Abstracts in English and Chinese. / Chapter 1. --- Introduction --- p.1 / Chapter 1.1. --- Background --- p.1 / Chapter 1.2. --- Objectives --- p.5 / Chapter 2. --- Literature Survey --- p.7 / Chapter 2.1. --- Existing Virtual Libraries --- p.7 / Chapter 2.2. --- Challenges --- p.13 / Chapter 3. --- Virtual Library of Mechanical Timepieces --- p.15 / Chapter 3.1. --- Structure of the Virtual Library --- p.16 / Chapter 3.2. --- Mechanical Clock Escapements --- p.19 / Chapter 3.2.1. --- Graham Escapement --- p.19 / Chapter 3.3. --- Mechanical Watch Escapements --- p.21 / Chapter 3.3.1. --- English Lever Escapement --- p.21 / Chapter 3.3.2. --- Swiss Lever Escapement --- p.24 / Chapter 3.3.3. --- Daniels Co-Axial Double-Wheel Escapement --- p.26 / Chapter 3.3.4. --- Spring Detent Escapement --- p.31 / Chapter 3.3.5. --- Cylinder Escapement --- p.35 / Chapter 3.3.6. --- Verge Escapement --- p.41 / Chapter 3.4. --- Accessories --- p.46 / Chapter 3.4.1. --- Automatic Winding System --- p.46 / Chapter 3.4.2. --- Moon Phase Mechanism --- p.65 / Chapter 3.5. --- Chapter Summary --- p.71 / Chapter 4. --- Implementations --- p.73 / Chapter 4.1. --- CAD Modeling of the Escapement Structure --- p.73 / Chapter 4.2. --- Website Design --- p.78 / Chapter 4.3. --- An Application --- p.79 / Chapter 5. --- Conclusions --- p.82 / References --- p.85 / Appendix A --- p.89 / Appendix B --- p.101

Fu, Kin Chung Denny. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2008. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 119-123). / Abstracts in English and Chinese. / Abstract --- p.i / 摘要 --- p.iii / Acknowledgements --- p.iv / Table of Contents --- p.v / List of Figures --- p.viii / List of Tables --- p.xi / Chapter Chapter 1 --- Introduction --- p.1 / Chapter 1.1 --- Objective --- p.1 / Chapter 1.2 --- Fundamental knowledge of multibody dynamics --- p.2 / Chapter 1.3 --- Escapement mechanisms --- p.5 / Chapter 1.3.1 --- Time keeping accuracy and stability factors --- p.7 / Chapter 1.3.2 --- Estimations of moment of inertia --- p.9 / Chapter 1.3.3 --- Other simulations and analyses --- p.15 / Chapter 1.4 --- Thesis outlines --- p.15 / Chapter 1.5 --- Chapter summary --- p.17 / Chapter Chapter 2 --- Multibody Dynamics --- p.18 / Chapter 2.1 --- The unilateral corner law of impact --- p.18 / Chapter 2.2 --- The Coulomb's friction --- p.19 / Chapter 2.3 --- "Slip, stick, and slip reversal phenomena" --- p.20 / Chapter 2.4 --- The coefficients of restitution --- p.20 / Chapter 2.5 --- Ways of formulating multiple contacts --- p.22 / Chapter 2.6 --- Integration procedure --- p.22 / Chapter 2.7 --- The P. Pfeiffer and Ch. Glocker's approach --- p.23 / Chapter 2.7.1 --- Kinematics calculation --- p.23 / Chapter 2.7.2 --- Configuration index --- p.26 / Chapter 2.7.3 --- Motion without contact --- p.27 / Chapter 2.7.4 --- Motion for detachment and slip-stick transition and LCP formulation --- p.27 / Chapter 2.7.5 --- Motion for impact and LCP formulation --- p.37 / Chapter 2.8 --- Solving LCP --- p.50 / Chapter 2.9 --- Chapter summary --- p.52 / Chapter Chapter 3 --- Development of the Simulation Tool --- p.54 / Chapter 3.1 --- Kinematics calculation --- p.54 / Chapter 3.1.1 --- Geometric definitions --- p.55 / Chapter 3.1.2 --- Line-to-line contact --- p.59 / Chapter 3.1.3 --- Arc-to-line contact --- p.62 / Chapter 3.1.4 --- Kinematics calculation procedures --- p.67 / Chapter 3.2 --- Obtaining the solutions --- p.72 / Chapter 3.3 --- Revised numerical treatment for LCP solving --- p.73 / Chapter 3.4 --- Integration procedure of simulation --- p.74 / Chapter 3.5 --- Verification example --- p.76 / Chapter 3.5.1 --- Classical mechanics approach --- p.76 / Chapter 3.5.2 --- Pre-calculation before application --- p.79 / Chapter 3.5.3 --- Simulation results --- p.81 / Chapter 3.6 --- Chapter summary --- p.83 / Chapter Chapter 4 --- Application to Swiss Lever Escapement --- p.84 / Chapter 4.1 --- Working principle of Swiss lever escapement --- p.84 / Chapter 4.2 --- Simulation of Swiss lever escapement --- p.87 / Chapter 4.2.1 --- Pre-calculation of kinematics --- p.88 / Chapter 4.2.2 --- Simulation results --- p.89 / Chapter 4.3 --- More simulations --- p.102 / Chapter 4.3.1 --- Theoretical optimal peak amplitudes --- p.102 / Chapter 4.3.2 --- Simulation of coaxial escapement --- p.103 / Chapter 4.3.3 --- Simulations with different simulation parameters --- p.109 / Chapter 4.3.4 --- Relation of input complexity and computational time --- p.111 / Chapter 4.4 --- Chapter summary --- p.113 / Chapter Chapter 5 --- Conclusions and Future works --- p.114 / Chapter 5.1 --- Conclusions --- p.114 / Chapter 5.2 --- Future works --- p.117 / Bibliography --- p.119

This dissertation presents a novel satellite timekeeping system which does not require on-board atomic clocks as used by existing navigation satellite systems such as GPS, GLONASS or the planned GALILEO system. This concept is differentiated by the employment of a synchronization framework combined with lightweight steerable on-board clocks which act as transponders re-broadcasting the precise time remotely provided by the time synchronization network located on the ground. This allows the system to operate optimally when satellites are in direct contact with the ground station, making it suitable for a system like the Japanese Quasi-Zenith Satellite System, QZSS. Low satellite mass and low satellite manufacturing and launch cost are significant advantages of this novel system. Two possible implementations of the time synchronization network for QZSS are presented. Additionally, the problem of satellite communication interruption is analyzed and a solution is presented. Finally a positioning and timing quality analysis, aimed to provide understanding of the actual timing quality requirements for QZSS, is presented.

The computation of a piecewise smooth function that approximates a finite set of data points is decomposed into two decoupled tasks: first, the computation of the locally smooth models, and hence, the segmentation of the data into classes that consist on the sets of points best approximated by each model, and second, the computation of the normalized discriminant functions for each induced class. The approximating function is then computed as the optimal estimator with respect to this measure field. Applications to image processing and time series prediction are presented as well.

The ability to distribute signals everywhere in a circuit with controlled and known delays is essential in large, high-speed digital systems. We present a technique by which a signal driver can adjust the arrival time of the signal at the end of the wire using a pair of matched variable delay lines. We show an implemention of this idea requiring no extra wiring, and how it can be extended to distribute signals skew-free to receivers along the signal run. We demonstrate how this scheme fits into the boundary scan logic of a VLSI chip.

The study of the in vitro circadian oscillator of the cyanobacterium Synechococcus elongatus has uncovered a complex interplay of its three protein components. Synchronization of the clock's central oscillatory component, KaiC, has been thought to be achieved through subunit shuffling at specific intervals during the clock’s period. By utilizing an established fluorescence-based analysis on completely phosphorylated and dephosphorylated mutants as well as wild-type KaiC, this study has shown that shuffling rates are largely unaffected by phosphorylation state. These findings conflict with previous reports and hence revise our understanding of this oscillator.

Avian circadian clocks are composed of a distributed network of neural and peripheral oscillators. Three neural pacemakers, located in the pineal, the eyes, and the hypothalamus, control circadian rhythms of many biological processes through complex interactions with slave oscillators located throughout the body. This system, an astonishing reflection of the life history of this diverse class of vertebrates, allows birds to coordinate biochemical and physiological processes and harmonize them with a dynamic environment. Much work has been done to understand what roles these pacemakers have in avian biology, how they function, and how they interact to generate overt circadian rhythms. The experimental work presented in this dissertation uses the domestic chicken, Gallus domesticus, as a model to address these questions and carry forward current understanding about circadian biology in this species. To do so, we utilized a custom DNA microarray to investigate rhythmic transcription in cultured chick pineal cells. We then sought to identify genes which might be a component of the pineal clock by screening for rhythmic transcripts that are sensitive to a phase-shifting light stimulus. Finally, we surgically removed the eyes or pineal from chickens to examine the roles of these extra-SCN pacemakers in regulating central and peripheral rhythms in metabolism and clock gene expression. Using these methods, we show that the oscillating transcriptome is diminished in the chick pineal ex vivo, while the functional clustering of clock controlled genes is similar. This distribution reveals multiple conserved circadian regulated pathways, and supports an endogenous role for the pineal as an immune organ. Moreover, the robustness of rhythmic melatonin biosysnthesis is maintained in vitro, demonstrating that a functional circadian clock is preserved in the reduced subset of the rhythmic pineal transcriptome. In addition, our genomic screen has yielded a list of 28 genes that are candidates for functional screening. These should be evaluated to determine any potential role they may have as a component of the pineal circadian clock. Finally, we report that the eyes and pineal similarly function to reinforce rhythms in brain and peripheral tissue, but that metabolism and clock gene expression are differentially regulated in chick.