The shear capacity of a post-tensioned, concrete I-girder may be influenced if the crushing capacity of the web is reduced by ducts for the tendons. An experimental investigation was conducted on compressively-loaded, high-strength concrete panels with embedded post-tensioning ducts to better understand the parameters influencing girder web crushing behavior. The panels were intended to represent portions of a girder web subjected to shear-induced, principal compressive stresses. Material properties and construction procedures utilized in the fabrication and erection of bridge members in the field were considered. The primary goal of this study was to assess the impacts of various parameters on web crushing capacity. The results were needed to determine which variables should be considered for shear testing of full-scale girders. The parameters considered in the panel test program were duct type, grouting, member thickness, and the inclusion of confining reinforcement near the ducts. Notable findings from this study indicate that 1) elements with plastic ducts exhibit lower capacities than those with steel ducts, 2) a significant size effect exists when determining crushing capacity, and 3) the presence of a small amount of reinforcement placed near a duct through a member’s thickness can greatly improve its capacity. Results indicated that American design codes may be severely unconservative in their handling of ducts when designing for shear. Recommendations to refine and expand the standard approach for reducing web crushing capacity were developed. Additionally, a new means of estimating web crushing capacity was introduced. / text

No description available.

This diploma thesis deals with the design of a gear crusher for crushing aggregates. The crusher, which has interchangeable tips, is designed so that even the crushing elements can be easily replaced. This piece of work is divided into a survey of the basic types of crushers, the design of the proposed crusher, basic control calculations and strength analysis performed by a computer program.

O estudo da reciclagem de pavimentos de concreto para utilização em novos pavimentos tem se mostrado de grande importância haja vista a quantidade de materiais necessários para a reconstrução dessas vias. Além do ganho ambiental, devido a uma menor extração de agregados, obtém-se um ganho econômico, com menor custo de transporte e de aquisição de materiais. O agregado proveniente da britagem de antigas placas de concreto se mostrou, historicamente, apto a ser utilizado para a produção de um novo pavimento de concreto. Entretanto, existem certas limitações, pois o seu uso não resulta em um concreto com características totalmente idênticas àquelas do concreto convencional. O presente trabalho apresenta resultados da análise das características dos agregados produzidos através da britagem de antigas placas de pavimentos de concreto do Rodoanel Metropolitano Mário Covas em britador de mandíbula e em britador de impacto, bem como a influência do uso de agregados reciclados nas propriedades mecânicas do concreto. No estudo comparativo entre os tipos de britador foi verificado que agregados obtidos por britador de mandíbula e por britador de impacto possuem características muito semelhantes. No estudo das características mecânicas dos concretos a resistência à tração na flexão, a resistência à tração na compressão e o módulo de elasticidade diminuíram conforme se aumentou a absorção de água ponderada dos agregados. No que se refere à resistência à compressão, contudo, não foi observada queda ao se substituir somente a fração de agregados graúdos na mistura. Quando se procedeu com a substituição da fração miúda, porém, a resistência ficou abaixo daquela do concreto de convencional. / The study of concrete pavement recycling for its use in new pavements has shown to be of great importance considering the quantity of materials that are necessary to reconstruct these roads. Besides the environmental gain, due to a lesser extraction of aggregates, there is also an economic gain, with smaller transportation and material purchasing costs. The aggregate originated from the crushing of old concrete slabs has historically been shown to be able to be employed in the construction of a new concrete pavement. However, there are limitations, since its utilization does not result in a concrete with the exact same properties of the conventional concrete. The present work presents the results from the analysis of the characteristics from the aggregates produced through the crushing of old concrete slabs using a jaw crusher and an impact crusher, as well as the influence of the use of recycled aggregates on the concrete mechanical properties. The crusher type comparative study has shown that aggregates obtained from a jaw crusher and from an impact crusher have very similar characteristics. The concrete mechanical characteristic study reveals that flexural strength, indirect tensile strength and modulus of elasticity decrease as the aggregates water absorption increase. Concerning compressive strength, however, there was no observed decrease when only coarse recycled aggregates were used. Nevertheless, when fine recycled aggregates were employed besides coarse recycled aggregates, there was a decrease in compressive strength.

The basis of this work is to find how varying the grain size of materials contained in sandbags (sand and crumb rubber) effects the ballistic penetration of the projectiles from both the 7.62x39mm (308-short), and 9mm Luger cartridges. The sandbags were stacked in a pyramidal stacking configuration according to military specifications in order to simulate a section of a sandbag barrier or redoubt as would be seen on the battlefield. The projectiles were fired at the targets, and the velocity and penetration data was recorded. The results concern both military and civilian applications alike. The 7.62x39 round was found to experience more fragmentation as grain size increased, and was also found to have, on average, the least amount of penetration into the largest grains. The 9mm round was found to suffer negligible deformation in all of the various sizes of materials, and when fired at the two types of materials, showed a steady trend of decreasing penetration depth with increasing grain size. The sand had a wearing effect on the projectiles leaving them scared or fragmented and deformed while the rubber kept the rounds in pristine condition.

No description available.

Magíster en Minería / La minería a cielo abierto se caracteriza por sus grandes volúmenes de producción, los cuales hacen posible la operación de minas con bajas leyes, altos costos de inversión, crecientes costos operativos y la reducción de la productividad debido a la profundidad de los rajos; a todo esto se suma la complejidad para administrar grandes flotas de camiones de alto tonelaje. Es por ello que en la actualidad se hace determinante el uso de tecnologías correctas en las actividades de mayor incidencia en el costo mina. El principal objetivo de este trabajo es el desarrollo de una metodología adaptable al mundo minero polimetálico usando In-Pit Crushing and Conveyors (IPCC), ya que ofrece diversas configuraciones para su aplicabilidad, convirtiéndola en una opción atractiva. Se inició con un estudio pormenorizado del transporte de materiales, sintetizando sus variables más influyentes, como es el costo del combustible. Posteriormente se avaluó la evolución del costo mina en función de la profundidad. Ésta fue desarrollada en base a simulación del sistema tradicional de carguío y transporte, considerando el consumo de combustible para la flota de camiones. Luego para el modelamiento del costo mina se partió de la premisa que el costo de combustible representa un 25% del costo mina, para proseguir con la optimización, agentamiento y evaluación de cada escenario. Dentro de los resultados obtenidos se puede apreciar variaciones en el material a remover tanto en mineral como en desmonte. El costo de capital mayor del IPCC es abatido por la vida útil del mismo y los menores costos operativos asociados a su uso. Es por ello que en el caso de los chancadores semi-móviles y especialmente en los semi-fijos es de suma importancia su ubicación óptima dentro del yacimiento y no solo a partir de una evaluación de costos, sino también en base a una evaluación de VAN. Según sea el caso hay la posibilidad de un reemplazo total de la flota de camiones por las correas transportadoras y los chancadores móviles. Todo esto conduce a una reducción significativa del costo mina según la configuración del IPCC, también queda susceptible a la coyuntura actual de precios del petróleo, la fuente y suministro energético del país. Finalizamos recomendando el uso de los gráficos como referencia para evaluaciones relacionadas al uso de esta metodología, además de realizar estudios más profundos.

O estudo da reciclagem de pavimentos de concreto para utilização em novos pavimentos tem se mostrado de grande importância haja vista a quantidade de materiais necessários para a reconstrução dessas vias. Além do ganho ambiental, devido a uma menor extração de agregados, obtém-se um ganho econômico, com menor custo de transporte e de aquisição de materiais. O agregado proveniente da britagem de antigas placas de concreto se mostrou, historicamente, apto a ser utilizado para a produção de um novo pavimento de concreto. Entretanto, existem certas limitações, pois o seu uso não resulta em um concreto com características totalmente idênticas àquelas do concreto convencional. O presente trabalho apresenta resultados da análise das características dos agregados produzidos através da britagem de antigas placas de pavimentos de concreto do Rodoanel Metropolitano Mário Covas em britador de mandíbula e em britador de impacto, bem como a influência do uso de agregados reciclados nas propriedades mecânicas do concreto. No estudo comparativo entre os tipos de britador foi verificado que agregados obtidos por britador de mandíbula e por britador de impacto possuem características muito semelhantes. No estudo das características mecânicas dos concretos a resistência à tração na flexão, a resistência à tração na compressão e o módulo de elasticidade diminuíram conforme se aumentou a absorção de água ponderada dos agregados. No que se refere à resistência à compressão, contudo, não foi observada queda ao se substituir somente a fração de agregados graúdos na mistura. Quando se procedeu com a substituição da fração miúda, porém, a resistência ficou abaixo daquela do concreto de convencional. / The study of concrete pavement recycling for its use in new pavements has shown to be of great importance considering the quantity of materials that are necessary to reconstruct these roads. Besides the environmental gain, due to a lesser extraction of aggregates, there is also an economic gain, with smaller transportation and material purchasing costs. The aggregate originated from the crushing of old concrete slabs has historically been shown to be able to be employed in the construction of a new concrete pavement. However, there are limitations, since its utilization does not result in a concrete with the exact same properties of the conventional concrete. The present work presents the results from the analysis of the characteristics from the aggregates produced through the crushing of old concrete slabs using a jaw crusher and an impact crusher, as well as the influence of the use of recycled aggregates on the concrete mechanical properties. The crusher type comparative study has shown that aggregates obtained from a jaw crusher and from an impact crusher have very similar characteristics. The concrete mechanical characteristic study reveals that flexural strength, indirect tensile strength and modulus of elasticity decrease as the aggregates water absorption increase. Concerning compressive strength, however, there was no observed decrease when only coarse recycled aggregates were used. Nevertheless, when fine recycled aggregates were employed besides coarse recycled aggregates, there was a decrease in compressive strength.

Le barrage poids en enrochement dont l’étanchéité est assurée par un masque en béton sur sa face amont est de plus en plus utilisé aujourd’hui. Son appellation courante est « CFRD1 ». La conception de ce type d’ouvrage est effectuée en suivant des « règles » de conception empiriques. Dans la dernière décennie, plusieurs barrages de type CFRD de grande hauteur ont subi la rupture de leur masque en béton lors de la première mise en eau, montrant ainsi la défaillance de l’approche empirique.Il s’avère alors nécessaire de comprendre les mécanismes physiques mis en jeu, notamment dans le comportement des enrochements sous fortes contraintes. Ce travail de thèse commence par une recherche bibliographique montrant que les fortes contraintes ont un effet important dans la rupture des particules. Cette rupture est influencée par les caractéristiques des particules, l’assemblage et les conditions mécaniques imposées. Une fois les facteurs influençant la rupture de particules identifiés, on s’intéresse aux modèles de comportement tenant compte de ce phénomène. La plupart des modèles étudiés englobent les différents facteurs d’influence dans un ou plusieurs paramètres difficilement identifiables par les essais mécaniques courants. Un modèle proposé dans le cadre de la thermodynamique prenant en compte la distribution de taille des particules a été retenu pour une analyse plus approfondie. Cette analyse aboutit au besoin d’identifier deux phénomènes importants : i) la distribution de tailles de particules suite à la rupture, et ii) la relation entre la rupture de particules et la dissipation d’énergie par frottement. Concernant le premier phénomène, un modèle probabiliste est proposé. Ce modèle tient compte de l’effet de la taille des particules dans la probabilité de rupture. La comparaison des simulations aux résultats expérimentaux pour un sable montre une bonne approximation de la variation des courbes granulométriques. Concernant la relation entre la rupture de particules et la dissipation d’énergie par frottement, des essais triaxiaux ont été analysés thermodynamiquement sur un plan « énergie reçue/énergie rendue » par le système (l’échantillon de sol). Sur ce plan, on étudie le comportement dissipatif sans rupture qui se traduit par une relation linéaire. Les matériaux présentant une rupture des particules montrent une relation différente. Donc, ce plan permet de mettre en évidence la différence entre l’énergie dissipée par le matériau sans rupture et celui avec rupture de grains. Cette différence est associée au travail mécanique dû à la rupture des particules. Différentes conclusions et perspectives sont proposées à ce point pour le développement de modèles de comportement. Une conséquence directe de la dépendance de la probabilité de rupture avec la taille des particules est l’existence d’un effet d’échelle. Une théorie d’effet d’échelle récemment proposée pour l’enveloppe de rupture a été validée dans le cadre des relations contraintes-déformations. Ceci permet de modéliser la réponse contrainte-déformation d’un matériau contenant des particules de taille significative à partir d’un matériau de granulométrie réduite.Finalement, quelques recommandations de modification aux pratiques existantes dans la conception de barrages à masque amont en béton ont été proposées suite à des analyses de modèles en éléments finis. / The concrete face rockfill dam (CFRD) is a type of dam widely constructed nowadays. The design “rules“ for this type of dam have remained totally empirical. During the last decade, several high CFRDs have experienced the cracking of the concrete face during first reservoir impounding. This shows the limitations of the current empirical state of practice. It is important to understand the different physical mechanisms leading to these problems, especially those concerning the mechanical behavior of rockfill materials. Looking for answers to this problem, this thesis starts by a bibliographic research which shows that particles breakage is an important issue on the mechanical behavior of rockfills. The particles breakage phenomenon is affected by the characteristics of individual particles, the packing conditions of the assembly and the imposed mechanical solicitations. Once the factors affecting particles breakage have been identified, we study the constitutive models that have introduced the particles breakage phenomena. Most of them reduce the influence of the different factors to a couple of parameters, which are not easily identifiable through current laboratory tests. One constitutive model proposed on a thermodynamic framework has been retained for a more detailed analysis. This analysis leads to two main topics of interest: i) the description of the grain-size distribution due to particles breakage, and ii) the relationship between dissipation of energy and particles breakage. Concerning the first topic, a probabilistic model is proposed to describe the evolution of particles breakage and the variation of the grain-size distribution curve. This model takes into account the dependency of breakage probability with particles size. The comparison between model response and laboratory experiences shows good agreement for the variation of the grain-size distribution curves.Concerning the relationship between dissipation of energy by friction and particles breakage, several drained triaxial tests have been studied thermodynamically on a plot called “input/output power” of the system (soil sample). On this plot, we study the dissipative behavior without particles breakage, which is characterized by a straight line. Materials experiencing particles breakage show a different form. Therefore this plot allows identifying the difference between the dissipated energy of materials with and without particles breakage. This difference is associated to the particles breakage phenomena. Several conclusions and future works are proposed at this point related to the description of the mechanical behavior of rockfills.A direct consequence of the dependency of particles breakage on the particles size is the existence of a size-scale effect. A theory recently proposed for the shear-strength envelope has been validated for the stress-strain relationships. This allows estimating the stress-strain response of a material with very coarse particles from a material with reduced grain-size distribution.Finally, some recommendations to the current practice of CFRDs design are proposed, based on analyses with finite element models.

For an ideal impact energy absorber, the initial peak force should be low and the average crushing force should be high. Also, a long stroke and a stable force history are expected. The thin-walled tube under axial loads is a kind of energy absorber that can produce controlled progressive collapse during a crash. It is a promising collapse mechanism for energy absorption with demonstrated success in industry. But the conventional thin-walled tubes still have high initial peak force and force fluctuations during a crushing process. To help to achieve a better energy absorbing structure, a research work has been carried out in this thesis. The aim of the present research is to achieve an improved understanding of the crushing behaviour of thin-walled tubes under axial loads. In the study, the entire crushing process, including the initial stage of collapse, its localization and the subsequent progressive folding has been carefully investigated by experiment. The relation between the localized plastic deformation and the corresponding crushing force is built by comparing the cross section of series of specimens and their load-displacement curves, which give a deep insight of the collapse mechanism of circular thin-walled tube under axial loads. Then some trigger systems are proposed, which is proved to be a good way to reduce the initial peak force and influence the collapse behaviour. To achieve higher energy absorbing efficiency, the multi-cell thin-walled tube has been investigated. Finally, based on the analysis in this study, a new multi-cell profile which is composed of coaxial tubes with different lengths and dented grooves is proposed. The new design is proved to be a good energy absorber with low initial peak force and very high energy absorption efficiency.