The aim of this project is to evaluate the possibility to integrate, in terms of energy, the future Nya Studenternas IP and Uppsala University Hospital. The focus is on integration of thermal energy solutions. To cover the cooling demand a seasonal snow storage and the use of cooling machines is studied. For the heat demand a joint heat storage is investigated which is heated partly with the excess heat from cooling machines. The environmental impact in terms of CO2 emissions is investigated. A conclusion drawn from the project is that the use of district heating and cooling of Nya Studenternas IP and the Uppsala University Hospital could be reduced in several ways by integrating the energy systems of the two facilities. For instance, with the support of a seasonal snow storage and cooling machines for cooling, and heat obtained from the cooling machines for heating, the emissions of CO2 could be reduced with 36% based on a Nordic electricity mixture. Out of the suggested integrated energy solutions the most efficient when it comes to reducing CO2 emissions is cooling and heating through cooling machines with a capacity of reducing the CO2 emissions of 20.6 %.

Realize the situation about CO2 emission in Europe and China. Find out which reasons caused the CO2 emission will be changed. We did the data collection: CO2 emissions from China and EU. Energy consumption (include the total, electricity and transportation) and energy structure. Increased CO2 emission caused by Global warming. The CO2 emission increased with fossil-fuel use increased. China almost used of fossil energy, in 2004, domestic use for coal achieve to 67.7% of the total energy consumption. In 2010, the coal supply account for 48% of the world; the coal supply in 2000 to 2009 increased 85.5%. The CO2 emissions in 2009 is 6803.92 mil-tones, increased 13.32% than 2008, No. 1 of world. EU energy structure is keep changed, the rate of utilization for traditional fossil-fuel was gradually reduced. In 2010, the EU coal supply 8% of the world, 2000-2009 presents negative growth (3.8%). The CO2 emissions in 2009 were 4310.3 mil-tones, more than 2008 years to reduce 6.9%. CO2 emission based on energy consumption; Energy consumption is supply a variety of services to people. We must consider with population. China’s CO2/per capita less than average level in world, and lower than most EU countries.   China and EU are planning for future energy structure (reduce the use of fossil-fuel and increase renewable energy construction), that means up to energy saving and emission reduction purpose. The emission reduction of focus is to change the energy structure, reduce fossil-fuel use. China predicting the coal utilization rate under 60% of the total energy consumption. Thus, by 2020, forecast reducing 40-45% CO2 emission based on 1995. EU energy structure better than china, while they planning energy saving reach 20% at 2020, and improve the renewable energy use. By 2020, EU-27 forecast reducing 20% CO2 emission based on 1990 CO2 emission.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:30:09Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2008-02-08Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T20:00:02Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 sugahara_d_me_guara.pdf: 1088347 bytes, checksum: a45380105015e0a3025c75e707484f21 (MD5) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / Esse trabalho destina-se ao estudo da relação entre as condições de operação e o nível de emissão de CO2 em um forno de soleira rotativa, a óleo, utilizado para o reaquecimento de blocos de aço carbono para forjamento de rodas ferroviárias. O foco principal foi a redução na emissão de CO2 e a possibilidade de geração de créditos de carbono. Inicialmente foram apresentadas as características do sistema de aquecimento e suas influências no desempenho geral do forjamento. Em complemento foram expostas algumas condições de emissões relacionadas ao combustível e ao funcionamento do sistema de combustão. Foram selecionados parâmetros para a correção das condições de operação e ajustados para o tipo de combustível utilizado. A verificação foi feita através de análises de atmosfera. A metodologia foi eficiente e mostrou uma redução de 0,5% na concentração de CO2 nos gases de combustão que equivale a uma redução de 3,6% na emissão total de CO2. / This work studied the relation between the operation condition and the level of CO2 emission in an oil rotary furnace used to reheat steel carbon blocks to forge rail wheels. The main focus was a CO2 reduction emission and carbon credits revenue. Initially, the heating system characteristics and its influence in the forging performance were presented. Additionally, some emission conditions related to the fuel and combustion system working were exposed. Parameters were selected to correct the operation condition and adjusted to the type of the fuel used. The results were verified by atmosphere analysis. The methodology was efficient and shows 0,5% reduction in the concentration of CO2 in the combustion gases or 3,6% reduction in CO2 total emission.

No description available.

Die Energieerzeugung aus fossilen Brennstoffen trägt weltweit erheblich zum Treibhauseffekt bei. So entfielen 2005 24 % der gesamten CO2-Emissionen in der Europäischen Union auf die Stromerzeugung aus Kohle [1]. Recherchen im Rahmen eines Forschungsvorhabens an der Professur für Betriebliche Umweltökonomie der TU Dresden ergaben, dass öffentliche Gebietskörperschaften einen Anteil von ca. 7,8 % am Stromverbrauch in Deutschland haben. Bisher berücksichtigen jedoch nur wenige Kommunen die CO2-Emissionen als Entscheidungskriterium bei der Ausschreibung von Strom. Damit wird deutlich, welches Potenzial in der Ausschreibung von Strom liegen kann. Hierbei stellt sich allerdings nicht nur die Frage, welche Herausforderungen öffentliche Ausschreibungen mit sich bringen, sondern auch wie diese Möglichkeiten den Markt aus der Sicht des Nachfragers eingrenzen, d. h. ob überhaupt ein entsprechendes Angebot am Markt verfügbar ist. / Energy supplies on the basis of fossil fuels contribute significantly to the global greenhouse effect. In 2005, for example, 24 % of the total CO2 emissions in the EU were attributable to coal-fired power generation. The work of a research project at TU Dresden revealed that public administrative bodies account for approx. 7.8 % of electricity consumption in Germany. To date, however, only few communities have made CO2 emissions a decision criterion in their electricity procurement. It is thus clear, just how much potential lies in the procurement process for electricity. At the same time, however, consideration must be given not only to the challenges arising from the appraisal of public procurement, but also to how these options limit the market scope from the point of view of the community, i.e. whether corresponding offers are actually available on the market.

This thesis investigates the patterns of each type of energy consumption for fourteen countries, to study the link between energy consumption, economics and population. It was found that for all the countries studied, there is a decrease in energy consumption relative to economic growth. This shows that the world has become less energy based, and is more efficient in using energy to produce economic wealth. The carbon dioxide (CO₂) emissions for each fossil fuel type used for electricity generation in New Zealand: coal, gas and oil was also calculated. Gas is the main contributor of CO₂ by electricity generation for New Zealand. New Zealand's CO₂ emissions from electricity generation have nearly tripled in the last 12 years. Despite the environmental concerns of global warming and the Kyoto protocol, there has been a large increase in total CO₂ emitted. This increase has seen a replacement of gas by coal in order to continue to meet the electricity demand of the nation. New Zealand has a small energy market relative to the global market. World energy market patterns show a recent history of oil declining, coal declining, gas increasing and the significant presence of nuclear. Renewable energies are insignificant on the world scene. These are marked contrasts to the New Zealand scene. Of the renewable energy supply fuels, both hydro and geothermal have been in decline, from before deregulation. This trend will continue in the future if left to market forces. Although renewable energy may be a solution to New Zealand's energy supply, the increase in market share of other renewable energies to date is limited. They are unlikely to be sufficient to cover New Zealand's energy demand in the near future. With New Zealand being dependent on the world supply of oil, the expected depletion of the Maui gas field, the low market share for renewable energy and rising concerns about pollution, the green house effects and global warming, nuclear power is considered an option in New Zealand.

Orientador: João Andrade de Carvalho Junior / Banca: Pedro Magalhães Sobrinho / Banca: Jorge Alberto Soares Tenório / Resumo: Esse trabalho destina-se ao estudo da relação entre as condições de operação e o nível de emissão de CO2 em um forno de soleira rotativa, a óleo, utilizado para o reaquecimento de blocos de aço carbono para forjamento de rodas ferroviárias. O foco principal foi a redução na emissão de CO2 e a possibilidade de geração de créditos de carbono. Inicialmente foram apresentadas as características do sistema de aquecimento e suas influências no desempenho geral do forjamento. Em complemento foram expostas algumas condições de emissões relacionadas ao combustível e ao funcionamento do sistema de combustão. Foram selecionados parâmetros para a correção das condições de operação e ajustados para o tipo de combustível utilizado. A verificação foi feita através de análises de atmosfera. A metodologia foi eficiente e mostrou uma redução de 0,5% na concentração de CO2 nos gases de combustão que equivale a uma redução de 3,6% na emissão total de CO2. / Abstract: This work studied the relation between the operation condition and the level of CO2 emission in an oil rotary furnace used to reheat steel carbon blocks to forge rail wheels. The main focus was a CO2 reduction emission and carbon credits revenue. Initially, the heating system characteristics and its influence in the forging performance were presented. Additionally, some emission conditions related to the fuel and combustion system working were exposed. Parameters were selected to correct the operation condition and adjusted to the type of the fuel used. The results were verified by atmosphere analysis. The methodology was efficient and shows 0,5% reduction in the concentration of CO2 in the combustion gases or 3,6% reduction in CO2 total emission. / Mestre

Yes / In the current practice, at the end of life of a reinforced concrete struc-ture, it is destructively demolished, and the demolition waste is limited to downcycling and low-tech applications, while the remaining is being landfilled. A recent report showed that construction and demolition waste (CDW) is the big-gest waste stream in the EU by weight, accounting for over 800 million tons in 2018, i.e. around 32% of the total waste generated. This approach is clearly wasteful of energy, jeopardizing the health of individuals and environments and at high cost. However, design for deconstruction (DfD) of reinforced concrete structures would facilitate the future reuse of structural elements at the end of their life, potentially achieving a significant reduction in embodied energy of structures and CO2 emission as well as giving the owners the benefit of retaining the value of their assets. In this paper, recent research developments and practical applications of DfD of reinforced concrete structures are reviewed and key technical issues are dis-cussed. The focus is on connections that should be designed in such a way to al-low demounting of precast reinforced concrete structural elements, including beam/column, wall/wall, column/column and segmental slab connections. The main achievements and progress to date are outlined for each type of dry connec-tions, along with the aspects that still need to be developed. The paper concludes with an outline of challenges in the application of DfD in concrete structures. / This project was supported by the Newton Prize 2020, UK-Turkey award, grant ref number NP2020PB\100026, funded by the Department for Business, Energy & Industrial Strategy. It has also received funding from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under the Marie Skłodowska-Curie grant agreement No 894100. / The full-text of this article will be released for public view at the end of the publisher embargo on 1 June 2024. / This paper is from the fib Symposium 2023, Building for the future: Durable, Sustainable, Resilient. 5-7 Jun, Istanbul, Turkey.

This paper introduces an energy-saving biomass stove. The principle of energy-saving biomass stove is gasification. It is a chemical process, transforms solid fuel into a gas mixture, called (CO + H2 + CH4) gas. Emission lines in the stove chimneys typically remain high temperatures around 900 to 1200C. The composition of the flue gas consists of combustion products of rice husk which are mainly CO2, CO, N2. A little volatile in the rice husk, which could not burn completely, residual oxygen and dust will fly in airflow. The amount of dust in the outlet gas is a combination of unburnt amount of impurity and firewood, usually occupied impurity rate of 1 % by weight of dry husk. Outlet dust of rice husk furnace has a normal size from 500μm to 0.1 micron and a particle concentration ranges from 200-500 mg/m3. Gas emissions is created when using energy-saving stove and they will be used as the main raw material in combustion process Therefore the CO2 emission into the environment when using the stove will be reduced up to 95% of a commonly used stove. / Bài báo giới thiệu một bếp tiết kiệm dùng năng lượng sinh khối. Bếp tiết kiệm năng lượng thực hiện nguyên lý khí hóa sinh khối. Đó là một quá trình hóa học, chuyển hóa các loại nhiên liệu dạng rắn thành một dạng hỗn hợp khí đốt, gọi là khí Gas (CO + H2 + CH4). Dòng khí thải ra ở ống khói của bếp thông thường có nhiệt độ vẫn còn cao khoảng 900 ~ 1200C. Thành phần của khói thải bao gồm các sản phẩm cháy của trấu, chủ yếu là các khí CO2, CO, N2, một ít các chất bốc trong trấu không kịp cháy hết, oxy dư và tro bụi bay theo dòng khí. Lượng bụi tro có trong khói thải chính là một phần của lượng không cháy hết và lượng tạp chất không cháy có trong củi, lượng tạp chất này thường chiếm tỷ lệ 1% trọng lượng trấu khô.Bụi trong khói thải lò đốt trấu thông thường có kích thước hạt từ 500μm tới 0,1μm, nồng độ dao động trong khoảng từ 200-500 mg/m3. Lượng khí thải được sinh ra khi sử dụng bếp tiết kiệm năng lượng, sẽ được dùng làm nguyên liệu đốt cháy chính của quá trình đó. Do đó lượng khí CO2 thải ra môi trường khi sử dụng bếp tiết kiệm sẽ được giảm xuống 95 % so với sử dụng bếp thường.

Die fünf Essays dieser Dissertation behandeln Themen aus dem Bereich der Entwicklungs- und Umweltökonomie. Alle Essays analysieren wie die Produktion von CO2 Emissionen beeinflusst oder reguliert werden kann. Das Treibhausgas CO2 ist eine der größten Externalitäten der Geschichte menschlicher Entwicklung. Die einzelnen Essays zeigen wie lokale Klimaveränderungen das menschliche Wohlbefinden beeinflussen und welche monetären Kosten mit einem Anstieg der Durchschnittstemperatur in Lateinamerika verbunden sind. Außerdem betrachten die Essays Hauptdeterminanten von CO2 Emissionen auf haushalts- oder nationalem Niveau, und bestimmen den Erfolg aktueller Klimapolitik um CO2 Emissionen zu reduzieren. Das letzte Essay betrachtet die momentane und zukünftige Verteilung von CO2 Emissionen wenn verschiedene Politikszenarien realisiert werden würden. Das erste Essay befasst sich mit dem Effekt von klimatischen Veränderungen auf das Wohlfahrtsniveau in Lateinamerika. Als Wohlfahrtsmaß kommen dabei subjektive Selbstaussagen zum Einsatz. Subjektive Wohlfahrt erfasst nicht nur Veränderungen im Einkommen, sondern auch Veränderungen in anderen Lebensbereichen wie dem Zugang zu Bildung oder Gesundheitseinrichtungen. Generell kommt die Studie zu dem Schluss, dass eine Temperatur im Bereich von 20 Grad Celsius und Niederschlag bis 247mm optimal sind. Höhere monatliche Durchschnittstemperaturen oder Niederschläge sind mit Wohlfahrtsverlusten verbunden. Eine globale Erwärmung von mehr als 2 Grad Celsius wird mit Wohlfahrtsverlusten in Lateinamerika einhergehen. Das zweite Essay analysiert Haushaltsemissionen in Form des Kohlenstoff-Fußabdrucks in Indien. Dabei liegt das Augenmerk auf dem Effekt von Einkommenswachstum und sozio- ökonomischen Veränderungen innerhalb der Haushalte. Ein höheres Haushaltseinkommen führt zu einem stärkeren Konsumverhalten aber gleichzeitig auch zu weniger CO2- intensiven Konsummustern. Dennoch kann der Mehrkonsum an CO2-armen Gütern, wie zum Beispiel Bildung, den Anstieg der Haushaltsemissionen, aufgrund höheren Einkommens, nicht kompensieren. Das dritte Essay betrachtet in wie fern aktuelle internationale Klimapolitik einen Einfluss auf CO2 Emissionen genommen hat. Dabei zeigt sich, dass Länder, welche Verpflichtungen im Rahmen des Kyoto Protokolls eingegangen sind, im Durschnitt 6.5% weniger CO2 emittiert haben, als vergleichbare Länder mit ähnlichem Einkommens- und Bevölkerungswachstum aber ohne Verpflichtungen. Das vierte Essay geht auf die Hauptdeterminante des CO2 Emissionswachstums ein, nämlich Einkommen. Dabei wird aber nicht nur der Effekt von Veränderungen im Einkommen, sondern auch der Effekt von Veränderungen in der Einkommensverteilung auf CO2 Emissionen untersucht. Einkommensungleichheit wirkt sich abhängig vom gegenwertigen Ungleichheitsniveau auf CO2 Emissionen aus. Für Länder mit einer hohen Einkommensungleichheit ist der Effekt positiv, das heißt mit sinkender Einkommensungleichheit sinken CO2 Emissionen. Für Länder mit niedriger Ungleichheit ist der Effekt negativ. Ein weiterer Abbau der Einkommensungleichheit würde dort mit steigenden CO2 Emissionen einhergehen. Das fünfte Essay befasst sich mit der globalen Verteilung von pro Kopf CO2 Emissionen. Dabei geht es darum inwiefern der Energiemix und der sektorale Aufbau einzelner Volkswirtschaften zu dieser ungleichen Verteilung von pro Kopf CO2 Emissionen beigetragen haben. Der Abbau schwerer Industrie in OECD Ländern und der verstärkte Einsatz von Kohle in nicht-OECD Ländern haben dabei zu einem Rückgang der globalen Ungleichheit in CO2 Emissionen geführt. Langfristig gesehen kann es sein, dass die Emissionsungleichheit ab 2040 wieder steigen wird. Jedes Essay trägt in seinem Feld zur betreffenden Literatur bei. Die Essays analysieren wie jegliche ökonomische Aktivität (hauptsächlich Konsum) CO2 Emissionen verursachen, welche wiederum für Veränderungen im Klima verantwortlich gemacht werden. Diese Veränderungen im Klima gehen mit lokalen Wohlfahrtsverlusten einher. Nationale Politikmaßnahmen wie zum Beispiel Maßnahmen zur Einkommensumverteilung können einen ambivalenten Einfluss auf CO2 Emissionen haben. Politikmaßnahmen um das Konsumverhalten und Konsummuster zu beeinflussen könnten ein effizientes Mittel zur Regulierung von CO2 Emissionen in reichen Ländern darstellen. Generell könnten internationale Klimapolitikmaßnahmen nationale Politikmaßnahmen katalysieren.