No description available.

No description available.

During the interwar period, France attempted to reinvigorate interest in the empire amongst the public via elaborate colonial expositions. The colonial expositions of Marseille (1922) and Paris (1931) served as a means to celebrate the empire and to educate the French about the benefits of living within Greater France, an entity that included the metropole and the colonies. This thesis examines how press coverage of both expositions worked alongside these events to counteract anxieties regarding France's economic recovery after the war, continuing world presence, demographic losses, and most importantly the relationship between France and its colonies. It explores how the press attempted to mitigate these fears by creating, reinforcing, and reproducing an economically positive, dynamic, vibrant and ultimately sanitized vision of the colonies. This thesis argues that the press actively supported the goals of the expositions and championed the success of the civilizing mission, and demonstrates the media's role in perpetuating visions of French universalism. Their vision reveals contradictions found within French universalism that helps form a basis for analysis. This study scrutinizes the dominant discourses regarding the colonies during the interwar period and how the press used contemporary concepts of race and gender in their coverage of the expositions. This thesis argues that the press used the figure of the colonial soldier/worker and the erotic and patriarchal relationship between France and its colonies to reinforce colonial hierarchies regarding race and gender. The press attempted to shape the public's view of the empire through reconstructions of the imperial project and its people that idealized France's mission. Only the communist press sought to highlight the ferocity of French colonization.

Faced with an economic crisis following the French and Indian War, the British Parliament, along with a young and inexperienced King George III changed its longstanding policy towards the North American colonies. Prior to 1763, Parliament allowed the colonies to generally govern themselves. After 1763, Parliament began to pass legislation aimed at increasing revenue received from the colonies. As the colonies protested these new taxes on constitutional grounds Parliament began a process of implementing and repealing different attempts at controlling the economic system in the colonies. Due to differing interpretations of the British Constitution regarding Parliament's authority over the colonies, resistance to the change in policy by Parliament escalated in the 1760s and 1770s. It is this difference in interpretation that eventually led the colonists to open rebellion in 1775.

Bumblebees are experiencing declines and range contractions globally that are, in some cases, independent of anthropogenic pesticide- or land-use change, leaving rising global temperatures as the primary driver of such loses. With ambient temperature (Ta) and thermal limitations being a crucial component in these observed declines, I sought to determine the physiological limitations that high Ta imposes on both individuals and colonies of a temperate bumblebee species, Bombus impatiens. Through Chapter 2, I first established the upper thermal tolerance (CTmax) of the species, testing both adults and larvae to determine which of these colony castes are most thermally sensitive to heat. Collective thermoregulation at the colony-level is then important to ensure that the most heat sensitive individuals are protected from changes in optimal nest temperature (Tn). I thus identified the energetic costs associated with colonial thermoregulation and whether large colonies could successfully achieve thermal homeostasis under various Ta. Chronic bouts of heat stress are also of concern as colonies invest time and energy into thermoregulation, especially given that heatwave events are becoming more frequent. In Chapter 3, I examined whether there exists a trade-off between thermoregulation and foraging effort for colonies under chronic heat stress and how various measures of colony success are impacted. Finally, foraging requires individuals to employ flight for the procurement of resources. In Chapter 4, I investigated if the temperate adaptation of an insulative pile layer would hinder flight performance under high Ta by assessing the metabolic rates of adult castes during flight. I found that larvae were more thermally sensitive compared to bumblebee adults, which emphasizes the importance of colonial thermoregulation – a task successful at low Ta. Under heat stress, however, Tn could not be maintained despite elevated energetic investments (Chapter 2). These findings suggest that Ta which exceeds optimal Tn may pose significant challenges to colonies; not only energetically but also to the health of thermally sensitive larvae within. A trade-off between thermoregulation and foraging effort did not emerge for colonies experiencing chronic exposure to high Ta. Instead, only high incidences of thermoregulation were observed which failed to prevent increases in Tn. Furthermore, a greater number of individuals were found to abandon the colony at high Ta, and fewer offspring were produced (Chapter 3). Here, findings suggest that chronic high Ta may pose the greatest risk to the production of thermally sensitive offspring by way of reduced worker population and failed thermoregulation. Finally, the metabolic output during flight at high Ta was not found to be affected by an insulative layer of pile (Chapter 4), indicating that either pile may play a role in limiting other measures of flight performance at high Ta, or that alternate physiological mechanisms may be responsible instead. Together the findings from this thesis broaden the understanding of how a temperate species of bumblebee responds physiologically to high Ta both at the individual and colonial level, providing further evidence on thermal limitations in a changing climate.

No description available.

No description available.

The response of macroinvertebrate and protozoan colonization dynamics to industrial pollution was determined in a thermal organic effluent and in a metals effluent. The relationship of the time course data to the MacArthur-Wilson model is considered, along with Pinkham and Pearson's community similarity index and traditional community structural parameters. The response of both communities is similar with respect to equilibrium number of taxa at both sites; however, the fitted rate constant, G, was accelerated in the organic effluent for the protozoans. The macroinvertebrate G in the same effluent showed a dose response. There were no differences in rate between stations in the metals effluent for either the protozoans or the macroinvertebrates, although the equilibrium number of taxa was decreased downstream. Community similarity indices shows similar macroinvertebrate and protozoan communities at all three stations in the organic system at equilibrium, although some differences occur in the early stages of colonization. The communities in the metals effluent are most often significantly different at the downstream station, which was the most impacted. Community diversity indices indicate the same results for the equilibrium community as do the other methods of evaluation. While community colonization studies have been suggested as a method of water quality assessment, colonization dynamics and particularly the fitted rate constant, G, may be misleading unless considered in conjunction with equilibrium information. / Master of Science

This study has consisted primarily of the addition of varying amounts of chloral hydrate to nutrient agar plates and the determination of the definite effects thereof upon the colony plate counts of various samples of milk.

La production de paquets d’abeilles (abeilles adultes et une jeune reine) et de nucléi (petite colonie avec du couvain, des abeilles adultes et une jeune reine) assure la création de nouvelles colonies et le remplacement des colonies faibles ou mortes. Bien que ce travail soit réalisé par les apiculteurs à l’aide de diverses méthodes à travers le monde entier, les études scientifiques sur ce sujet sont rares. Au Canada, il y a besoin croissant de colonies pour remplacer et agrandir les cheptels afin de satisfaire la demande en service de pollinisation et combler les importantes pertes hivernales de colonies. L’objectif principal de notre étude était de développer une méthodologie pour produire de nouvelles colonies à la fois plus structurée et plus adaptée pour répondre au défi actuel de l’industrie apicole canadienne. Une technique de paquet d’abeilles et deux techniques de nucléi sur cadres ont été testées au Centre de Recherche en Sciences Animales de Deschambault en 2014: A) 1kg d’abeilles adultes + une jeune reine fécondée; B) un cadre de couvain + les abeilles adultes adhérentes à ce cadre + une jeune reine fécondée; et C) deux cadres de couvain + les abeilles adultes adhérentes à ces cadres + une jeune reine fécondée. Au total, 38 nouvelles colonies ont été produites. Ces colonies ont été évaluées de juillet 2014 à juin 2015, selon un ensemble de paramètres pour estimer leur force et l’infestation en varroa et nosémose. Les résultats démontrent que le développement des colonies était similaire peu importe la technique employée. Cependant, c’est la technique à un cadre de couvain (B) qui présente le meilleur potentiel de multiplication. Ce projet a également permit de confirmer que le prélèvement d’abeilles ou de couvain assure un meilleur contrôle du parasite varroa et réduit l’essaimage chez les colonies mères. / Producing package bees (adult bees and a young queen) and nuclei (small colonies, each with brood, adult bees and a young queen) is one strategy for establishing new colonies and replacing those that are weak or dead. Although beekeepers around the world commonly engage in this work using various methods, scientific literature on the subject is scarce. In Canada, there is a growing need to replace and increase colony numbers to satisfy the demand for pollination services and compensate for high winter colony mortality. The main objective of our study was to develop a methodology for producing new colonies that is both more structured and better adapted to the challenges facing today’s Canadian beekeeping industry. One package bee and two nuclei-making techniques were compared at the Deschambault Research Center for Animal Sciences in 2014: A) 1 kg of adult bees + young mated queen, B) one brood frame + adult bees covering frames + young mated queen, C) two brood frames + adult bees to covering frames + young mated queen. In total, 38 new colonies were produced. These colonies were monitored from July 2014 to June 2015, measuring a set of parameters designed to evaluate their strength as well as levels of varroa mite infestation and nosema disease infection. Results showed no significant statistical differences in the development of these colonies. However, the findings confirm that technique B) represents the best multiplication potential and that retrieving bees or brood in hives for making nuclei controls both varroa mite infestations and swarming.