Diss.--Fribourg. / Includes bibliographical references.

Inaug.-Diss.--Univerität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen. / Bibliography: p. xii-xlvi.

Despite claims that state terrorism has been more of a problem than the insurgent variety, the evidence provided by both a content analysis of bibliographies on the topic of terrorism and the opinions of a great number of academics suggests that there is a far smaller amount of academic literature on state terrorism than there is on insurgency terrorism. In addition it has been noted that the literature on state terrorism, like that on terrorism generally, suffers from a lack of work on the definition of the term. Whilst it is difficult to think of any author who has methodically applied a definition to the actions of a particular actor in order to assess whether each constitutes an act of terrorism. This thesis attempts to address each of these issues. However before doing either of these things it attempts to show that the suggested reasons as to why the State cannot commit acts of terrorism can be at least questioned, whilst simultaneously showing that some authors believe that state terrorism has produced far more victims and than the sub-state variety. Then after revealing the explanations for academia's neglect of state terrorism the thesis investigates the notion of (substate) terrorism in order to identify its core meaning, before attempting to incorporate this into a 'comprehensive' definition of terrorism which would enable the political analyst to identify acts of state terrorism committed within the area of the state's jurisdiction and abroad. This definition, along with other definitions of terrorism taken from both the literature and legislation, are then tested by being applied to the 'counter-terrorist' activities of Israel, form which concluding comments on each and the general notion are made. The decision to concentrate solely upon counter-terrorist actions can also be seen to be addressing a gap in the literature, as can the choice of a Western state. The application of various definitions of state terrorism to the counterterrorist actions of Israel within Israel, the administered West Bank and abroad, therefore means that this area provides a novel testing ground for any definition. By examining the issue of state terrorism the thesis aims to raise, if not answer several important questions and issues surrounding the concept of state terrorism. In addition to illustrating the problems facing the production of any definition of the word 'terrorism' such an examination will hopefully illustrate the problems of applying any definition of terrorism. Finally the thesis aims to further the cause of knowledge by accurately describing the legalities of various aspects of Israel's counter-terrorist policies since Israel took over the administration of the West Bank in 1967. As well as using the existing literature this thesis contains both the quantitative and qualitative replies of 120 academics to a pointed questionnaire on the topic. Many of the results of this are scattered throughout the conceptual parts of the thesis including this introductory chapter, and all the quantifiable results and the sampling technique are described in Appendix A.

Since their discovery in the late 1970s conducting polymers have become increasingly used materials in many applications. They are utilised for their conductivity and/or their electroactive properties. These applications include sensor technologies, actuators, and battery materials. The properties of conducting polymers rely on the extent of the reduction / oxidation or redox state, and hence the dopant levels, of the materials. The aim of this work was to investigate the use of the Ion Beam Analysis (IBA) techniques Rutherford Backscattering Spectroscopy (RBS), and Proton Induced X-ray Emission (PIXE) for the analysis of 'soft' organic materials, in particular, conducting polymers. These IBA techniques are not new, as they have been extensively used for the characterisation of many inorganic, 'hard', materials such as aluminium oxide and silicon oxynitride. While they have been used to alter the molecular structure, and hence the properties of conducting polymers in the past, little to no research has explored the use of ion beams as a tool for the characterisation of these materials. Conducting polymers can either be prepared chemically or electrochemically. They are predominantly prepared in an oxidised state and this charge is balanced by negatively charged counter ions. In this work, the conducting polymers were formed electrochemically by deposition onto support materials at constant electrode potential. The number of counter ions required to balance the polymer chain depends on the type of conducting polymer formed and extent of oxidation. Issues such as the influence of the support material and extent of polymer oxidation on the extent of counter ions through the polymer films are of importance. Gaining knowledge of the dispersion of counter ions may provide new insights into the redox mechanisms for conductive polymers. Complex bis terthiophene porphyrin conducting polymers were prepared and investigated for the uptake of zinc into the freebase porphyrin unit after polymerisation by acquiring elemental depth profiles using RBS analysis. Issues such as the influence of the support material and extent of polymer oxidation on the extent of counter ions through the polymer films were found to be of importance. Gaining knowledge of the extent of counter ions provides new insights into the redox mechanisms for conductive polymers. The results were compared to those obtained for a sample where zinc was coordinated to the porphyrin prior to the polymerisation process. Unexpected high concentrations of both nitrogen and oxygen were found, which were interpreted to be due to entrapped cations originating from the electrolyte ((Bu)4N+), together with trapped water molecules, within the polymer films. The chlorine depth profiling assisted with understanding the extent of the perchlorate counter ion throughout the polymer films. The combination of both RBS and PIXE demonstrated that trace element impurities can be detected using ion beam analysis, which other analytical techniques are unable to do. A series of polypyrrole films incorporating a range of counter ions were prepared as model compounds for study in the second section of this work. RBS and PIXE techniques were used to evaluate film homogeneity with respect to depth and to infer the counter ion / pyrrole unit ratio for each of the six PPy film formed. RBS was also used to characterise a series of terthiophene-ferrocene based conducting co-polymers. The ratio of co-polymer monomer to terthiophene-ferrocene monomers and the dopant levels for the polymers were determined using a RBS deconvolution method developed in this study. This new method can be extended for characterization of a wide range of organic polymers. The limitations of RBS for the analysis of these soft materials were identified. The advantage that RBS offers over other analytical techniques is that it provides a means for low atomic number element depth profiling in these materials.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Washington, 1997. / Vita. Includes bibliographical references (leaves [282]-292).

Diss.--Fribourg. / Includes bibliographical references.

The Malayan Emergency is often considered the defining paradigm for a successful counter-insurgency campaign. The effective collection and management of intelligence by Special Branch dominates this paradigm. However, the intelligence architecture during Emergency was much more complicated than the simple Special Branch-Army nexus upon which existing studies focus. Other components of the intelligence included the Malayan Security Service (MSS), Security Intelligence Far East (SIFE), the Joint Intelligence Committee / Far East (JIC/FE), the Royal Air Force (RAF), the Army, and the mainstream police. Each component adapted to the challenge of insurgency in different ways – the civilian elements faring far worse than the military. Britain struggled to adapt to the post-war intelligence challenges in the Far East. Key intelligence components and capabilities were constituted in haste with overlapping and ambiguous remits. Consequently, there was bitter infighting at a number of levels, particularly between the various civilian intelligence agencies. In contrast, the Army and RAF demonstrated an instinctive ability to work in a ‘joint’ environment from the very beginning of the Emergency. In particular, the RAF took a leading role in creating a joint theatre-level intelligence apparatus which included establishment of a Joint Operations Room in Kuala Lumpur and the Joint Intelligence Photographic Intelligence Committee / Far East. However, the military were unable to provide the comprehensive human intelligence or strategic leadership necessary to make the broader apparatus effective. This could only come once the apparatus led by the civil agencies – chiefly the uniformed police as well as Special Branch – had learnt to adapt to the demands of waging a counter-insurgency campaign. Given that the British intelligence organisations had learnt to function in a joint manner during the Second World War, it is remarkable how much had apparently been forgotten in the three years preceding the outbreak of the Communist 1 AIR 20/7777, Report on the Emergency in Malaya, from April 1950 to November 1951, by Sir Harold Briggs. insurgency in Malaya and how long it took to create an effective method of coordinating intelligence during subsequent Emergency.

The use of counter-rotating propellers is often desirable for aerospace and ocean engineering applications. Counter-rotating propellers offer higher peak efficiencies, better off-design performance, and roll control capabilities. But counter-rotating propeller matching is a difficult and complex procedure. Although much research has been done on the design of optimal counter-rotating propeller sets, there has been less focus on predicting the performance of unmatched counter-rotating sets. In this study, it was desired to use off-the-shelf marine propellers to make a counter-rotating pair for a high speed autonomous underwater vehicle (AUV). Counter-rotating propellers were needed to provide roll control for the AUV. Pre-existing counter-rotating propeller design methods were not applicable because they all require inputs of complex propeller blade geometries. These geometries are rarely known for off-the-shelf propellers. This study proposes a new method for predicting the counter-rotating performance of unmatched propeller sets. It is suggested here that propeller performance curves can be used to predict counter-rotating thrust and torque performance. Propeller performance tests were run in the Virginia Tech Water Tunnel for a variety of small, off-the shelf propellers. The collected data was used to generate the propeller performance curves. The propellers were then paired up and tested as counter-rotating sets. A momentum theory based model was formulated that predicted counter-rotating performance using the propeller performance data. The counter-rotating data was used to determine the effectiveness of the method. A solution was found that successfully predicted the counter-rotating performance of all of the tested propeller sets using six interaction coefficients. The optimal values of these coefficients were used to write two counter-rotating performance prediction programs. The first program takes the forward and aft RPMs and the flow speed as inputs, and predicts the generated thrust and torque. The second program takes the flow speed and the desired thrust as inputs and calculates the forward and aft RPM values that will generate the desired thrust while producing zero torque. The second program was used to determine the optimal counter-rotating set for the HSAUV. / Master of Science

No description available.

Class of 2010 Abstract / OBJECTIVES: To explore the viewpoints of physicians, pharmacists, and other healthcare professionals on the creation of a behind- the-counter class of drugs. METHODS: This was a descriptive study of testimony contained in public hearings that were held by the FDA regarding behind-the- counter availability of certain medications. A data collection form was created to classify the testimony into categories according to the list comprised of 14 general issues, 11 logistical issues, and 11 miscellaneous issues. Testifiers were divided into three groups: medical, pharmacy, and health care related. Testimonies were analyzed for issues addressed by each speaker and marked pro, con, or neutral next to the corresponding issue. Frequencies and percentages were derived from the count data and groups were compared using a Yate’s Chi-square test. RESULTS: The medical, pharmacy, and health care related groups had a significantly different number of responses (p<0.001). The responses of the medical testifiers were significantly more opposed to a BTC class than the pharmacy testifiers (p<0.001). The pharmacy testimony was also significantly more in favor of a BTC class compared to the health care related groups testimony (p=0.014). The medical testimony was not significantly different from the health care related testimony (p=0.064). CONCLUSIONS: Pharmacists supported and physicians opposed the creation of a BTC class of drugs. Other healthcare related professionals had mixed opinions as a group.