The thesis focuses on the meanings and paradoxes of scrapping bonus in automobile industry. The automobile market includes very wide legislative which has a restrictive effect on production cars but the scrappage has inverse consequences. Scrappaing bonus as a state interventions and their impacts on the market price, the market equilibrium and the wealth of people is another aim of this dissertation. This is conected with the Kuznets Curve which descibes the relationship between the quality of the environment and the welth of the people. The main point of the thesis is the analysis of the positive and negative arguments for the implementation of the scrappage. The implementation is related with the calculation of the CO2 emissions of the new cars and the CO2 emissions of the old cars. The results of the calculation should be confirm or refute the posibility, that the scrapping bonus is improving to improve the environment. The thesis contains the facts about the average age fo the car fleet because the scrapagge is often joined with the turnover on road safety.

Submitted by Fabio Sobreira Campos da Costa (fabio.sobreira@ufpe.br) on 2016-04-15T15:32:04Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 1232 bytes, checksum: 66e71c371cc565284e70f40736c94386 (MD5) Tese_DEN_Carlas_122.pdf: 1649911 bytes, checksum: 3c46dfc313ce6d3711a8cd608003ebe3 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-15T15:32:04Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 1232 bytes, checksum: 66e71c371cc565284e70f40736c94386 (MD5) Tese_DEN_Carlas_122.pdf: 1649911 bytes, checksum: 3c46dfc313ce6d3711a8cd608003ebe3 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-07-30 / CNPq / A respiração do solo é um parâmetro sensível a variações nos fatores ambientais e pode ter efeitos sobre a mudança climática global, por sua contribuição no aumento da concentração de CO2 atmosférico. Embora importante, há pouco conhecimento em termos de variação sazonal da quantidade de CO2 emitido nos diferentes tipos e coberturas de solo do Brasil, principalmente na região semiárida nordestina. Nesta região, o corte da vegetação nativa de Caatinga para lenha e sua substituição por pastagens e campos agrícolas, aliados a longos períodos de estiagem, provocam acentuada degradação do solo. Esta degradação modifica os fluxos de trocas de gases pela aceleração ou retardamento dos processos de formação e/ou decomposição da matéria orgânica, por estar frequentemente exposto à ação dos agentes climáticos. A respiração do solo foi medida pelos métodos de Absorção Álcali (AA) e de Analisador de Gás Infravermelho (IRGA), em uma área de Caatinga e uma de pastagem no Agreste Meridional Pernambucano. Foi determinada a relação da respiração do solo com umidade volumétrica e temperatura do solo, ao longo do ciclo sazonal. As medidas da respiração do solo com o IRGA mostraram maior sensibilidade à variação sazonal que as com método de AA. Utilizando o IRGA, as médias da respiração do solo na Caatinga foram cerca de 20% superiores à respiração na área de pastagem. As emissões de CO2 na época seca foram 47% e 63% menores que na época chuvosa nas áreas de caatinga e pastagem, respectivamente. No período chuvoso, os valores do coeficiente metabólico (qCO2) foram maiores que no período seco. A umidade do solo foi positivamente correlacionada com a respiração, enquanto a temperatura foi negativamente correlacionada, tanto nas áreas de caatinga quanto nas de pastagem. Embora o aumento da temperatura possa favorecer a atividade dos microrganismos, a correlação negativa pode ter ocorrido porque na estação seca causou redução na umidade do solo. / Soil respiration is a sensitive parameter to changes in environmental factors and can influence global climate change, for its contribution to the increase in atmospheric CO2 concentration. Although important little is known in terms of seasonal variation in the amount of CO2 emitted in different types and soil coverage in Brazil, mainly in the northeastern semi-arid region. In this region, cutting the Caatinga native vegetation for firewood and its replacement by pastures and farmland, combined with long periods of drought, has caused severe soil degradation. Soil respiration was determined by the Alkali Absorption (AA) and the Infrared Gas Analyzer (IRGA)methods in one Caatinga and one pasture area in the Agreste region of Pernambuco state. The relationship of soil respiration with soil moisture and temperature were determined throughout the seasonal cycle. Soil respiration measured by the gas analyzer infrared (IRGA) method showed higher sensitivity to seasonal variation than by the Alkali Absorption (AA) method. Using IRGA, respiration in the Caatinga was about 20% higher than in the pasture area. CO2 emissions during the dry season were 47% and 63% lower than in the rainy season in the Caatinga and pasture areas, respectively. In the rainy season, metabolic coefficient (qCO2) values were higher than in the dry season. Soil moisture was positively correlated with respiration, while temperature was negatively correlated., in both Caatinga and pasture areas. Although temperature may favor soil microorganism activity, the negative correlation may have occurred because it reduced soil humidity in the dry season.

This paper empirically estimates the effect of tax exemptions from the carbon tax and energy taxon emissions in Sweden. After the tax exemptions in 1992, carbon dioxide emissions from theSwedish industrial sector increased by, on average, over 34 percent, compared to a synthetic control unit constructed from a comparable group of OECD countries. The main finding is robust to various placebo tests, robustness tests and a dose-response test, suggesting that the tax exemptions are the driver of the result.

Climate change has been a topic of interest both in politics and academics during the last decades and it is only becoming more prominent. The relationship between energy usage and greenhouse gas emissions is of particular interest both in politics and in the world of business. With help from the STIRPAT model this paper examines the elasticity between energy production from renewable sources and carbon dioxide emissions and how it changes when introducing policies for increasing the use of renewable energy. Investigating OECD countries between 2007 and 2015, the paper hopes to add to the existing research of environmental policies on an international level by primarily focusing on the 2009/28/EC policy concerning the European Union and comparing it to some national strategies. Through IV-regressions based on the STIRPAT model this paper examines whether policies regarding renewable energy production increase the effect that renewable energy have on reducing carbon dioxide emissions. The results display a positive change in the elasticity between renewable energy and carbon dioxide emissions when introducing the 2009/28/EC policy as an instrumental variable but is unable to identify significant change when using national policies.

This thesis seeks to estimate CO2 emissions on a portion of the U.S. 101 highway in San Luis Obispo County before and after construction of a truck only lane on the Cuesta Grade. Towards that aim, the microsimulation software, VISSIM, was used in conjunction with the Environmental Protection Agency’s emissions model, MOVES. The microsimulation model was calibrated and validated against historical and present traffic volumes obtained from Caltrans with good results using several validation measures. It was found that CO2 emissions did decrease between 1998 and 2012 (pre and post lane addition), but this effect was shown to be different for the northbound (uphill) and southbound (downhill) directions. It was shown that the truck lane in the northbound (uphill) direction had a 9.5% decrease in volume with 10.7% decrease in emissions, and the southbound (downhill) direction had a 20.3% increase in volume but 7.4% decrease in emissions. For the northbound (uphill) direction, emissions seemed to correlate more closely with volumes, while the southbound (downhill) direction was less sensitive to these changes.

Inefficient road transportation causes unnecessary costs and polluting emissions. This problem is even more severe in refrigerated transportation, in which temperature control is used to guarantee the quality of the products. Organizing logistics cooperatively can help decrease both the environmental and the economic impacts. In Joint Route Planning (JRP) cooperation, suppliers and customers jointly optimize routing decisions so that cost and emissions are minimized. Vendor Managed Inventory (VMI) cooperation extends JRP cooperation by optimizing routing and inventory planning decisions simultaneously. However, in addition to their economic advantages, VMI and JRP may also yield environmental benefits. To test this assertion, we perform a case study on cooperation between a number of supermarket chains in the Netherlands. The data of this case study are analyzed to quantify both the economic and environmental benefits of implementing cooperation via JRP and VMI, using vehicle routing and an inventory routing models. We found that JRP cooperation can substantially reduce cost and emissions compared with uncooperative routing. In addition, VMI cooperation can further reduce cost and emissions, but minimizing cost and minimizing emissions no longer result in the same solution and there is a trade-off to be made.

After significant efforts from many parties, the World-wide harmonized Light duty Test Procedure (WLTP) has seen its light first as the UNECE Global Technical Regulation and then as the procedure adopted in the type-approval of light-duty vehicles in Europe. The paper focuses its attention on the main procedural differences between the WLTP and the New European Driving Cycle (NEDC), which is the test-procedure currently used in Europe. In general terms the WLTP appears to be a significant improvement compared to the NEDC. The main differences between two test procedures are identified and their impact on CO2 emissions quantified using the in-house built simulation software CO2MPAS. On the basis of each of these differences, the paper assesses the potential total impact on the final reported type-approval CO2 emissions. The biggest impact on CO2 emissions is coming from the changes in the road load determination procedure (∼10% increase). Procedural changes concerning the test in the laboratory will bring another 8% and post-processing and declaration of results will result in difference of approximately 5% (each). Overall, the WLTP is likely to increase the type-approval CO2 emissions by approximately 25%. Therefore, the WLTP will be able to reduce more than half of the gap identified between the type-approval and real-life figures in Europe. This should be seen as a considerable improvement given the ontological limitations of a laboratory-based test procedure.

Die Energieerzeugung aus fossilen Brennstoffen trägt weltweit erheblich zum Treibhauseffekt bei. So entfielen 2005 24 % der gesamten CO2-Emissionen in der Europäischen Union auf die Stromerzeugung aus Kohle [1]. Recherchen im Rahmen eines Forschungsvorhabens an der Professur für Betriebliche Umweltökonomie der TU Dresden ergaben, dass öffentliche Gebietskörperschaften einen Anteil von ca. 7,8 % am Stromverbrauch in Deutschland haben. Bisher berücksichtigen jedoch nur wenige Kommunen die CO2-Emissionen als Entscheidungskriterium bei der Ausschreibung von Strom. Damit wird deutlich, welches Potenzial in der Ausschreibung von Strom liegen kann. Hierbei stellt sich allerdings nicht nur die Frage, welche Herausforderungen öffentliche Ausschreibungen mit sich bringen, sondern auch wie diese Möglichkeiten den Markt aus der Sicht des Nachfragers eingrenzen, d. h. ob überhaupt ein entsprechendes Angebot am Markt verfügbar ist. / Energy supplies on the basis of fossil fuels contribute significantly to the global greenhouse effect. In 2005, for example, 24 % of the total CO2 emissions in the EU were attributable to coal-fired power generation. The work of a research project at TU Dresden revealed that public administrative bodies account for approx. 7.8 % of electricity consumption in Germany. To date, however, only few communities have made CO2 emissions a decision criterion in their electricity procurement. It is thus clear, just how much potential lies in the procurement process for electricity. At the same time, however, consideration must be given not only to the challenges arising from the appraisal of public procurement, but also to how these options limit the market scope from the point of view of the community, i.e. whether corresponding offers are actually available on the market.

This paper compares and analyzes the decoupling processes of carbon emissions to economic growth in the European Union and South and East Asian middle income countries. This is done through econometric methods, testing for a relationship between CO2 and GDP. The study is conducted by first testing for the hypothesis that there is a significant difference of the turning points between the EU and the Asian region, and thereafter if there is a significant difference in the decoupling processes. The findings show that the Asian middle income countries have a lower turning point than the EU. It is also found that the EU experienced absolute decoupling in 2014, whereas the Asian countries only experienced weak relative decoupling. The study is based on four theories; The Environmental Kuznets curve, Tapio’s Decoupling model Theory, Rostow’s Stage of Growth Theory and the Ecological Modernization Theory. The findings, together with the theories, show that improved technology, together with implementations of international policies, can have positive effects on environmental changes.

The purpose of this paper is to investigate the relationship between economic development and pollution in the middle- and high-income countries for the period between 1960 and 2014. The study is conducted by first testing the environmental Kuznets curve, an economic theory that income has an inverted U-shape relationship with environmental degradation. Later, the Revised environmental Kuznets curve is tested, an economic theory that countries undergoing economic development at a later period will have a lower peak of environmental degradation compared to countries undergoing economic development at an earlier period. Empirical tests of carbon dioxide (CO2) per capita and income (GDP per capita) were conducted in two different panel tests containing middle-income countries in one and high-income countries in the other. The observed relationship shows that a country's early economic development degrades the environment until what is called the turning point is reached, after which the environment improves with further economic development. Thus, the expected inverted U-shape is observed for both MIE and HIE. Furthermore, the tests tell us that the turning point for MIE is significantly lower than for HIE, which is the expected result.