This work is on the history of copyright law in two jurisdictions: the United Kingdom and the Republic of Cameroon. It traces the origin and development of copyright protection in these jurisdictions, laying emphasis on the influence of international copyright on the development of copyright law in these two countries. It also focuses on the extent to which copyright laws in both countries have been amended over the years to enable it to catch up with advances in science and technology. As far as the development of copyright law in the United Kingdom is concerned, the major areas discussed include the system of royal copyright privileges in the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries and its role in the birth of the concept of literary property; the role of the Stationers' Company in the early development copyright; the historic Copyright Act of 1709 and its application in England and Scotland; the landmark case of Donaldson v. Beckett and its importance in the formulation of the concept of authors' rights and the demolition of common law copyright; the proliferation of copyright legislation in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries; the consolidation of statutory copyright by the 1911 Copyright Act and, subsequently, the Copyright Act, 1956 and the Copyright, Designs and Patents Acts, 1988. Also discussed is the UK's adhesion to certain conventions in the area of copyright and neighbouring rights and the extent to which these conventions have influenced the development of its copyright law.

O debate sobre a regulamentação do mercado livreiro inglês, no final do século 17 e ao longo do século 18, criou um direito de publicação exclusivo ao autor por meio do Estatuto da Rainha Ana de 1710. A finalidade dessa lei era romper com o monopólio da Stationers´ Company, exercido desde o século 16. A presente pesquisa pretende demonstrar que não houve uma ruptura com esse monopólio, pois a lei criou um copyright dentro da noção de privilégio que não contemplou de forma equilibrada os interesses do editor, do autor e do público. Os argumentos de common law do autor e do direito limitado, conferido pelo Ato de Ana, contribuíram para a instituição da propriedade literária moderna. A finalidade dessa pesquisa é proporcionar uma perspectiva histórica acerca das origens do sistema de propriedade intelectual moderno, muito tratado sob as visões jurídica e econômica, cujas raízes estão no antigo sistema de privilégio. / The debate on the regulation of the English book market, in the end of the 17th century and all along the 18th century, created the author\'s exclusive publishing right, due to the Statute of Anne, in 1710. The target of this law was to break the Stationers Company monopoly, exercised since the 16th century. This research intends to evidence that there was no disruption with that monopoly, because the law created a conception of copyright in the notion of privilege that didn\'t include, in a balanced way, the interests of the publisher, the author and the public. The plea of the authors common law, and the limited right, given by the Statute of Anne, contributed to the institution of the modern literary property. The finality of this research is to provide a historical perspective on the origins of the modern intellectual system of property, frequently addressed under the legal and economic perspectives, whose roots are in the old privilege system.

O debate sobre a regulamentação do mercado livreiro inglês, no final do século 17 e ao longo do século 18, criou um direito de publicação exclusivo ao autor por meio do Estatuto da Rainha Ana de 1710. A finalidade dessa lei era romper com o monopólio da Stationers´ Company, exercido desde o século 16. A presente pesquisa pretende demonstrar que não houve uma ruptura com esse monopólio, pois a lei criou um copyright dentro da noção de privilégio que não contemplou de forma equilibrada os interesses do editor, do autor e do público. Os argumentos de common law do autor e do direito limitado, conferido pelo Ato de Ana, contribuíram para a instituição da propriedade literária moderna. A finalidade dessa pesquisa é proporcionar uma perspectiva histórica acerca das origens do sistema de propriedade intelectual moderno, muito tratado sob as visões jurídica e econômica, cujas raízes estão no antigo sistema de privilégio. / The debate on the regulation of the English book market, in the end of the 17th century and all along the 18th century, created the author\'s exclusive publishing right, due to the Statute of Anne, in 1710. The target of this law was to break the Stationers Company monopoly, exercised since the 16th century. This research intends to evidence that there was no disruption with that monopoly, because the law created a conception of copyright in the notion of privilege that didn\'t include, in a balanced way, the interests of the publisher, the author and the public. The plea of the authors common law, and the limited right, given by the Statute of Anne, contributed to the institution of the modern literary property. The finality of this research is to provide a historical perspective on the origins of the modern intellectual system of property, frequently addressed under the legal and economic perspectives, whose roots are in the old privilege system.

Esta dissertação tem como objetivo identificar e analisar os principais debates no contexto histórico que antecedeu a votação da primeira lei de direitos autorais no Brasil, em meados de 1898. Devido à abrangência do tema, a pesquisa debruçou-se sobre o direito autoral literário. Esse debate se processou de forma intermitente, ao longo da segunda metade do século XIX, envolvendo alguns nomes da política e da literatura nacional. Nesse sentido, o pilar central do trabalho pautou-se na análise de projetos de lei e debates registrados em Anais da Câmara dos Deputados, ou seja, de iniciativas e atos de fala formulados sobre autoria e suas circunstâncias morais e econômicas. A fim de contribuir para a contextualização do debate político sobre direitos autorais, foi analisada brevemente a relação entre o escritor de textos literários e o editor. Recorrendo a crônicas, contratos de edição, recibos e processos judiciais, pretendeu-se enriquecer a discussão sobre posicionamentos e práticas dessas duas personagens históricas. O viés interpretativo, embasado na análise dessas fontes, possibilitou pensar a dimensão que a discussão sobre os direitos autorais assumiu no respectivo período. Longe de ter sido um debate restrito ao mundo literário e editorial, ele ganhou o espaço político, trazendo à tona experiências, expectativas e contradições. / This paper aims at identifying and analyzing the most relevant debates in the historical context preceding the voting of the first copyright law in Brazil by the year of 1898. Owing to the large scope of the theme, this paper will focus on literary authorial rights. This debate was recurring throughout the second half of the nineteenth century among names from national politics and literary world. The core of this paper is the analysis of bills and debates recorded in annals of the House of Representatives in Brazil (Câmara dos Deputados), thus, initiatives and speeches formulated on authorship and its moral and economic circumstances. The relationship between the writer of literary content and their editors was briefly analyzed to contextualize the political debate on authorial rights. Chronicles, publishing contracts, receipts, and law suits were added to help enriching the discussion on the positioning and practices of these two historical figures. The interpretation and analysis of this data enables a reflection on the extents of the discussion on copyright at the given period. It was far from being a debate restricted to those involved in the literary and editing reality. The debate gained the political sphere bringing forth experiences, expectations, and contradictions.

Esta dissertação tem como objetivo identificar e analisar os principais debates no contexto histórico que antecedeu a votação da primeira lei de direitos autorais no Brasil, em meados de 1898. Devido à abrangência do tema, a pesquisa debruçou-se sobre o direito autoral literário. Esse debate se processou de forma intermitente, ao longo da segunda metade do século XIX, envolvendo alguns nomes da política e da literatura nacional. Nesse sentido, o pilar central do trabalho pautou-se na análise de projetos de lei e debates registrados em Anais da Câmara dos Deputados, ou seja, de iniciativas e atos de fala formulados sobre autoria e suas circunstâncias morais e econômicas. A fim de contribuir para a contextualização do debate político sobre direitos autorais, foi analisada brevemente a relação entre o escritor de textos literários e o editor. Recorrendo a crônicas, contratos de edição, recibos e processos judiciais, pretendeu-se enriquecer a discussão sobre posicionamentos e práticas dessas duas personagens históricas. O viés interpretativo, embasado na análise dessas fontes, possibilitou pensar a dimensão que a discussão sobre os direitos autorais assumiu no respectivo período. Longe de ter sido um debate restrito ao mundo literário e editorial, ele ganhou o espaço político, trazendo à tona experiências, expectativas e contradições. / This paper aims at identifying and analyzing the most relevant debates in the historical context preceding the voting of the first copyright law in Brazil by the year of 1898. Owing to the large scope of the theme, this paper will focus on literary authorial rights. This debate was recurring throughout the second half of the nineteenth century among names from national politics and literary world. The core of this paper is the analysis of bills and debates recorded in annals of the House of Representatives in Brazil (Câmara dos Deputados), thus, initiatives and speeches formulated on authorship and its moral and economic circumstances. The relationship between the writer of literary content and their editors was briefly analyzed to contextualize the political debate on authorial rights. Chronicles, publishing contracts, receipts, and law suits were added to help enriching the discussion on the positioning and practices of these two historical figures. The interpretation and analysis of this data enables a reflection on the extents of the discussion on copyright at the given period. It was far from being a debate restricted to those involved in the literary and editing reality. The debate gained the political sphere bringing forth experiences, expectations, and contradictions.

Cette thèse porte sur la question du lecteur dans trois textes de Rétif de la Bretonne : Le Paysan perverti (1775), Le Ménage parisien (1772) et Le Pornographe (1769). Malgré la diversité de son contenu et de sa structure, ce corpus a en commun de mettre en abyme la figure du lecteur. Bien que sollicité, souvent même à l’excès, le lecteur des trois textes entretient des relations très tendues avec l’auteur. Celui-ci s’emploie à conditionner l’exercice de la lecture tout en simulant de favoriser la liberté du lecteur. Ce rapport de force se déploie à plusieurs niveaux des ouvrages étudiés. Il est explicite à travers la figure du lecteur intradiégétique. Il est plus subtil et latent, en revanche, quand Rétif construit dans le texte l’image du lecteur « idéal ». Outre un attachement « viscéral » à l’oeuvre, nous décelons dans l’écriture romanesque rétivienne une conception moderne de la relation auteur/lecteur. « Inégal » dans sa production, « maladroit », « impertinent », Rétif a pourtant très tôt lancé une réflexion inédite sur le rôle du lecteur dans l’accomplissement du fait littéraire. Le lecteur y est, en effet, considéré comme l’émule de l’auteur : un copropriétaire potentiel, voire un propriétaire légitime de l’oeuvre dont dépend son devenir. Mais Rétif n’est pas pour autant prêt au partage, encore moins à être « dépossédé » de son oeuvre. Le tiraillement permanent de l’auteur transfigure ainsi l’expérience littéraire en une expérience humaine. / The thesis purports to investigate the ‘reader’ in three works by Rétif de la Bretonne which are: Le Paysan perverti (1775), Le Ménage parisien (1772) and Le Pornographe (1769). Though diverging in content and structure, the three works converge in the desire to inscribe the reader in the text. Although sought for, quite often in an exaggerated way, the reader in the three texts has an extremely tense relationship with the author who is committed to control the act of reading while pretending to leave the reader total freedom. This struggle for power is felt at various levels in the three texts examined; it is made overt through the figure of the intradiegetic reader but subtler when appealing to the figure of the ‘ideal reader’. Apart from the visceral tie to the text, we distinguish in the retivian novelistic discourse a modern conception of the author/reader relationship. Though ‘uneven’, ‘clumsy’ and ‘impertinent’, Rétif, early on, declared implicitly within his work a first-time vision of the role of the reader in the accomplishment of the literary act. The reader is in fact inscribed in the text as the emulator of the author: a potential and legitimate owner of the work on which depends his becoming. However, Rétif is not ready to surrender his authorship. The continual division of the author transfigures the literary experience into a human one.

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