A presente pesquisa assume os pressupostos de uma investigação qualitativa de linha dialética que consiste em avaliar como a literatura contribui para formação de conceitos abstratos de Física Moderna e Contemporânea, em especial, conceitos de Mecânica Quântica, para alunos do 3º ano do Ensino Médio. A maneira como os alunos agem em seu meio social é investigada com o apoio da pseudoconcreticidade de Karel Kosík, que nos permite investigar a forma como agem entre si e como aceitam as propostas de ensino oferecidas em sala de aula. A Literatura, a analogia, a leitura e outros recursos linguísticos são tratados a partir da revisão de pesquisas realizadas nesse início de século. A formação de conceitos da Física Moderna e da Mecânica Quântica é investigada com o apoio do referencial interacionista de Vygotsky, que nos possibilitou avaliar como a literatura, por meio da palavra, transforma-se em outra estrutura semiótica, que leva à abstração e generalização de conceitos físicos. As respostas dadas pelos alunos em questionário aberto permitiu-nos confirmar o papel da literatura como ferramenta de ensino de física, que leva à abstração e formação de conceitos abstratos da física moderna. / This research, is a qualitative investigation in a dialectical line which aims to know how literature contributes to the formation of abstract concepts of Modern and Contemporary Physics, especially concepts of Quantum Mechanics for 3rd grade High School students. The way students act in their social environment is investigated through the support of pseudoconcreticity by Karel Kosík, which allows us to investigate how they act with each other and how they accept the teaching proposals offered in the classroom. Literature, analogy, reading and other language resources have been evaluated in current researches. The formation of physical concepts on Modern Physics and Quantum Mechanics are investigated, support by the interactionism of Vygotsky, which enabled us to investigate how the literature, by means of the word, becomes another semiotic structure, which leads to abstraction and generalization of physical concepts. The answers given by the students, in an open questionnaire, confirm the literature as a tool for physics education, especially abstract concepts of modern physics.

Submitted by JOSIANE SANTOS DE OLIVEIRA (josianeso) on 2017-08-09T12:49:12Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Juliana Gonçalves Mota_.pdf: 8933862 bytes, checksum: 6c3e558c6a1e4c0a2683d279cb94d9d4 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-08-09T12:49:12Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Juliana Gonçalves Mota_.pdf: 8933862 bytes, checksum: 6c3e558c6a1e4c0a2683d279cb94d9d4 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-03-28 / Nenhuma / Esta pesquisa analisou o processo de criação de concepts de projeto para estimular os hábitos nutricionais saudáveis na infância, na perspectiva do design para mudança de comportamento. O princípio deste campo do design é transformar a compreensão do comportamento humano em estratégias para a criação de soluções que impactem positivamente a vida dos indivíduos e a sociedade. A fim de atender aos seus objetivos, o estudo adotou a pesquisa-ação como abordagem metodológica, por meio da qual foi realizado um workshop de codesign. Através desta dinâmica foi possível estabelecer a interação colaborativa entre designers e usuárias (mães), no papel de principais educadoras nutricionais dos filhos, e a criação concepts para incentivar o comportamento alimentar saudável nas crianças. O Modelo de Design para o Comportamento Saudável (MDCS – LUDDEN; HEKKERT, 2014), criado para potencializar projetos focados no bem-estar do usuário, foi utilizado como suporte para a análise do processo projetual. No âmbito teórico, os resultados alcançados na pesquisa possibilitaram um avanço nos estudos sobre design para mudança de comportamento, assim como sobre o MDCS. A pesquisa permitiu ainda a aproximação entre princípios do codesign e do design para a mudança de comportamento, diante da lacuna identificada entre essas abordagens. Na perspectiva aplicada, este trabalho promoveu a associação entre conceitos da psicologia comportamental e do design aplicados ao contexto da nutrição infantil. A partir desta conexão foi possível gerar conhecimentos técnicos para o aperfeiçoamento dos processos projetuais focados na alimentação saudável na infância e para a prospecção de novas possibilidades de projeto para prevenção da obesidade. / This research analyzed the creation process of project concepts to stimulate the healthy nutritional habits in childhood, in the perspective of the design for behavior change. The principle of this field of design is to turn the understanding of human behavior into strategies for the project of solutions that impact positively the lives of individuals and the society itself. In order to reach its goals, the study adopted the action research methodology as procedural approach, through which a codesign workshop was held. This dynamic allowed the collaborative interactive between designers and users (mothers), as the main nutritional educators of their children, and the creation of concepts to encourage the healthy eating behavior in kids. The Design for Healthy Behavior Framework (DHBF), created to enhance projects focused on the well-being of the user, was used to support the analysis of the design process. In the theoretical scope, the results achieved in the research made possible an advance in the studies of design for behavior change, as well as on DHBF. The research also allowed the approach between the principles of codesign and design for behavior change, given the gap identified between these two approaches. In the applied perspective, this research promoted the association between behavior psychology and design concepts applied to the context of child nutrition. From this connection, it was possible to generate theoretical knowledge for the improvement of design processes focused in childhood healthy eating and to the prospecting of new possibilities of obesity prevention projects.

Conceitos prévios, ou alternativos, são ideias introjetadas no universo cognitivo dos estudantes que diferem daqueles credenciados pela ciência estabelecida. São bastante estudadas as consequências da presença deste tipo de conceitos para o aprendizado. Entre outras dificuldades provocadas pelos conceitos alternativos está a impossibilidade de utilizá-los para embasar novos conhecimentos. Nestas condições, incapazes de decodificar apropriadamente as novas informações apresentadas pelas disciplinas, os alunos são inconscientemente encaminhados para a memorização. A origem dos conceitos prévios é variada. Uma das causas já detectadas é a precariedade da transposição didática, feita pelos autores dos livros textos ou por docentes. Uma das moléculas fundamentais para os estudos bioquímicos é a adenosina trifosfato (ATP), que desempenha múltiplas funções. Uma das principais é participar de processos que requerem energia. A compreensão do papel desta molécula é fundamental para o entendimento dos processos dos quais ela participa. Um dos objetivos do presente trabalho foi investigar equívocos sobre o papel termodinâmico do ATP nos processos celulares. Os testes foram realizados com alunos do ensino médio (EM), graduação (G) e pós-graduação (PG). A existência de concepções alternativas foi verificada, assim como sua estabilidade nos diferentes níveis de escolaridade: um resultado mostra que 68% EM, 92% G e 91% PG afirmaram que a energia da hidrólise de ATP é responsável por conduzir os processos celulares. Os resultados gerais mostram que os estudantes carregam equívocos em conceitos termodinâmicos básicos, tais como transferência de energia e espontaneidade de reações químicas. Duas possíveis fontes de conceitos alternativos da termodinâmica do ATP são o professor e o livro didático. Nesse trabalho foi verificado que os livros de ensino médio e graduação podem contribuir para a instalação de conceitos alternativos referentes ao ATP. Nos livros analisados, principalmente os de ensino médio, foram encontrados passagens, analogias e esquemas que podem contribuir para isso. E por fim, uma interferência didática foi feita com o intuito de corrigir o entendimento dos alunos no que diz respeito ao papel do ATP nas reações químicas. Alunos monitorados por meio de pré e pós-testes apresentaram resultados animadores em relação à atenuação de conceitos relacionados à termodinâmica do ATP. Dos alunos que participaram da intervenção, mais de 80% responderam e justificaram corretamente os testes feitos pós-intervenção / Misconceptions, or alternative concepts, are introjected ideas in the students` cognitive universe that differ from those established by science. The consequences of alternative concepts for the learning process are widely studied. Among other difficulties caused by alternative concepts is the impossibility to use them to support new knowledge. Under these conditions, unable to properly decode the new information submitted by the disciplines, students are unconsciously driven to memorization. The origin of the alternative concepts is varied and an already detected reason is the precariousness of didactic transposition by textbooks writers and teachers. One of the fundamental biochemical molecules is ATP which play multiple roles. A key role is its participation in energy requiring processes. Understand this molecule role is fundamental to understand the processes which it takes part. The present work aims at the investigation of misconceptions on the ATP\'s thermodynamic role on cellular processes. Tests were carried out with high school students (HS), undergraduate (U) and graduate students involved in PhD programs (G). Misconceptions were observed as well as its stability along different levels of education: 68% (HS), 92% (U) and 91% (G) students stated that the energy from ATP hydrolysis is responsible for driving cellular energy-demanding processes. The overall results show that students carry misconceptions on basic thermodynamic concepts such as energy transfer and chemical reactions spontaneity. Misconceptions on ATP thermodynamics have the teacher and the textbook as possible sources. In this study it was found that books from all levels may contribute to insert or preserve misconceptions on ATP. From the analyzed books, especially for the high school, there were quotes, analogies and diagrams that can contribute to it. Finally, in order to correct the students\' understanding regarding the role of ATP in chemical reactions a didactic intervention was made. Students were tested through pre- and post-tests dealing with the subject in study. Of the students who participated in the intervention, over 80% correctly answered and explained the post-intervention test

A recurring question in science and engineering education is why the students do not link knowledge from theoretical classes to the real world met in laboratory courses. Mathematical models and visualisations are widely used in engineering and engineering education. Very often it is assumed that the students are familiar with the mathematical concepts used. These may be concepts taught in high school or at university level. One problem, though, is that many students have never or seldom applied their mathematical skills in other subjects, and it may be difficult for them to use their skills in a new context. Some concepts also seem to be "too difficult" to understand. One of these mathematical tools is to use Laplace Transforms to solve differential equations, and to use the derived functions to visualise transient responses in electric circuits, or control engineering. In many engineering programs at college level the application of the Laplace Transform is considered too difficult for the students to understand, but is it really, or does it depend on the teaching methods used? When applying mathematical concepts during lab work, and not teaching the mathematics and practical work in different sessions, and also using examples varied in a very systematic way, our research shows that the students approach the problem in a very different way. It shows that by developing tasks consequently according to the Theory of Variation, it is not impossible to apply the Laplace Transform already in the first year of an engineering program. The original aim of this thesis was to show: how students work with lab-tasks, especially concerning the goal to link theory to the real world how it is possible to change the ways students approach the task and thus their learning, by systematic changes in the lab-instructions During the spring 2002 students were video-recorded while working with labs in Electric Circuits. Their activity was analysed. Special focus was on what questions the students raised, and in what ways these questions were answered, and in what ways the answers were used in the further activities. This work informed the model ”learning of a complex concept”, which was used as well to analyse what students do during lab-work, and what teachers intend their students to learn. The model made it possible to see what changes in the lab-instructions that would facilitate students learning of the whole, to link theoretical models to the real world, through the labactivities. The aim of the thesis has thus become to develop a model: The learning of a complex concept show how this model can be used as well for analysis of the intended object of learning as students activities during lab-work, and thus the lived object of learning use the model in analysis of what changes in instruction that are critical for student learning. The model was used to change the instructions. The teacher interventions were included into the instructions in a systematic way, according to as well what questions that were raised by the students, as what questions that were not noticed, but expected by the teachers, as a means to form relations between theoretical aspects and measurement results. Also, problem solving sessions have been integrated into the lab sessions. Video recordings were also conducted during the spring 2003, when the new instructions were used. The students' activities were again analysed. A special focus of the thesis concerns the differences between the results from 2002 and 2003. The results are presented in four sections: Analysis of the students' questions and the teachers' answers during the lab-course 2002 Analysis of the links students need to make, the critical links for learning Analysis of the task structure before and after changes Analysis of the students' activities during the new course The thesis ends with a discussion of the conclusions which may be drawn about the possibilities to model and develop teaching sequences through research, especially concerning the aim to link theoretical models to the real world. / En stående fråga som lärare i naturvetenskapliga och tekniska utbildningar ställer är varför elever och studenter inte kopplar samman kunskaper från teoretiska kursmoment med den verklighet som möts vid laborationerna. Ett vanligt syfte med laborationer är att åstadkomma länkar mellan teori och verklighet, men dessa uteblir ofta. Många gånger används avancerade matematiska modeller och grafiska representationer, vilka studenterna lärt sig i tidigare kurser, men de har sällan eller aldrig tillämpat dessa kunskaper i andra ämnen. En av dessa matematiska hjälpmedel är Laplacetransformen, som främst används för att lösa differentialekvationer, och åskådliggöra transienta förlopp i ellära eller reglerteknik. På många universitet anses Laplacetransformen numera för svår för studenterna på kortare ingenjörsutbildningar, och kurser eller kursmoment som kräver denna har strukits ut utbildningsplanerna. Men, är det för svårt, eller beror det bara på hur man presenterar Laplacetransformen? Genom att låta studenterna arbeta parallellt med matematiken och de laborativa momenten, under kombinerade lab-lektionspass, och inte vid separata lektioner och laborationer, samt genom att variera övningsexemplen på ett mycket systematiskt sätt, enligt variationsteorin, visar vår forskning att studenterna arbetar med uppgifterna på ett helt annat sätt än tidigare. Det visar sig inte längre vara omöjligt att tillämpa Laplacetransformen redan under första året på civilingenjörsutbildning inom elektroteknik. Ursprungliga syftet med avhandlingen var att visa hur studenter arbetar med laborationsuppgifter, speciellt i relation till målet att länka samman teori och verklighet hur man kan förändra studenternas aktivitet, och därmed studenternas lärande, genom att förändra laborationsinstruktionen på ett systematiskt sätt. Under våren 2002 videofilmades studenter som utförde laborationer i en kurs i elkretsteori. Deras aktivitet analyserades. Speciellt studerades vilka frågor studenterna ställde till lärarna, på vilket sätt dessa frågor besvarades, och på vilket sätt svaren användes i den fortsatta aktiviteten. Detta ledde fram till en modell för lärande av sammansatta begrepp, som kunde användas både för att analysera vad studenterna gör och vad lärarna förväntar sig att studenterna ska lära sig. Med hjälp av modellen blev det då möjligt att se vad som behövde ändra i instruktionerna för att studenterna lättare skulle kunna utföra de aktiviteter som krävs för att länka teori och verklighet. Syftet med avhandlingen är därmed att ta fram en modell för lärande av ett sammansatt begrepp visa hur denna modell kan användas för såväl analys av önskat lärandeobjekt, som av studenternas aktivitet under laborationer, och därmed det upplevda lärandeobjektet använda modellen för att analysera vilka förändringar som är kritiska för  studenters lärande. Modellen användes för att förändra laborationsinstruktionerna. Lärarinterventionerna inkluderades i instruktionerna på ett systematiskt sätt utifrån dels vilka frågor som ställdes av studenterna, dels vilka frågor studenterna inte noterade, men som lärarna velat att studenterna skulle använda för att skapa relationer framför allt mellan teoretiska aspekter och mätresultat. Dessutom integrerades räkneövningar och laborationer. Videoinspelningar utfördes även våren 2003, då de nya instruktionerna användes. Även dessa analyserades med avseende på studenternas aktiviteter. Skillnader mellan resultaten från 2002 och 2003 står i fokus. Avhandlingens resultatdel består av: Analys av studenternas frågor och lärarnas svar under labkursen 2002 Analys av de länkar studenterna behöver skapa för att lära Analys av laborationsinstruktionerna före och efter förändringarna Analys av den laborationsaktivitet som blev resultatet av de nya instruktionerna, och vilket lärande som då blev möjligt Avhandlingen avlutas med en diskussion om de slutsatser som kan dras angående möjligheter att via forskning utveckla modeller av undervisningssekvenser för lärande där målet är att länka samman teori och verklighet

L'objectif de cette thèse est d'introduire la grammaire générative dans l'étude philosophique de la signification linguistique des langues naturelles, tout en l'articulant à une théorie contextualiste du sens. Nous montrerons d'abord en quoi les procédures syntaxiques sont autonomes de toute contrainte sémantique externe (thèse d'autonomie de la syntaxe), tout en contraignant la construction du sens linguistique (thèse du syntactocentrisme). Nous montrerons également qu'un filtrage contextuel des expressions grammaticales mais pas utilisables s'opère à un niveau post-syntaxique sur le résultat des dérivations syntaxiques. Dans un deuxième temps, nous montrerons que la syntaxe détermine la structure de la signification. Nous commencerons par critiquer les conceptions lexicalistes, selon lesquelles la structure de la signification dérive d'informations contenues dans les items lexicaux. Puis nous montrerons que les formes sémantiques des expressions sont des structures événementielles dont chaque élément correspond strictement à un élément de la structure syntaxique. Dans un troisième temps, nous montrerons que tandis que la structure interprétative est rigidement déterminée par la structure syntaxique, le contenu des termes mobilisés dans les expressions est quant à lui le résultat d'une interaction entre contenu conceptuel, structure syntaxique et filtrage contextuel. Cela s'accompagnera d'une conception des concepts comme entrées encyclopédiques comportant une multiplicité d'informations sur lesquelles s'opère une sélection locale de l'information pertinente en fonction du contexte. / The goal of this dissertation is to introduce generative grammar into the philosophical study of linguistic meaning in natural languages, while articulating it with a contextualist theory of meaning. First, we will show that syntactic procedures are autonomous from any external semantic constraints (autonomy of syntax thesis) while constraining the construction of linguistic meaning (syntactocentrism thesis). We will also show that the results of syntactic derivations that are grammatical but not usable are contextually filtered out at a post-syntactic stage. In a second part, we will show that syntax determines the structure of meaning. We will start by criticizing the lexicalist conceptions accordinf to which the structure of meaning derives from data included in lexical items. Then we will show that the semantic forms of expressions are event structures of which each element strictly corresponds to an element in syntactic structure. In a third part, we will show that while interpretive structure is rigidly determined by syntactic structure, the content of terms used in expressions is the result of an interaction involving conceptual content, syntactic structure and contextual filtering. This entails a conception of concepts as encyclopedic entries made up of a multiplicity of data on which a local selection of contextually relevant information operates.

This essay proposes a conception of the general jurisprudence as a conceptual analysis aiming at inquiring the fundamental theoretical concepts of a given legal system. The author clarifies her proposal by analysing its key-terms, and, in particular, by explaining what should be the object of the general jurisprudence, in which sense it should be said “general”, what should be its methods, its epistemic status and its relations with related disciplines. / En este ensayo, la autora propone una concepción de la teoría general del derecho como análisis de los conceptos teóricos fundamentales de un ordenamiento jurídico. Tal concepción, que no se pretende exclusiva, si no que bien puede convivir con enfoques diferentes y diferentes modos de entender la disciplina, está articulada por medio de un análisis del significado atribuido a sus términos-clave, mediante el cual se intenta mostrar cómo ésta conciba al objeto de la teoría general del derecho, su carácter de generalidad, su estatus epistemológico y sus relaciones con las disciplinas afines.

The diploma thesis is focused on mathematical knowledge of pupils at the beginning of primary school. The theoretical part deals with characteristics of a preschool child and of a child at the beginning of a primary school, and especially with the specifics in their cognitive functions. Further the theses includes a chapter with an overview of several surveys about mathematical skills of Czech pupils. Finally, there is a chapter about building mathematical ideas at school and in a family. The practical part of the theses presents the results of the quantitative research in the field of mathematical ideas of a primary school child.

abstract: There is a demanding need to empower students from kindergarten through high school to learn computer science and be equipped with the computational thinking skills that they need in today's technology driven world. However, introducing computer programming to students can be challenging, especially for those who aren't familiar with the nuances of code. Several popular tools are used in curriculum for K-12 students which utilize interactive and visualization approaches to engage young kids in learning computational concepts. Possibilities of using Augmented Reality (AR) in teaching programming to novices are explored in this work. In this thesis Ogmented, an AR application is designed which includes interactive learning material that covers a range of fundamental Object-Oriented Programming (OOP) concepts. This work aims to exploit the idea to learn abstract concepts via AR by capitalizing the strength of visual-aided and interactive elements. A user study with a group of elementary school students is conducted. It explored how students operated the AR application with the interactive elements and how they wrote codes to solve programming problems. It was observed that students who followed instructions while taking tutorials were successfully able to write fragments of codes in exercise modules. Irrespective of their knowledge about programming, majority of students were able to write executable code snippets for concepts they were taught with use of Ogmented. This shares an initial insight on using AR in classroom to teach abstract programming concepts. / Dissertation/Thesis / Masters Thesis Computer Science 2017

This article focuses on the results of a research about teaching General Physics concepts to college students, and stresses the relevance of evaluating this kind of knowledge. Between 2009 and 2011, 4,535 students from the Pontifical Catholic University of Perú went through an evaluation process using the Force Concept Inventory test. The data results showed no significant improvement in the students’ learning process after having learned the concepts of force and motion, matters included in Physics 1 and Physics 2. The hardest concept to learn was Newton’s second law. Furthermore, a relevant amount of the students evaluated found no relation between learning these concepts and passing the courses. / Este artículo sintetiza el análisis de los resultados de un estudio acerca de la enseñanza de conceptos de Física en alumnos universitarios y la utilidad de evaluar este tipo de conocimientos. Entre los años 2009 y 2011, 4535 alumnos de la Universidad Católica han sido evaluados con la prueba Force Concept Inventory (FCI) a. Los resultados indican que los conocimientos de fuerza y movimiento se implantan entre los cursos de Física 1 y Física 2, y no se encuentra una mejora significativa después. El concepto con mayor dificultad de aprendizaje es la segunda ley de Newton. Además, existe un importante número de alumnos para los cuales no hay relación entre la ganancia de conceptos y la aprobación del curso.

Le traitement automatique de documents consiste en la transformation dans un format compréhensible par un système informatique de données présentes au sein de documents et compréhensibles par l'Homme. L'analyse de document et la compréhension de documents sont les deux phases du processus de traitement automatique de documents. Étant donnée une image de document constituée de mots, de lignes et d'objets graphiques tels que des logos, l'analyse de documents consiste à extraire et isoler les mots, les lignes et les objets, puis à les regrouper au sein de blocs. Les différents blocs ainsi formés constituent la structure géométrique du document. La compréhension de documents fait correspondre à cette structure géométrique une structure logique en considérant des liaisons logiques (à gauche, à droite, au-dessus, en-dessous) entre les objets du document. Un système de traitement de documents doit être capable de : (i) localiser une information textuelle, (ii) identifier si cette information est pertinente par rapport aux autres informations contenues dans le document, (iii) extraire cette information dans un format compréhensible par un programme informatique. Pour la réalisation d'un tel système, les difficultés à surmonter sont liées à la variabilité des caractéristiques de documents, telles que le type (facture, formulaire, devis, rapport, etc.), la mise en page (police, style, agencement), la langue, la typographie et la qualité de numérisation du document. Dans ce mémoire, nous considérons en particulier des documents numérisés, également connus sous le nom d'images de documents. Plus précisément, nous nous intéressons à la localisation d'informations textuelles au sein d'images de factures, afin de les extraire à l'aide d'un moteur de reconnaissance de caractères. Les factures sont des documents très utilisés mais non standards. En effet, elles contiennent des informations obligatoires (le numéro de facture, le numéro siret de l'émetteur, les montants, etc.) qui, selon l'émetteur, peuvent être localisées à des endroits différents. Les contributions présentées dans ce mémoire s'inscrivent dans le cadre de la localisation et de l'extraction d'informations textuelles fondées sur des régions identifiées au sein d'une image de document.Tout d'abord, nous présentons une approche de décomposition d'une image de documents en sous-régions fondée sur la décomposition quadtree. Le principe de cette approche est de décomposer une image de documents en quatre sous-régions, de manière récursive, jusqu'à ce qu'une information textuelle d'intérêt soit extraite à l'aide d'un moteur de reconnaissance de caractères. La méthode fondée sur cette approche, que nous proposons, permet de déterminer efficacement les régions contenant une information d'intérêt à extraire.Dans une autre approche, incrémentale et plus flexible, nous proposons un système d'extraction d'informations textuelles qui consiste en un ensemble de régions prototypes et de chemins pour parcourir ces régions prototypes. Le cycle de vie de ce système comprend cinq étapes:- Construction d'un jeu de données synthétiques à partir d'images de factures réelles contenant les informations d'intérêts.- Partitionnement des données produites.- Détermination des régions prototypes à partir de la partition obtenue.- Détermination des chemins pour parcourir les régions prototypes, à partir du treillis de concepts d'un contexte formel convenablement construit.- Mise à jour du système de manière incrémentale suite à l'insertion de nouvelles données / Document processing is the transformation of a human understandable data in a computer system understandable format. Document analysis and understanding are the two phases of document processing. Considering a document containing lines, words and graphical objects such as logos, the analysis of such a document consists in extracting and isolating the words, lines and objects and then grouping them into blocks. The subsystem of document understanding builds relationships (to the right, left, above, below) between the blocks. A document processing system must be able to: locate textual information, identify if that information is relevant comparatively to other information contained in the document, extract that information in a computer system understandable format. For the realization of such a system, major difficulties arise from the variability of the documents characteristics, such as: the type (invoice, form, quotation, report, etc.), the layout (font, style, disposition), the language, the typography and the quality of scanning.This work is concerned with scanned documents, also known as document images. We are particularly interested in locating textual information in invoice images. Invoices are largely used and well regulated documents, but not unified. They contain mandatory information (invoice number, unique identifier of the issuing company, VAT amount, net amount, etc.) which, depending on the issuer, can take various locations in the document. The present work is in the framework of region-based textual information localization and extraction.First, we present a region-based method guided by quadtree decomposition. The principle of the method is to decompose the images of documents in four equals regions and each regions in four new regions and so on. Then, with a free optical character recognition (OCR) engine, we try to extract precise textual information in each region. A region containing a number of expected textual information is not decomposed further. Our method allows to determine accurately in document images, the regions containing text information that one wants to locate and retrieve quickly and efficiently.In another approach, we propose a textual information extraction model consisting in a set of prototype regions along with pathways for browsing through these prototype regions. The life cycle of the model comprises five steps:- Produce synthetic invoice data from real-world invoice images containing the textual information of interest, along with their spatial positions.- Partition the produced data.- Derive the prototype regions from the obtained partition clusters.- Derive pathways for browsing through the prototype regions, from the concept lattice of a suitably defined formal context.- Update incrementally the set of protype regions and the set of pathways, when one has to add additional data.