Les enjeux de consommation d'énergie et de sécurité ont fait du frottement entre les pneumatiques et la chaussée une propriété importante lors de la conception de nouveaux pneumatiques. Pour mesurer ces efforts de frottement deux cinématiques sont couramment utilisées : la mise en glissement et le roulement/glissement. Les lois de frottement issues des expériences de mise en glissement sont assez bien interprétées. En revanche, le lien qui existe entre ces lois de frottement et le comportement en roulement/glissement est encore mal compris. En particulier, les modèles de roulement/glissement n'incorporent pas la transition entre frottement statique et frottement dynamique, bien que cette phénoménologie soit bien établie expérimentalement. Dans cette thèse, nous proposons différents modèles de frottement en roulement/glissement qui étendent ceux de la littérature en intégrant explicitement la transition de frottement statique/dynamique. Pour tester ces modéles dans le cas du contact pneu/chaussée, nous avons réalisé des expériences selon les deux cinématiques, sur un contact simplifié élastomère/chaussée. A partir des expériences de mise en glissement, les paramètres de la loi de frottement sont identifiés, en fonction de la force normale appliquée, de la vitesse de glissement et de la nature de la chaussée. Ces résultats sont implémentés dans nos modèles, pour produire des prédictions en roulement/glissement, qui sont finalement comparées avec les mesures obtenues en roulement/glissement. De plus, certaines hypothèses des modèles ont été testées par des expériences de visualisation in situ du contact. En particulier nous confirmons, sur une interface élastomère/verre, la présence simultanée d'une zone collée et d'une zone en glissement en conditions de roulement/glissement. / For safety and energy consumption issues, tyre friction has become an important property when designing tyres. There are two main kinematic conditions which are commonly used to measure friction forces : the onset of sliding and the rolling/sliding. The friction laws which are extracted from the onset of sliding experiments are rather well interpreted. In contrast, the link between those frictions laws and the rolling/sliding behaviour remains incompletely understood. In particular, the rolling/sliding models do not take into account the transition between static friction and dynamic friction, although it is a well-established phenomenology. In this manuscript, we propose diérent models of friction in rolling/sliding, which extend those of the literature by explicitly integrating a static/dynamic friction transition. To test these models in the case of a tyre/road contact, we performed experiment in the two kinematic conditions, on a simpliéd elastomer/road contact. From the onset of sliding experiments, we identify the parameters of the friction law as functions of the applied normal force, the sliding speed and the type of road. These results are used as inputs in our models to predict the rolling/sliding behaviour, and are eventually compared with the corresponding experiments. In addition, we have tested several assumptions made in the models by performing in situ contact imaging experiments. In particular we con_rm, on an elastomer/glass interface, the simultaneous presence of a sticking and a slipping zone in rolling/sliding conditions.

京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(医学) / 甲第18509号 / 医博第3929号 / 新制||医||1005(附属図書館) / 31395 / 京都大学大学院医学研究科医学専攻 / (主査)教授 三森 経世, 教授 鈴木 茂彦, 教授 長田 重一 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Medical Science / Kyoto University / DFAM

No description available.

This dissertation consists of three chapters in development economics which investigate questions related to intergroup contact and the consequences of civil conflicts. In the first chapter, I study how refugee networks influence social integration in the host community in the context of Turkey, a country that has been profoundly impacted by the arrival of more than 3.5 million Syrian refugees since 2011. Using a rich dataset on the mobile phone communications of Syrian refugees, I construct village-level measures of refugee presence and social integration. In villages with a larger refugee population, refugees made significantly more phone calls to locals and other refugees, and a higher proportion of their calls were placed to locals. I argue that refugee networks made it easier for their members to interact with locals by sharing information on local norms and creating new opportunities to meet locals. The second chapter examines how the cost of inter-ethnic contact influences inter-ethnic relations. The study uses the staggered improvements of the Indonesian road network during the 1990s and shows that it lowered the cost of intergroup contact. The resulting enhancement in access to other ethnic groups led to increasing rates of inter-ethnic marriages. The third chapter investigates the long-run effects of civil conflicts on human capital that owe their impact to family structure. Specifically, I study how the loss of a sibling during the 1994 genocide against Tutsis in Rwanda affected surviving children. The loss of a sibling had positive effects on human capital and negative effects on wealth. I argue that these results are consistent with standard models of fertility choice, although other mechanisms could also have played a role.

Wetting of a substance has been widely investigated since it has many applications to many different fields. Wetting principles can be applied to better select cleans for front end of line (FEOL) and back end of line (BEOL) cleaning processes. These principles can also be used to help determine processes that best repel water from a semiconductor device. It is known that the value of the dielectric constant in an insulator increases when water is absorbed. These contact angle experiments will determine which processes can eliminate water absorption. Wetting is measured by the contact angle between a solid and a liquid. It is known that roughness plays a crucial role on the wetting of a substance. Different surface groups also affect the wetting of a surface. In this work, it was investigated how wetting was affected by different solid surfaces with different chemistries and different roughness. Four different materials were used: silicon; thermally grown silicon dioxide on silicon; chemically vapor deposited (CVD) silicon dioxide on silicon made from tetraethyl orthosilicate (TEOS); and organosilicate glass (OSG) on silicon. The contact angle of each of the samples was measured using a goniometer. The roughness of the samples was measured by atomic force microscopy (AFM). The chemistry of each of the samples were characterized by using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and grazing angle total attenuated total reflection Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR/GATR). Also, the contact angle was measured at the micro scale by using an environmental scanning electron microscope (ESEM).

The purpose of this thesis was to study the influence of manufacturing variations on gear performance. The manufacturing variations inherent in different manufacturing methods were studied to include the effect of real surfaces. Real surfaces have surface irregularities at least on some scale, which can significantly influence how loads are transmitted at the gear contact. To some extent, the lubricant design can help to prevent contact that could lead to tooth failures by forming a protective surface boundary layer. An experimental study was used to consider the compositions of these layers with a surface analysis method. In Paper A a robust design approach was used to find out to what extent the current standard for calculation of surface durability treats manufacturing variations and the choice of lubricant. The results show that the simplest calculation method used is not enough to predict the effect of these on surface durability. Additionally, the standard quality levels are poorly incorporated in the standard calculating procedures for surface durability, and the quality of the gear tooth is restricted to include only a few parameters. In Paper B a pin-on-disc machine was used to evaluate the tribofilm formation by the additives and the corresponding wear occurring in the boundary lubrication regime in environmentally adapted lubricants. Studies of the additive and base fluid interaction were carried out using glow discharge-optical emission spectroscopy. It was found that the chemically reacted surface boundary layers played an important role in terms of wear. More specifically, the oxide layer thickness had significant influence on wear. The findings also demonstrate the complexity of lubrication design formulations coupled to these layers. For example, it was found that the pre-existing surface boundary layer (before any lubricant had been added) played an important role in allowing the lubricant to react properly with the surfaces. The aim of Paper C was to contribute to the knowledge of how different surface topographies, tied to manufacturing methods, influence the early life contact conditions in gears. Topographical measurements of differently manufactured tooth flanks were used as data input to a contact analysis program. The variation in surface topography inherent in the manufacturing method was found to have a strong influence on the contact area ratio.

The objective of the present study was to systematically evaluate the impact of methodology on thromboelastometry with canine whole blood. Thromboelastometry was performed on citrated blood using a variety of combinations of clotting activators [ex-tem (tissue factor or TF), in-tem (ellagic acid), diluted TF from Innovin, or Ca (recalcification only)] and storage times. Thromboelastometry was also performed using diluted TF from Innovin on blood collected into a contact inhibitor. Ex-vivo contact activation was compared between canine and human blood. Clotting activator had a marked impact on coagulation time, a minor impact on alpha angle, and no impact on clot formation time or maximum clot firmness. When ex-tem or in-tem was the clotting activator, sample storage up to 30 min did not affect results. With diluted TF from Innovin or Ca, sample storage was associated with the development of increased coagulability (as indicated by shorter coagulation time and clot formation time and higher alpha angle) due to ex-vivo contact activation. Canine blood underwent markedly more ex-vivo contact activation than did human blood. Canine blood undergoes significant ex-vivo contact activation during and after collection, which influences thromboelastometry results when a weak clotting activator (such as low TF or recalcification) is used. Thromboelastometry with a strong activator (such as ex-tem or in-tem) is less influenced by ex-vivo changes, and, therefore, likely to be more reflective of in-vivo hemostatic capabilities and to provide consistently interpretable and comparable results.

Halide perovskite-based photovoltaics are the fastest-growing solar technology in nowadays. Because of the low production costs, perovskite-based photovoltaics are competitive for commercial applications in the marketplace. Additionally, due to the remarkable optoelectronic properties, perovskites are also promising for other optoelectronics, including photodetector, light emitting diode and laser. However, for commercial applications in optoelectronics, there are still several crucial obstacles: (i) a robustness patterning technique is missing for nanofabrication of perovskite devices, (ii) hysteresis effect exits in perovskite devices, and (iii) the stability issue of perovskite. To address these problems, we have performed the fundamental study on perovskite from four aspects: orthogonal patterning, metal contact, carrier transport, and light emission stability. Due to the ionic nature, halide perovskite can be easily dissolved by most of the commonly used organic solvents, which means conventional lithography patternings are not applicable for perovskite, limiting the extensive applications of perovskite electronics. To adress this, we introduced chlorobenzene and hexane and proposed an orthogonal electron beam lithography method for fabrication of perovskite nanodevices without damaging their electrical and optical properties. By this orthogonal method, we fabricated a two-dimensional single crystalline (C6H5C2H4NH3)2PbI4 photodetector with device channel length of few hundred nanometers and outstanding photosensing capability. The hysteresis effect in perovskite is highly related to the interfacial recombination and ionic transport, which requires abundant fundamental understanding on perovskite contact and transport to help to solve this issue. In this study, we performed the lithography patterning method and the transfer length measurement on cm-sized single crystalline perovskite bulk single crystal for indicating the metal contact interface and charge transport, which are requared for efficienct device design and improving the device performance. For stable light emission, we fabricated perovskite nanowires in the nanopores of anodic aluminum oxide substrate using an inkjet printing technique. Lasing behaviors and color-tunable light emission of perovskite nanowires are demonstrated in this study, and the photostability is much better than reported all-inorganic perovskite quantum dots. We believe these fundamental studies provide solutions to some critical issues in current perovskite technology, thus paving the way for future optoelectronic applications.

The study focused upon three aspects of child-initiated contact comfort situations; how ofter the contact was sought, with whom or why did the child seek comfort, and what incident seemed to stimulate the child's action. Data was collected from two Utah State University Nursery School Laboratories It was found that children respond as children in that similarity is greater than differences in utilization of contact comfort. Contact comfort is an important part of a child's functioning in social situations. The number of episodes to indicate this was substantial. The objects and persons to whom he turns for contact comfort vary within age and nature of the situation in which the child functions.

Depuis les années 2000, en raison d’une multitude de moyens de communication émergents, les besoins en termes d’échange de données n’ont cessé d’augmenter. Ces modifications ont conduit à l’initiation d’une transition depuis les technologies électroniques vers les technologies et interconnexions optiques. Entre autres, ces nouvelles technologies nécessitent l’utilisation de composants émetteurs et récepteurs de photons constitués de matériaux III-V. De façon à miniaturiser ces composants et à augmenter leurs performances tout en diminuant leur coût de fabrication, un modèle d’intégration innovant consiste à intégrer directement les sources III-V sur le circuit photonique silicium 200 mm. Afin d’optimiser les performances du laser III-V tout en respectant les contraintes liées à une salle blanche front-end / middle-end silicium, la réalisation d’une telle intégration nécessite notamment le développement de contacts innovants sur n-InP et p-InGaAs.Ces travaux de thèse sont ainsi centrés autour du développement d’une nouvelle architecture de contacts répondant aux exigences d’une salle blanche front-end / middle-end silicium 200 mm, tout en optimisant les performances du laser III-V. Un schéma d’intégration innovant des contacts est tout d’abord présenté dans sa globalité puis une optimisation des procédés d’intégration disponibles est proposée. Ceci permet de profiter de l’avantage économique que procure le fait d’utiliser l’expertise existante tout en préservant les surfaces III-V et en optimisant les performances d’émission du laser. Une attention particulière est portée sur le développement de la métallisation de contact, elle-même reposant sur la formation de composés intermétalliques à l’interface entre le métal déposé et le semi-conducteur. Une étude métallurgique approfondie est ainsi conduite sur les systèmes Ni/n-InP, Ni/p-InGaAs et Ti/n-InP dans le but d’identifier les séquences de phases ainsi que des mécanismes mis en jeu et enfin leur stabilité thermique. Finalement, l’ensemble de ces métallisations sont intégrées au sein de dispositifs dédiés au test électriques des contacts. Les résistivités spécifiques de contacts associées sont ainsi extraites. Grâce à l’ensemble de ces travaux, les métallisations et procédés permettant d’optimiser les performances électriques des contacts intégrés tout en garantissant leur stabilité sont finalement identifiés. Contact Ni/n-InP, Contact Ti/n-InP, Contact Ni/p-InGaAs, Photonique sur Silicium, Laser III-V, Intégration, Réaction à l’état solide, Caractérisation électrique, résistivité de contact. / Since the 2000s, the requirements in terms of data exchange never stopped rising owing to a multitude of emerging communication means. These extensive modifications lead the signal processing and electrical technologies to switch towards optical devices and interconnections. Among others, these new technologies require the use of III-V-based emitters and receptors. In order to miniaturize these devices, to optimize the performances and to minimize the fabrication cost of such a technology, an innovative manufacturing model consists in integrating directly the III-V laser source onto the 200 mm Si photonics circuit. To enable the development of contacts meeting the constraints of a front-end / middle-end Si-environment along with those of an operating laser, one of the keys lies in the development of contacts on n-InP and p-InGaAs which are necessary to electrically pump the III-V laser.This Ph.D thesis therefore deals with the development of an innovative contact architecture fulfilling the requirements of a front-end / middle-end Si-dedicated clean room environment while optimizing the performances of the III-V laser. An integration scheme is firstly presented in its wholeness before optimizing every available process that is required. This kind of development leverages the advantage of utilizing existing infrastructures and processes while preserving the III-V surfaces and optimizing the performances of the III-V laser. Special attention is devoted to the development of the contact metallization which relies on the formation of intermetallic compounds at the interface between the deposited metal and the semiconductor. Extensive studies are therefore conducted on the Ni/n-InP, Ni/p-InGaAs et Ti/n-InP systems in order to identify the phase sequences, the involved mechanism and finally the thermal stability of the various phases. Ultimately, these metallizations are integrated in structures dedicated to their electrical characterization. The corresponding specific contact resistivities are thus extracted. Thanks to these studies, the metallizations and processes allowing an optimization of the electrical performances of the integrated contacts while ensuring their stability are finally identified.