In this work, the copyright protection in the music industry is discussed. I am focusing in particular on the description of copyright, rights related to copyright, collective management and protection of these rights. In the beginning, I mention the national, international and European sources of copyright and I am explaining the concepts of copyright, copyright work (including musical and processed work of art), and authoring. Furthermore, I explore the copyright law in terms of its origin, content and restrictions. Copyright is based on the quasidual concept, which simply means that we distinguish the moral rights from the property rights. In this work, I explain the content of all of these individual rights. I also address the licensing contract, by which the author authorizes another person to administer the rights to use his piece. I am focusing on cases of the so-called non-contractual use of production, which means that the user may use the work without the consent of the author and free of charge. Furthermore, I define the idea and the content of performer's rights to his artistic output, the manufacturer of the sound and image recording rights to his sound recordings and radio and television broadcaster's rights to his broadcast. At the end of this work, I am focusing on the activities of...

Summary: Contractual copyright law The aim of this thesis is to analyse the current state of regulation of contractual copyright law in the Czech Republic. I have chosen this topic, because I am an amateur photographer and knowledge of different kinds of contracts dealing with copyright might be very useful for me in the future. Knowing most of details affecting final conditions of the contract is the best way, how to exploit my work well, and, what is even more important, I should be able to answer all of questions concerning copyright to my friends (and, in later, professional life, also to my clients). The thesis is thematically divided into seven chapters. The first chapter is introductory and outlines all the content, which is to be dealt with in latter text. It attempts to define the position of copyright in the Czech legal system. Chapter Two focuses on the grounds of contractual techniques and the way of their implementation in the basic civil codex. Furthermore, attention is paid to differences between commercial and civil law, which might be crucial for some side questions of copyright contracts. In Chapter Three, there is the conception and approach of Czech legislature to copyright described. The dichotomy between personal and property rights of authors is explained as well as the nature of...

O debate sobre a regulamentação do mercado livreiro inglês, no final do século 17 e ao longo do século 18, criou um direito de publicação exclusivo ao autor por meio do Estatuto da Rainha Ana de 1710. A finalidade dessa lei era romper com o monopólio da Stationers´ Company, exercido desde o século 16. A presente pesquisa pretende demonstrar que não houve uma ruptura com esse monopólio, pois a lei criou um copyright dentro da noção de privilégio que não contemplou de forma equilibrada os interesses do editor, do autor e do público. Os argumentos de common law do autor e do direito limitado, conferido pelo Ato de Ana, contribuíram para a instituição da propriedade literária moderna. A finalidade dessa pesquisa é proporcionar uma perspectiva histórica acerca das origens do sistema de propriedade intelectual moderno, muito tratado sob as visões jurídica e econômica, cujas raízes estão no antigo sistema de privilégio. / The debate on the regulation of the English book market, in the end of the 17th century and all along the 18th century, created the author\'s exclusive publishing right, due to the Statute of Anne, in 1710. The target of this law was to break the Stationers Company monopoly, exercised since the 16th century. This research intends to evidence that there was no disruption with that monopoly, because the law created a conception of copyright in the notion of privilege that didn\'t include, in a balanced way, the interests of the publisher, the author and the public. The plea of the authors common law, and the limited right, given by the Statute of Anne, contributed to the institution of the modern literary property. The finality of this research is to provide a historical perspective on the origins of the modern intellectual system of property, frequently addressed under the legal and economic perspectives, whose roots are in the old privilege system.

O presente estudo tem como objeto a norma contida no artigo 184 do Código Penal, consistente no crime de violar direitos de autor e os que lhe são conexos. A ideia central da pesquisa é perceber as raízes e a finalidade da criminalização das condutas violadoras que, em certa extensão, revelam a eventual dignidade do bem jurídico penal e, aliada à eventual necessidade, fundamenta a manutenção do dispositivo no ordenamento jurídico. Nesse contexto, a preliminar delimitação do bem jurídico penalmente protegido se mostra indispensável para a compreensão da matéria proibida, bem como para o processo de interpretação casuístico. Contudo, o tema é controverso, haja vista que a criminalização das infrações aos direitos intelectuais de forma geral não é consenso entre os penalistas ao redor do mundo, assim como a efetiva aplicação das respectivas penalidades pelos magistrados brasileiros. Isso porque equivocadamente se entende que os direitos de autor seriam, em analogia aos demais direitos intelectuais, uma espécie de direito de propriedade, e a incriminação das condutas infratoras teria por finalidade única a tutela do direito exclusivo de exploração econômica de sua criação ou invento. Da referida análise concluiu-se que, diferentemente dos direitos de Propriedade Industrial, os autorais não se resumem a direitos de cunho patrimonial. O sistema francês denominado Droit d Auteur, absorvido pela legislação brasileira, está guiado para a proteção do autor enquanto criador, de sua personalidade e individualidade, e se concretiza pela concessão de um direito exclusivo de participação pela utilização econômica de sua criação. Trata-se, pois, de um Direito sui generis, haja vista a índole imaterial de seu objeto, bem como sua natureza jurídica peculiar, que o aparta dos demais direitos privados. Portanto, sua colocação em risco produz, de forma mediata, prejuízos a toda a sociedade, como o desincentivo dos esforços e investimentos realizados por sujeitos interventores no processo criativo e comercial, e, consequentemente, a diminuição do progresso técnico, econômico, cultural e social. Concluiu-se, desse modo, que os direitos de autor são dignos da tutela penal ante a seriedade das lesões aos direitos de autor e as consequências nocivas para o livre desenvolvimento da comunidade. Igualmente, a tutela faz-se necessária e adequada diante da falibilidade dos meios de proteção menos gravosos, tal qual a via administrativa e a civil. Por outro lado, criticou-se a previsão normativa contida no caput do artigo 184, em termos de oportunidade, porque a incriminação genérica de toda a esfera do Direito de Autor degenera a finalidade do Direito Penal e, em termos de legalidade, porque carece da determinação, fundamental ao tipo incriminador, visto que não descreve minimamente a conduta típica de modo a permitir ao destinatário da norma orientar a sua conduta. Tais desacertos trazem consequências danosas tanto para o equilíbrio do sistema penal quanto para a aplicação concreta da norma ao fato concreto. Para tanto, sugeriu-se a criação de uma abertura legal para que a prática da administração da justiça permita, em algumas situações nas quais o castigo penal resulte desproporcional ou ineficaz, minimizá-lo, substituí-lo ou, inclusive, afastá-lo. Do mesmo modo, o sistema penal deve hierarquizar os direitos intelectuais no sentido de atribuir-lhes os valores sociais, econômicos, materiais e espirituais que lhes tenham sido dados pelos ordenamentos jurídicos internacionais, constitucionais e legislativos especiais. / The object of the present study is the provision of the article 184 of the Brazilian Criminal Code, consistent on the crime of violating copyright and neighbor rights. The central idea of the research is to identify the background and the purposes of copyright violating conducts criminalization. That understanding, to some extent, reveals the dignity of the legal protected right and, allied with its potential need, justifies the maintenance of the referred provision in the legal system. In that context, the preliminary delimitation of the legal protected right under criminal law shows itself to be essential to comprehend the forbidden behaviors, as well as to the process of interpretation on a case by case basis. The topic is controversial, however, since the criminalization of intellectual property rights infringements is not in consensus among the indoctrinators around the world, as well as the effective execution of the respective penalties this is also the case in the Brazilian magistrates. The reason for that is because copyright is erroneously considered by some a sort of property right similarly to other intellectual property rights and the sole purpose of criminalization would consist on the protection of an exclusive right regarding to the economic exploitation of their creation or invention. From this analysis it was concluded that, unlike industrial property rights, copyright may not be reduced to patrimonial rights. The French system called Droit d\' Auteur, absorbed by the Brazilian legislation, seeks the protection of the author as creator - his personality and individuality - and is materialized by the granting of an exclusive right of participation in the economic use of his creation. This is, therefore, a sui generis right, given the intangible nature of its object, as well as its peculiar legal nature, which separates it from the other private rights. Hence, the threat to such rights produces, indirectly, losses for the whole of society, as the discouragement of the efforts and investments made by the creativity industry, and, subsequently, a reduction in technical, economic, cultural and social progress of the country. It was concluded, therefore, that copyright justifies a criminal protection in face of the seriousness of the injuries to the authors and the harmful consequences for the free development of the community. Also, the criminal safeguard is necessary and appropriate given the failure of other protection fields less severe, such as administrative and civil spheres. On the other hand, the normative contained in the head of article 184 it was criticized, in terms of opportunity and legitimacy. In relation to opportunity because the generic criminalization of the broad field of copyright degenerates the purposes of criminal law. Additionally, vis-à-vis legitimacy, it lacks determination - vital to the incriminating articles , since it does not minimally describe the illegal conduct in order to allow the receiver to guide his behavior. Such misunderstandings have harmful consequences to the balance of the criminal system, as well as to the concrete application of the criminal law. As a result, the creation of a legal breach has been suggested so that the practice of Justices administration allows - in some situations where the criminal punishment will result disproportionate or ineffective to minimize it, replace it or even not to consider it. Likewise, the criminal system must designate the intellectual rights in order to assign them the social, economic, spiritual and material values that have been given by international legal systems, special laws and constitution.

by Tam Kam-Mau. / Thesis (M.B.A.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 1990. / Bibliography: leaf 50 (2nd group). / TABLE OF CONTENTS --- p.ii / PREFACE --- p.iii / Chapter / Chapter I. --- INTRODUCTION --- p.1 / The Need for Copyright of Software --- p.1 / Software Piracy and Illicit Copying --- p.2 / Protective Measures of Software --- p.2 / The Copyright (Computer Software) Amendment Act --- p.3 / The Problem --- p.4 / The Research Problem Defined --- p.8 / Chapter II. --- METHODOLOGY --- p.9 / Chapter III. --- THE PROCESS OF THE RESEARCH PROJECT --- p.12 / Chapter IV. --- ANALYSIS OF DATA --- p.14 / Analysis of Individual Question --- p.14 / Analysis of Answer between Questions --- p.20 / Chapter V. --- RESEARCH FINDINGS --- p.29 / Chapter VI. --- CONCLUSION --- p.35 / Some Recommendation --- p.37 / Chapter VII. --- A FINAL WORD AND ACKNOWLEDGEMENT --- p.40 / Appendex / Chapter I. --- Copyright (Computer Software) Amendment Act 1985 --- p.41 / Chapter II. --- Sample Software License Agreement --- p.45 / Chapter III. --- Bibliography --- p.50 / Chapter III. --- Questionnaire --- p.51 / Chapter IV. --- SPSS Reports --- p.55

O debate sobre a regulamentação do mercado livreiro inglês, no final do século 17 e ao longo do século 18, criou um direito de publicação exclusivo ao autor por meio do Estatuto da Rainha Ana de 1710. A finalidade dessa lei era romper com o monopólio da Stationers´ Company, exercido desde o século 16. A presente pesquisa pretende demonstrar que não houve uma ruptura com esse monopólio, pois a lei criou um copyright dentro da noção de privilégio que não contemplou de forma equilibrada os interesses do editor, do autor e do público. Os argumentos de common law do autor e do direito limitado, conferido pelo Ato de Ana, contribuíram para a instituição da propriedade literária moderna. A finalidade dessa pesquisa é proporcionar uma perspectiva histórica acerca das origens do sistema de propriedade intelectual moderno, muito tratado sob as visões jurídica e econômica, cujas raízes estão no antigo sistema de privilégio. / The debate on the regulation of the English book market, in the end of the 17th century and all along the 18th century, created the author\'s exclusive publishing right, due to the Statute of Anne, in 1710. The target of this law was to break the Stationers Company monopoly, exercised since the 16th century. This research intends to evidence that there was no disruption with that monopoly, because the law created a conception of copyright in the notion of privilege that didn\'t include, in a balanced way, the interests of the publisher, the author and the public. The plea of the authors common law, and the limited right, given by the Statute of Anne, contributed to the institution of the modern literary property. The finality of this research is to provide a historical perspective on the origins of the modern intellectual system of property, frequently addressed under the legal and economic perspectives, whose roots are in the old privilege system.

University of Macau / Faculty of Social Sciences and Humanities / Department of Sociology

Originally presented as part of dissertation, Texas Woman's University. / Includes bibliographical references and index.

Univ., Diss--Zürich, 2008.

This study presented a critical investigation of the mainstream neo-liberal approach to global intellectual property rights protection. There is a widespread but incorrect perception in the contemporary intellectual property policy regime that ineffective copyright protection in developing countries is primarily an institutional problem deriving from the lack of economic capacity and jurisprudential systems. Arguing that the conventional policy regime offers only a limited account for global copyright protection, this study aimed to show that inadequate copyright protection is not only an institutional but also historically contingent cultural problem. For the purpose, the present study conducted two phases of investigation: (1) a cross- national data analysis of software piracy and (2) comparative historical analysis of authorship in England and China. The first study empirically examined the key determinants of software piracy in the contemporary international market. From multivariate statistical analyses of international data, the study attempted to identify significant factors facilitating software piracy. Special attention was paid to identifying the influence of national culture in software piracy when other institutional factors were controlled. The results showed that a combined outcome of multiple factors including national income, institutional capacity for property protection, in-group collectivist cultural practices, and attitudes toward international intellectual property protection explains the software piracy problem. The second study aimed to provide a more in-depth understanding of the historical linkage between copyright and culture. It traced the historical formation of authorship in English and Chinese print culture to examine whether and why there emerged contrasting conceptions of authorship between them. The findings showed that there was a distinctive historical divergence of material, ideological, and institutional contexts of print culture, which led to different authorship conceptions between England and China. This implies that authorship as the fundamental cultural basis of modern copyright law was not a natural and universal phenomenon inevitably arising from the printing press but rather historically and culturally contingent. / text