In England, social choice in education faces trade-offs between equity and efficiency. The scope of these trade-offs ranges from the introduction of choice to correcting 'market failures' to reduce inequalities and restrict social injustices. The article analyses the English school education system and its relationship with social preferences. The authors argue that the moral and legal need for non-discriminatory education supersedes perceptions of cost-effectiveness and utilitarianism. They consider that the current system has failed owing to inappropriate processes within social and public choice and that a reformed system based on a social democratic imperative will allow closer social integration on the basis of ability rather than privilege.

O debate sobre a regulamentação do mercado livreiro inglês, no final do século 17 e ao longo do século 18, criou um direito de publicação exclusivo ao autor por meio do Estatuto da Rainha Ana de 1710. A finalidade dessa lei era romper com o monopólio da Stationers´ Company, exercido desde o século 16. A presente pesquisa pretende demonstrar que não houve uma ruptura com esse monopólio, pois a lei criou um copyright dentro da noção de privilégio que não contemplou de forma equilibrada os interesses do editor, do autor e do público. Os argumentos de common law do autor e do direito limitado, conferido pelo Ato de Ana, contribuíram para a instituição da propriedade literária moderna. A finalidade dessa pesquisa é proporcionar uma perspectiva histórica acerca das origens do sistema de propriedade intelectual moderno, muito tratado sob as visões jurídica e econômica, cujas raízes estão no antigo sistema de privilégio. / The debate on the regulation of the English book market, in the end of the 17th century and all along the 18th century, created the author\'s exclusive publishing right, due to the Statute of Anne, in 1710. The target of this law was to break the Stationers Company monopoly, exercised since the 16th century. This research intends to evidence that there was no disruption with that monopoly, because the law created a conception of copyright in the notion of privilege that didn\'t include, in a balanced way, the interests of the publisher, the author and the public. The plea of the authors common law, and the limited right, given by the Statute of Anne, contributed to the institution of the modern literary property. The finality of this research is to provide a historical perspective on the origins of the modern intellectual system of property, frequently addressed under the legal and economic perspectives, whose roots are in the old privilege system.

O debate sobre a regulamentação do mercado livreiro inglês, no final do século 17 e ao longo do século 18, criou um direito de publicação exclusivo ao autor por meio do Estatuto da Rainha Ana de 1710. A finalidade dessa lei era romper com o monopólio da Stationers´ Company, exercido desde o século 16. A presente pesquisa pretende demonstrar que não houve uma ruptura com esse monopólio, pois a lei criou um copyright dentro da noção de privilégio que não contemplou de forma equilibrada os interesses do editor, do autor e do público. Os argumentos de common law do autor e do direito limitado, conferido pelo Ato de Ana, contribuíram para a instituição da propriedade literária moderna. A finalidade dessa pesquisa é proporcionar uma perspectiva histórica acerca das origens do sistema de propriedade intelectual moderno, muito tratado sob as visões jurídica e econômica, cujas raízes estão no antigo sistema de privilégio. / The debate on the regulation of the English book market, in the end of the 17th century and all along the 18th century, created the author\'s exclusive publishing right, due to the Statute of Anne, in 1710. The target of this law was to break the Stationers Company monopoly, exercised since the 16th century. This research intends to evidence that there was no disruption with that monopoly, because the law created a conception of copyright in the notion of privilege that didn\'t include, in a balanced way, the interests of the publisher, the author and the public. The plea of the authors common law, and the limited right, given by the Statute of Anne, contributed to the institution of the modern literary property. The finality of this research is to provide a historical perspective on the origins of the modern intellectual system of property, frequently addressed under the legal and economic perspectives, whose roots are in the old privilege system.

Privilege is an evidential principle which, on the grounds of public policy, excludes evidence relevant and otherwise admissible. This thesis aims to discover whether privilege should be applied to the psychotherapeutic profession in South Africa. At present, the only profession in South Africa afforded privilege is the legal profession. There are two main theoretical justifications for privilege: the utilitarian and the individual/human rights approach. This thesis considers whether the psychotherapeutic profession wan-ants privilege under either theory, and recommends that the law of privilege integrate both theories rather than adopt one or the other. The impact of the Constitution and the right to privacy receive particular attention. Very little literature or case law on the question of psychotherapeutic privilege was found in South Africa. Consequently, extensive comparative research into the common-law systems of England, Canada and United States of America was done. This research yielded some interesting findings. The first is that case-by-case development of the law of privilege is uncel1ain and fragmented. The next is that psychotherapeutic privilege exists in almost absolute form in the United States of America, but is littered with lacunae causing as much uncertainty as the case-by-case approach to privilege law. The most helpful method of dealing with the problem was found in Canada, where a two-stage approach to protecting personal information, including psychotherapeutic records, has been developed. In light of this research, this thesis reassesses the original viability of psychotherapeutic privilege in South Africa. Privilege, it was found, is not the best solution to protecting psychotherapeutic communications. This thesis recommends legislative adoption of an amended two-stage approach based on the Canadian model for sexual offence trials as the best method of protecting psychotherapeutic communications in both civil and criminal proceedings. The thesis ends by suggesting draft legislative provisions.

Swedish society is characterized by trust and confidence in authorities. In connecting with society changing and becoming more multicultural, shortcomings and mistrust against authorities have become increasingly common. The police are seen as a threat and are subjected to threats. The threats are a consequence of repeated situations where discrimination and special treatment of certain groups of people took place rather than being treated with respect and helpfulness. The aim of the study was to investigate to what extent experiences, in terms of meetings and interactions, shape young adults' attitudes towards the police. Furthermore, we wanted to find out whether geographical residence area plays a role in an individual's attitudes, and if so, in what way. Earlier research shows that the pronounced value base of the police and guidelines do not always agree with their treatment of and contacts with all groups of people. Through qualitative interviews with young adults, living in different areas of Gothenburg, it emerges that previous experiences of police actions have the greatest significance for the young adults' attitudes towards the work of the police. / Det svenska samhället utmärks av tillit och förtroende för myndigheter. I samband med att samhället förändrats och blivit mer mångkulturellt har brister och misstro mot myndigheter blivit allt vanligare. Polisen ses som ett hot och utsätts för hot. Hotet är en konsekvens av upprepade situationer där diskriminering och särbehandling av vissa grupper av människor ägt rum. Syftet med studien är att undersöka i vilken grad erfarenheter, i form av möten och interaktioner, präglar unga vuxnas attityder till polisen. Vidare vill vi undersöka om geografisk bosättning spelar roll för en individs attityd och i så fall på vilket sätt. Tidigare forskning visar att polisens egen formulerade värdegrund och riktlinjer inte avspeglas i kontakt med alla grupper. Det finns en skillnad i behandling, bemötande och tillit. Genom kvalitativa intervjuer med unga vuxna, bosatta i olika områden i Göteborg, framkommer att tidigare erfarenheter av polisers agerande har störst betydelse för de unga vuxnas attityder till polisens arbete.

As it is evident from the title, in my thesis I would like to provide an overview of the undertakings' procedural rights in proceedings under Article 101 and/or 102 of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union. Given the extensive investigative powers that are granted to the European Commission by the Council Regulation No 1/2003 and the consequences of being found guilty of violating Article 101 and/or 102 of the TFEU, it is necessary to ensure that the undertakings have enough ways available to exercise their right to defence and other rights and privileges guaranteed by the EU law and international treaties such as European Convention on Human Rights (e.g. the right to respect for private life). For this reason the EU law provides a range of procedural rights that should guarantee that both all the fundamental rights are observed and also serve as a system of checks and balances that prevents the misuse of the Commission's investigative powers. My thesis will focus individual rights of undertakings that are provided to them by the Council Regulation No 1/2003 and EU courts judicature. I will analyse their scope and purpose, the conditions under which they can be exercised and their limitations. Simultaneously a comparison between the rights of undertakings in the EU and U.S. legal system will...