"Thèse en cotutelle, Doctorat en droit, Université Laval, Québec, Canada, Docteur en droit (LL. D.) et Université Montpellier I, Montpellier, France" / Notre thèse a comme sujet l’analyse des phénomènes de la codification et la réforme des coutumes kabyles qui ont eu lieu pendant la colonisation française. La « codification » et la « réforme » sont deux éléments clés du droit colonial du Second Empire colonial français. Le droit coutumier kabyle a été le résultat d’une codification des coutumes kabyles qui a été menée par un militaire, Adolphe Hanoteau, et un magistrat, Aristide Letourneux. Cette codification a pris la forme d’un ouvrage en trois volumes, intitulé La Kabylie et les coutumes kabyles. Ce droit coutumier a été officiellement reconnu par la législation coloniale française par le biais de l’article 2 du décret du 29 août 1874. Cette reconnaissance officielle des coutumes kabyles a eu comme effet la création d’un statut juridique particulier de droit privé, celui de l’indigène musulman régi par le droit coutumier kabyle. Les coutumes kabyles codifiées par le régime militaire ont été par la suite réformées par le régime civil. La première coutume à avoir été réformée a été celle de la chefaa (retrait successoral), suivie par la tutelle des mineurs kabyles par le biais du décret de 01 juin 1902 et par les coutumes kabyles en matière de matière de divorce et droit successoraux des femmes kabyles à travers les décrets du 2 et du 19 mai 1931. Notre thèse s’articule autour de deux parties. La première partie est intitulée « invention du droit coutumier kabyle », dans laquelle nous avons décrit les raisons qui ont été à l’origine de la codification des coutumes kabyles. Nous nous sommes concentrés sur la politique menée par les Bureaux Arabes en Kabylie et sur la manière dont les coutumes kabyles ont été rédigées dans l’ouvrage d’Hanoteau et Letourneux, intitulé La Kabylie et les coutumes kabyles. Dans la deuxième partie intitulée « la réforme des coutumes kabyles », nous nous sommes concentrés sur la façon dont la législation et la jurisprudence du régime civil ont réformé les coutumes kabyles en matière de chefaa, de tutelle des mineurs et de statut des femmes pendant les années 1871-1930. Un chapitre final est dédié à l’analyse de l’héritage postcolonial du droit colonial français appliqué en Algérie au sein du droit algérien durant les années 1962-1975 ainsi qu’au sein de l’actuel droit français d’Outre-mer à Mayotte et en Nouvelle-Calédonie. / The main topic of our dissertation is the analysis of the phenomena of the codification and the reform of the Kabyle customary law which took place during the French colonial era. The codification and the reform are two keywords of the colonial law history of the french Second Colonial Empire. Kabyle’s customary law (droit coutumier) was the result of the codification of Kabyle’s customs that was made by a soldier, Adolphe Hanoteau and a judge, Aristide Letourneux. The result of this codification was a treatise of three volumes entitled La Kabylie et les coutumes kabyles. This customary law was officially recognized by the french colonial legislation by means of Article 2 of the Decree of August 29, 1874. This official recognition of Kabyle customs creates a special legal status, the Muslim indigenous ruled by Kabyle’s customary law. The Kabyle’s customs codified by the military were subsequently reformed by the civil regime. The first customs that have been reformed was the chefaa, followed by the guardianship of the Kabyle minors through the decree of the 01 June 1902 and the Kabyle’s customs in matters of divorce and inheritance rights of Kabyle women though the decrees of May 2nd and 19th, 1931. Our thesis is divided into two parts. In the first part, we have described the reason of the codification of Kabyle’s customs. We focused on the policy of the Arab Bureaux in Kabylia and the way in which the kabyle customs were written in the work of Hanoteau an Letourneux, entitled La Kabylie et les coutumes kabyles. In the second part of the thesis, we focused on the period of the civil regime (1871-1931) and the case law as well as the legislation that reformed the Kabyle’s customs regarding chefaa, guardianship of minors and the status of women. A final chapter is dedicated to the analysis of the postcolonial heritage of the French colonial legislation in the Algerian legal system during the years 1962-1975, as well as in the current French overseas law in Mayotte and in New Caledonia.

La maladie d'Alzheimer (MA) est la maladie neurodégénérative la plus fréquente dans le monde, son incidence augmente au cours des années dû à un vieillissement de la population et à manque de thérapies efficaces. L'étiologie de la maladie est associée à une altération de la mémoire et du comportement ainsi qu'à l'accumulation de la bêta-amyloïde (Aβ) dans le parenchyme et les vaisseaux sanguin du cerveau. Ces dépôts aberrants sont la conséquence d'une altération de l'élimination du peptide. Depuis quelques années des évidences venant des expériences menées en laboratoire montrent que l'injection de certaines molécules ont des effets bénéfiques sur la MA, tant au niveau cognitif que sur la présence d'Aβ. Une de ces molécules est le macrophage-colony stimulating factor (m-CSF) et son récepteur (CSF1R). Cette voie de signalisation a fait l'objet de plusieurs études dans le contexte de la MA or l'implication de son récepteur dans le processus pathologique est peu connu. Les études incluses dans cette thèse de doctorat avaient pour but de mieux comprendre le rôle du CSF1R sur la prolifération et la survie microgliale dans un contexte non-pathologique ainsi que dans un modèle animal de la MA. Plusieurs études indiquent que ce récepteur est primordial pour la survie, l'activation et la prolifération microgliale. Nous avons utilisé une approche du style « perte de fonction » pour étudier le CSF1R. Grâce à un modèle de souris knock-out (KO) inductible, nous avons spécifiquement aboli la transcription du récepteur dans les microglies. Dans un premier temps nous avons comparé les fonctions du CSF1R dans deux modèles. Le premier étant purement prolifératif avec pas ou peu d'inflammation. Le second un modèle inflammatoire. Nous avons observé que les microglies dans le premier modèle étaient capables de proliférer et donc survivaient au KO. Dans le second modèle, les cellules microgliale perdaient leur capacité proliférative mais survivaient. Nous avons pu déduire que le CSF1R au stade adulte n'a vraisemblablement qu'un effet accessoire sur la prolifération et il ne semble pas être impliquer dans la survie microgliale. En utilisant la même approche, nous avons supprimé comme précédemment le CSF1R dans un modèle de souris Alzheimer APP[indice swe/PS1]. Dans cette étude nous montrons là aussi que non seulement le CSF1R n'a pas de rôle sur la survie et la prolifération des microglies, mais en plus on observe une diminution des symptômes associés à la MA. À savoir une diminution du déclin cognitif ainsi que de la charge amyloïde. Ensembles ces données nous montre de nouvelles informations sur CSF1R. Son rôle n'est pas aussi primordial dans certaines fonctions microgliale à l'âge adulte. / Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most frequent neurodegenerative disease in the world, its incidence increases every year due to the aging of the population and a lack of therapies. AD etiology is associated with an alteration of cognitive functions and aberrant accumulation of amyloid-beta (Aβ) in the parenchyma and blood vessels in the brain. Aβ deposits are due to an impairment of phagocytosis. For many years, experimental evidence shown that injections of different molecules could have beneficial effects on AD course, either cognition or amyloid load. One of these molecules is macrophage-colony stimulating factor (m-CSF) and its receptor (CSF1R). This signaling pathway was extensively studied in AD context, but it remains largely unknown. Studies which are included in thesis, aimed to better understand the role of CSF1R on microglia proliferation and survival in both healthy and AD context. Many studies mentioned that CSF1R has a crucial impact on these functions. We used a "loss of function" approach to study this receptor. We used an inducible knock-out (KO) mice model, where microglia are specifically deleted of CSF1R. In the first time we compared CSF1R function in two models. The first model is a pure proliferative model without or barely without inflammation, the second is a model with a robust inflammatory response. We observed in the first model that microglia were still able to proliferate and survived to the KO, whereas in the second model, microglia were unable to proliferate but they also survived. We deducted that CSF1R at adult stage, has an accessory role on proliferation and has no major impact on microglia survival. Using the same approach, we have deleted the receptor in a mouse model of AD, namely APP[subscript swe/PS1]. Likewise, in this study we have shown that CSF1R was not required for proliferation and survival, moreover we observed an improvement of cognition and a reducing level of amyloid. Altogether, these data provide a new insight on CSF1R functions, its role is not as primordial for microglia as we though.

No description available.

Cette thèse s’intéresse à une problématique ayant de nombreuses applications pratiques, à savoir la comparaison automatique d’objets et l’évaluation de la similarité. Lorsque les objets sont modélisés par des graphes, ce problème de comparaison automatique d’objets se ramène à un problème d’appariement de graphes, c’est-à-dire, chercher une mise en correspondance entre les sommets des graphes permettant de retrouver le plus grand nombre de caractéristiques communes. Différentes classes existent allant de la plus restrictive à la plus générale. Dans la plus restrictive isomorphisme de (sous-) graphes, il s’agit de chercher un appariement exact entre les sommets des graphes de manière à prouver que les deux graphes possèdent une structure identique ou que l’un d’eux est inclus dans l’autre, un sommet étant apparié avec au plus un sommet. Dans la plus générale (appariement multivoque), l’objectif n’est plus de trouver un appariement exact mais le meilleur appariement, c’est-à-dire, celui qui préserve un maximum de sommets et d’arcs, un sommet pouvant être apparié à un ensemble de sommets. Nous nous intéressons au problème de la recherche du meilleur appariement multivoque, ce problème étant plus général que les problèmes d’appariement restrictifs. Sa résolution est clairement un défi tant par la difficulté du problème que par l’importance de ses applications. Pour relever ce défi, nous proposons d’étudier les capacités de l’optimisation par colonies de fourmis (ACO). Notre étude est menée dans deux contextes : un contexte statique, où le problème est figé, et un contexte dynamique, où les graphes à comparer, les contraintes à respecter ainsi que les critères définissant la qualité des appariements changent régulièrement de sorte que la solution doit être dynamiquement adaptée. Un premier objectif, de cette thèse, est de proposer l’algorithme ACO générique pour la résolution des problèmes d’appariement de graphes. Plusieurs points clés sont étudiés dans cet algorithme, à savoir : l’influence des paramètres sur la qualité des solutions construites, l’influence de la stratégie phéromonale et du facteur heuristique, et l’hybridation avec une technique de recherche locale. Un deuxième objectif est de proposer un algorithme ACO générique pour résoudre des problèmes d’optimisation dynamiques. L’algorithme proposé est appliqué et expérimenté à quelques problèmes dynamiques, à savoir : l’appariement de graphes, le problème du sac à dos multidimensionnel, et le voyageur de commerce / The thesis addresses the problematic of comparing objects and similarity measuring. If objects are described by graphs, so that measuring objects similarity turns into determining graph similarity, i.e., matching graph vertices to identify their common features and their differences. Different classes of graph matching have been proposed going on the most restrictive ones to the most general. In restrictive graph matching (graph or sub-graph isomorphism), the objective is to show graph equivalence or inclusion, a vertex in a graph may be matched with one vertex at most on the other graph. In general graph matching (multivalent matching), the goal is not yet to find an “exact” matching (a matching which preserves all vertices and edges), but to look for a “best” matching (a matching which preserves a maximum number of vertices and edges), a vertex in one graph may be matched with a set of vertices in the other graph. In our work, we consider the problem of searching the best multivalent matching which is a NP-hard optimization problem. More precisely, we propose to investigate the ability if the ant colony optimization meta-heuristic (ACO). Two cases are considered in our study: the static case where the problem remains invariant through time and the dynamic case where graphs to compare constrained to satisfy and the criterions defining matching quality may change over the time, so that solutions must be dynamically adapted to the changes. A first goal of this thesis is to propose a generic ACO algorithm for solving graph matching problems. Different key points, like the pheromonal strategy to be used, the heuristic factor and the use of a local search procedure, are studied. A second goal of this work is to propose a generic ACO algorithm for solving dynamic optimization problems. The proposed algorithm will be applied and experimentally studied on three different dynamic problems: graph matching problem, multi-dimensional knapsack problem and the travelling salesman problem

When analyzing literatures that expose the effects of colonialism one can identify similarities between the lives of the oppressed. Although colonization occurs in different times and locations the consequences upon the subjugated become comparable throughout history. One prominent pairing of mirrored colonial episodes can be identified in the literature of Irish author James Joyce and St. Lucian poet Derek Walcott. Both authors endured British colonialism and produced literatures which revealed similar themes and narratives. Yet simply because both authors lived through colonization does not equate their experiences as parallel. This thesis argues that Joyce and Walcott created comparable literatures because they experienced subjugation on islands. A comparison of Joyce's Ulysses (1922) and Walcott's Omeros (1990) reveals the similar colonial experiences which were produced by island landscapes. Overall, this thesis will argue that the colonial turmoil which Joyce highlighted in Ulysses becomes mirrored in the postcolonial plot of Omeros. / by Sebastian Terneus. / Thesis (M.A.)--Florida Atlantic University, 2011. / Includes bibliography. / Electronic reproduction. Boca Raton, Fla., 2011. Mode of access: World Wide Web.

The colonies of German New Guinea (GNG) and British New Guinea (BNG; from 1906 the Territory of Papua) experienced different paths of development due to the virtually opposite decisions made regarding commercial activities. The establishment of these colonies in the 19th century, and all of the major events and decisions relating to them up to 1914, were based on solely commercial motivations. This thesis examines the circumstances leading to the founding of GNG and BNG. It analyses the impact of government decisions and the growth of capitalist enterprises in East New Guinea during its first 30 years (1884–1914). This thesis argues that both the German and British governments were reluctant to become involved in colonisation. In the context of the political pressures prevailing in Berlin and London respectively, both governments succumbed but insisted that the cost of administering and developing the colonies was to be borne by others. The establishment costs of GNG were accepted by the Neu Guinea Compagnie (NGC) until 1899. It was a haphazard and experimental undertaking which was expensive financially and in human life. When the German government assumed administrative and financial control in 1899 the development of GNG had generally progressed in line with Chancellor Bismarck’s view that Germany’s colonies should be treated as economic enterprises. This was despite the bureaucratic form of government NGC had established. In contrast, there were claims that BNG was to be established on defence strategic requirements and to protect the indigenous Papuan population from non-British influences. This was fallacious posturing by the Australian colonies in order to attain control over the entire eastern sector of New Guinea and adjacent islands. The objective of the Queensland sugar planters was to procure cheap labour and for Queensland, New South Wales and Victoria to prevent the setting up of competitive agricultural industries. After Britain acquired southeast New Guinea, and the recruitment of Papuan and Melanesian labour into Australia had been outlawed, BNG was left to the gold prospectors, with no sustainable plantation industry taking place until Australia assumed administrative control over the Territory in 1907. Neither colony had any military significance. Both colonies shared a common European morality in administration. By 1914 GNG had become a commercially viable enterprise; BNG, now Papua, had failed to take advantage of the 1902–1912 boom in tropical produce. Given their similar size and geography, the economic performance of the two colonies should also have been similar. That this did not occur is beyond dispute. / Thesis (Ph.D.) -- University of Adelaide, School of History and Politics, 2008

Culitivated Tastes argues for a new evaluation of colonial landscape art and representations of nature from the Netherlands Indies (colonial Indonesia). The thesis focuses on examples from Java, Sumatra, Ambon and Bali during the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, but also discusses early post-colonial literature. It uses paintings and photography, with supporting references to Dutch colonial novels, to argue that images of landscape and nature were linked to the formation of Dutch colonial identities and, more generally, to the politics of colonial expansion. Paintings were not simply colonial kitsch (mooi Indi??, or 'beautiful Indies', images): they were the purest expression of Dutch ideals about the peaceful, prosperous landscapes that were crucial to uncontested colonial rule. Often these ideals were contradicted by historical reality. Indeed, paintings rarely showed Dutch interventions in Indies landscapes, particularly those that were met with resistance and rebellion. Colonial photographs often supported the painterly ideals of peace and prosperity, but in different ways: photographs celebrated European intrusions upon and restructuring of Indonesian landscapes, communicating the notions of progress and rational, benevolent rule. It is in literature that we find broader discussions of nature, which includes climate as well as topography. Here representations of landscape and nature are explicitly linked to the formation of colonial identities. Dutch anxieties about the boundaries of racial and gender identities were embedded within references to Indies landscape and nature. Inner colonial worlds intersected with perceptions of the larger environment in literature: here the ideals and triumphs associated with Dutch colonial expansion were juxtaposed against fears related to remaining European in a tropical Asian landscape.

AN ECCENTRIC PLACE OF VERY HIGH QUALITY: OSSABAW ISLAND, GEORGIA AS A CONTEXT FOR THE INTERPRETATION OF HISTORICAL, CULTURAL, AND ENVIRONMENTAL CHANGE ON THE ATLANTIC COAST by LINDA ORR KING Under the Direction of Glenn T. Eskew, PhD ABSTRACT This sweeping narrative demonstrates how Ossabaw Island’s landowners, some with a dedicated will and others unwittingly, managed to galvanize social, cultural, scientific, and political forces to preserve its natural environment despite a culture motivated by profit. Although geographically isolated, Ossabaw Island’s owners and inhabitants were active participants within the Atlantic World. Ossabaw’s owners and inhabitants adapted environmental strategies and social ideologies in accommodation not only with Ossabaw’s fragile barrier island ecosystems, but also with Southeastern coastal Georgia’s social and political movements. In particular, this work examines how the advantages of wealth and privilege provided the catalyst that ultimately benefited rather than exploited social and economic conditions on the island, leading Ossabaw Island to become the first barrier island Heritage Preserve on the southern Atlantic Coast. In addition to an analysis of unpublished manuscripts, maps, correspondence, and oral histories, this endeavor expands on the current knowledge about barrier island planters, slaves, freedmen, tenant farmers, lumbermen, boatmen, industrialists, and privileged families. It builds on previous works by including the guests, artists, scientists, writers, and environmentalists who visited the island. Furthermore, it investigates their interaction within political, economic, cultural, religious, and ideological spheres. Ossabaw Island’s indigenous societies, landed gentry, and wealthy owners shaped its cultural and economic identity from the 1560s to the modern day. It analyzes additional materials, including colonial and plantation records, official and personal correspondence, travel narratives, newspaper and magazine articles, and oral histories. This study seeks to expand the discourse on the exchange of sea island economies and societies well beyond the Savannah coastal region of the Atlantic World. The Ossabaw community evolved through conflict and compromise, and eventually encompassed not only sons and daughters of privilege and descendants of former slaves, but also artists, writers, scientists, and scholars from around the world. The central theme of this narrative history is the study of the motivating forces, both natural and synthetic, that shaped Ossabaw Island’s current distinctive cultural, environmental, and educational mission, with the major emphasis placed on the events of the 20th and 21st centuries.

Culitivated Tastes argues for a new evaluation of colonial landscape art and representations of nature from the Netherlands Indies (colonial Indonesia). The thesis focuses on examples from Java, Sumatra, Ambon and Bali during the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, but also discusses early post-colonial literature. It uses paintings and photography, with supporting references to Dutch colonial novels, to argue that images of landscape and nature were linked to the formation of Dutch colonial identities and, more generally, to the politics of colonial expansion. Paintings were not simply colonial kitsch (mooi Indi??, or 'beautiful Indies', images): they were the purest expression of Dutch ideals about the peaceful, prosperous landscapes that were crucial to uncontested colonial rule. Often these ideals were contradicted by historical reality. Indeed, paintings rarely showed Dutch interventions in Indies landscapes, particularly those that were met with resistance and rebellion. Colonial photographs often supported the painterly ideals of peace and prosperity, but in different ways: photographs celebrated European intrusions upon and restructuring of Indonesian landscapes, communicating the notions of progress and rational, benevolent rule. It is in literature that we find broader discussions of nature, which includes climate as well as topography. Here representations of landscape and nature are explicitly linked to the formation of colonial identities. Dutch anxieties about the boundaries of racial and gender identities were embedded within references to Indies landscape and nature. Inner colonial worlds intersected with perceptions of the larger environment in literature: here the ideals and triumphs associated with Dutch colonial expansion were juxtaposed against fears related to remaining European in a tropical Asian landscape.

Thesis (Ph.D.)--University of Edinburgh, 2002.