To cope with difficult stress isn’t always easy and a lot of studies have been made to gain more information about how individuals develop their coping strategies under extreme stress. During the Holocaust, Jewish people found themselves in a number of different situations: extermination camps, labor and concentration camps, physical hiding in the sewers or forests. The aim of this paper is to examine the experiences and coping strategies of two Holocaust survivors. Through their biographies they have shared their experiences during the concentration camps. The research questions in this study are: How do the two individuals develop their coping during their stay in a concentration camp and to what extent can religion be included in the coping process? Three underlying questions are: What was significant for them during their experiences? What can be seen as theirs stressors? and What kind of coping strategies are used? To answer these questions a qualitative research method called template analysis style has been used. The main theory is Pargament’s (1997) coping theory. The conclusion of my study was that both individuals are trying to normalize life in the concentration camps with the help of daily routines because they felt that surviving in concentration camp is a matter of adaptation. Individuals had both mental and physical stressors. The use of daily routines and boundary setting served as coping strategies for both individuals. A strategy that both of the individuals used was to think about the future and prepare for the life after the concentration camp. The results showed that religion wasn’t a part of the coping process for these two individuals and that several different coping strategies were used.

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The aim of this research is to study the life stress and stress coping strategies of graduate students of College of Science and College of Engineering at National Sun Yat-sen University. The instrument applied in this study is ¡§The questionnaire of life stress and coping strategy of graduate students¡¨. The subjects are full-time graduate students of College of Science and College of Engineering at National Sun Yat-sen University. Six hundred and fifty questionnaires were sent out and 598 are valid. The data were analyzed by descriptive statistics, independent sample t-test, one-way ANOVA, and Pearson product-moment correlation. According to the statistic result, the conclusions are: 1.The life stress of the students is moderate in which the role expectation is the highest and learning stress is the lowest. 2.Grade level and financial support have significant effect on graduate students¡¦ life stress. a. The whole life stress of first year graduate students is significantly higher than second year ones. b. Students who support themselves by working as a tutor are most financial stressed. Different financial supports have significant effect on career development stress. 3.The frequency of using coping strategies is moderate in which ¡§emotion adaptation¡¨ is used most and ¡§delay-avoidance¡¨ is used least. 4.There is significant difference in the use of coping strategies between students of different genders and financial supports. a.Male students used ¡§emotion adaptation¡¨ strategies significantly more than female students did. b.Students who depended on ¡§other resources¡¨ as financial support are more likely to use ¡§emotional adaptation¡¨ as main coping strategies. Students who depend on ¡§tutor¡¨ as financial support used ¡§problem solving¡¨ strategies most. Different financial supports affect ¡¨social support¡¨ usage significantly. 5.There is significant correlation between life stress and coping strategies.

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Abstract Through depth interviews and qualitative research techniques with print media and electronic media organizations, this study will discuss about job stressors of the employees in News organizations. This study is also to explore the personal coping strategies of facing work stress. And to the end will further unveil how media organizations assist journalists to deal with work stress. The result shows that the job stressors from media organizations contain three categories: work factors, personal factors, and environment. It emphasizes how the variable environments cause group members¡¦ physical and mental unrest and tension continuous process. First one is ¡§work factors¡¨ and it contents include at least three elements. They are the nature of work (time pressure, heavy workload, the work itself, working conditions, fairness, and nervous), organizational factors (organizations¡¦ roles and structure, role ambiguity, role conflict, and organizational climate and culture), and social relations at work (work place relationships, lack of social support). The second category is "personal factors". It includes individual itself, such as incentives, occupational health, and family, but career development, for example, the chance of professional development. The last one is "environment". This category includes economic and technological uncertainty and other total 18 kinds¡¦ sources from three major sorts. Furthermore, the ¡§coping strategies¡¨ of facing job pressure has five different types. Those types are classified as problem-centered, emotion-centered, appraisal-centered, avoidance-centered, and religion-centered. They all emphasize that organizations¡¦ members will use both the usable resources and experiences along with self-awareness to determine how to solve or reduce their working pressures. Moreover, journalists usually receive several kinds of assistance from media organizations to deal with their work stresses. Usually, the employees will gain a long vacation after a period of consecutive working days. They also receive social or emotional support through communications, such as verbal encouragement, or informational support such as the class of spiritual growth and development, etc. Also, the research found which the interviewees using religion-centered strategies to face their job stresses is a new discovery. This strategy has never been found in the reviewed literatures, or previous relative studies. The researcher believes this discovery will help the scholars engaging in the job stress-related follow-up studies as the basis for further research III and application. In conclusion, based on the interviews, the researcher suggests that the media organizations should extend the time of socialization procedure for freshmen. They also need to provide appropriate equipments for their employees, and strengthen the social supports. By this, the organizations will be able to prevent the journalists burning out, and improve their working satisfaction in order to promote their commitment with the media organizations.

English as an Additional Language (EAL) students’ perceptions of academic writing practices play an essential role in helping to better understand their academic literacy development processes and in meeting their actual learning needs in second language (L2) EAP writing (Leki, 1995). However, there is a scarcity of research pertaining to pre-university EAL students’ perceptions of academic writing learning experiences in English-medium higher education settings. This study investigated pre-university EAL students’ perceptions of coping strategies of academic writing practices in an EAP program in a Canadian university with case study. Findings indicated that Chinese EAL students in this study employed different coping strategies to deal with their EAP writing challenges. Also, Chinese EAL students specified their urgent learning needs in academic writing at the EAP program. Meanwhile, some pedagogical recommendations proposed to EAL academic writing instructors and EAP program administrators to impact teaching objectives and practices in pre-university EAP academic programs.

English as an Additional Language (EAL) students’ perceptions of academic writing practices play an essential role in helping to better understand their academic literacy development processes and in meeting their actual learning needs in second language (L2) EAP writing (Leki, 1995). However, there is a scarcity of research pertaining to pre-university EAL students’ perceptions of academic writing learning experiences in English-medium higher education settings. This study investigated pre-university EAL students’ perceptions of coping strategies of academic writing practices in an EAP program in a Canadian university with case study. Findings indicated that Chinese EAL students in this study employed different coping strategies to deal with their EAP writing challenges. Also, Chinese EAL students specified their urgent learning needs in academic writing at the EAP program. Meanwhile, some pedagogical recommendations proposed to EAL academic writing instructors and EAP program administrators to impact teaching objectives and practices in pre-university EAP academic programs.

Cyberbullying can negatively influence adolescents' overall wellbeing. Previous studies on cyberbullying provided knowledge about ways youths cope with cyberbullying; yet the literature lacks information about the efficacy of the coping strategies of cyberbullying victims. The purpose of this straight qualitative study was to investigate what coping strategies cyberbullying victims found effective for handling cyberbullying. The transactional model of coping, approach-avoidance coping, and self-efficacy theory formed the conceptual model to explore, analyze, and understand coping with cyberbullying. Using flyers and snowball sampling, 6 adolescents in Grades 10 to 12 were recruited to participate in the study. Data from semistructured phone interviews were analyzed using the Colazzi method. Pattern matching was used to assess the validity of the findings and to examine the viability of previously used coping theories for explaining coping with cyberbullying. According to the findings, situational context influenced coping strategy development, use, and effectiveness. Adolescents' age, experience, and maturity were significant to their approaches to cyberbullying. Whether the adolescents were attempting to thwart or to keep the cyberbullying from being hurtful were significant to coping strategy use and effectiveness. Future research would benefit from further exploring the role of context in coping strategy use and effectiveness, developmental differences in coping with cyberbullying, examining the efficacy of the support cyberbullying victims receive, and developing a practical coping model for cyberbullying. These findings may inform prevention and intervention efforts for cyberbullying and may foster new research on coping with cyberbullying.

Using a cross section data collected in 2005, this study uses both parametric and semi-parametric methods to investigate key factors associated with household vulnerability to drought and economic downturns from exposure to shocks in Niger, conditioned on household and community assets. The findings provides evidence that factors positively affecting ability to overcome drought and economic condition downturns are the educational levels of the heads of households, livestock ownership, access to income generating activity opportunities, and participation to government decision taking. Household size and dependency ratio are found to negatively impact household ability to cope or manage shocks. Descriptive statistics are also used to determine major shocks faced by households after the drought and common coping strategies after the shocks. The results show that the prevailing shock experienced by Niger's population (especially the rural population) in 2004/05 is drought, followed by important loss of agricultural products. The most common coping strategy employed after these shocks is food aid and receiving assistance from other households. / Master of Science

Introduktion: Idag finns det ungefär 160 000 personer i Sverige som har någon form av demens, och risken att drabbas utav demens ökar med stigande ålder. Alzheimers är den vanligaste formen av demenssjukdom. Personer som befinner sig tidigt i sin Alzheimers utveckling klarar sig relativt bra med ett begränsat stöd från sin omgivning. Att vårda sin närstående med Alzheimers är krävande, och det ställs stora krav på den som är omvårdnadsansvarig. Syfte: Syftet med denna litteraturstudie är att beskriva anhörigvårdares upplevelse av att vårda sin närstående som lever med diagnotiserad Alzheimers sjukdom. Syftet är också att beskriva de valda artiklarnas undersökningsgrupper. Metod: En beskrivande litteraturstudie. Data har samlats in via PubMed och 10 artiklar valdes ut till denna litteraturstudie. Artiklarna var av antigen kvalitativ eller kvantitativ ansats. Resultat: Resultatet baseras på fem underrubriker utifrån anhörigvårdarnas upplevelser: "Upplevselsen av den psykiska påfrestningen", "brist på stöd och information", "upplevelsen av att vårda sin närstående utifrån ett genusperspektiv", "livsstilsförändringar" och "förväntningar och farhågor". Slutsats: Anhörigvårdarna är i stort behov av stöd och rådgivning både från sin sociala omgivning, men framförallt ifrån sjukvårdens olika institutioner. Sjuksköterskan har en viktig roll att fylla. Sjuksköterskan ska tillgodose både den som är drabbad utav Alzheimers, men även dennes anhöriga med individanpassad information och stöttning. / Introduction: Today, there are about 160 000 people in Sweden who have some form of dementia, and the risk out of dementia increases with age. Alzheimer's is the most common form of dementia. Persons who are early in their development of Alzheimer cope relatively well with limited support from their surroundings. Caring for relatives with Alzheimer's are demanding, and it places great demands on the care that is responsible. Purpose: The purpose of this study is to describe the experience of family caregivers for their relatives who live with diagnosed Alzheimer's disease. The aim is also to describe the selected articles study groups. Method: A descriptive literature. Data was collected via PubMed and 10 articles were selected for this study. The articles were of either qualitative or quantitative approach. Results: The results are based on five sub-headings based on family caregivers: "Feels notification of mental stress", "lack of support and information", "the experience of caring for their loved one from a gender perspective", "lifestyle changes" and "expectations and concerns". Conclusion: family caregivers are in great need of support and advice both from their social environment, but above all from different healthcare institutions. The nurse has an important role to play. The nurse will satisfy both the afflicted out of Alzheimer's, but also his family with personalized information and jacking.