O sistema desenvolvido obteve boa resposta na detecção de modelos numéricos de tumores com dimensões a partir de 5mm, representada na localização adequada e determinação do tamanho obtidos por meio de simulações envolvendo os modelos dos blocos especificados. Como objetivo principal do trabalho será apresentado o projeto, fabricação e resultados de testes de um circuito integrado gerador de pulsos com o formato da derivada de quinta ordem do pulso de gaussiano (transmissor UWB) fabricado utilizando a tecnologia IBM 0.18 CMOS. Os blocos principais que formam o circuito gerador de pulso são: circuito gerador de onda quadrada, gerador de atrasos, detector de fase e etapa de saída (formador de pulso). O gerador de onda quadrada foi implementado a partir de um buffer de RF com um inversor na saída com casamento de impedância. O gerador de atrasos foi implementado a partir de uma cascata de inversores. O circuito detector de fase é composto por bloco n- dinâmico , n-latch e inversor estático para forma pulsos em alta velocidade. As dimensões dos transistores foram definidas de modo a obter característica adequada de um pulso Gaussiano de 5ª ordem, considerando especificações exigidas de Sistema de Detecção de Câncer de Mama. Foi implementado o leiaute em full Custom com dimensões mínimas da tecnologia. Cinco chips diferentes foram testados. E os valores da fonte de alimentação foram variadas em 1,62V, 1,80V e 1.98, então foram medidos os valores de saída pico a pico e largura de pulso para cada chip. O consumo de energia medido foi de 244 uW, e a amplitude do pulso de saída 115,2 mV pico a pico e largura de pulso de 407,8 ps com um sinal de entrada senoidal de amplitude 806mVp à 100 MHz . O pulso gerado pelo gerador de pulso resultou em uma PSD (Power Spectral Density) com largura de banda de 0,6 GHz a 7,8 GHz, que é adequado para aplicações de UWB para detecção do câncer de mama. / As a result for detecting the numeric representation, the system could identify tumors from 5mm of extent with adequate localization, as well size determination. The primary goal of this work, therefore, is to bring out the project, manufacturing process and achieved results of tests regarding an integrated circuit for generating pulses which are shaped as the derivative of fifth order of the Gaussian pulse (UWMB transmitter) using the UWB 0.18 CMOS. The pulse generator circuit is composed by: circuit for generating square waves, delay generator, phase detector and output stage. The generator of square wave was implemented from one buffer of rf, with an inverter in the output and impedance matching. The delay generator was implemented from one cascade of inverters. The circuit for detecting the stages is assembled with n block dynamic, n-latch and static inverter for quickly generating pulses (high speed pulse generation). The dimensions of the transistors were defined in order to obtain the adequate characteristics of one Gaussian pulse of 5th order, considering the required specification of the Detection System for Cancer of Breast. It was implemented using the full Custom layout, taking into account the minimum dimensions for such technology. Five different chips were tested. The values of the source energy varied among 1,62V, 1,80V and 1,98V, being later measured the output values, peak to peak, as well the pulse width for each chip. The measured energy consumption was 244 uW, the amplitude of the output pulse was 115.2 mV peak to peak, and the pulse width was 407,8ps with sinusoidal input signal of 806mVp amplitude at 100MHz. As a result, it was obtained a PSD (Power Spectral Density) with band width of 0,6GHz to 7,8GHz from the pulse generator, which is quite adequate for UWB applications for detecting the breast cancer.

O sistema desenvolvido obteve boa resposta na detecção de modelos numéricos de tumores com dimensões a partir de 5mm, representada na localização adequada e determinação do tamanho obtidos por meio de simulações envolvendo os modelos dos blocos especificados. Como objetivo principal do trabalho será apresentado o projeto, fabricação e resultados de testes de um circuito integrado gerador de pulsos com o formato da derivada de quinta ordem do pulso de gaussiano (transmissor UWB) fabricado utilizando a tecnologia IBM 0.18 CMOS. Os blocos principais que formam o circuito gerador de pulso são: circuito gerador de onda quadrada, gerador de atrasos, detector de fase e etapa de saída (formador de pulso). O gerador de onda quadrada foi implementado a partir de um buffer de RF com um inversor na saída com casamento de impedância. O gerador de atrasos foi implementado a partir de uma cascata de inversores. O circuito detector de fase é composto por bloco n- dinâmico , n-latch e inversor estático para forma pulsos em alta velocidade. As dimensões dos transistores foram definidas de modo a obter característica adequada de um pulso Gaussiano de 5ª ordem, considerando especificações exigidas de Sistema de Detecção de Câncer de Mama. Foi implementado o leiaute em full Custom com dimensões mínimas da tecnologia. Cinco chips diferentes foram testados. E os valores da fonte de alimentação foram variadas em 1,62V, 1,80V e 1.98, então foram medidos os valores de saída pico a pico e largura de pulso para cada chip. O consumo de energia medido foi de 244 uW, e a amplitude do pulso de saída 115,2 mV pico a pico e largura de pulso de 407,8 ps com um sinal de entrada senoidal de amplitude 806mVp à 100 MHz . O pulso gerado pelo gerador de pulso resultou em uma PSD (Power Spectral Density) com largura de banda de 0,6 GHz a 7,8 GHz, que é adequado para aplicações de UWB para detecção do câncer de mama. / As a result for detecting the numeric representation, the system could identify tumors from 5mm of extent with adequate localization, as well size determination. The primary goal of this work, therefore, is to bring out the project, manufacturing process and achieved results of tests regarding an integrated circuit for generating pulses which are shaped as the derivative of fifth order of the Gaussian pulse (UWMB transmitter) using the UWB 0.18 CMOS. The pulse generator circuit is composed by: circuit for generating square waves, delay generator, phase detector and output stage. The generator of square wave was implemented from one buffer of rf, with an inverter in the output and impedance matching. The delay generator was implemented from one cascade of inverters. The circuit for detecting the stages is assembled with n block dynamic, n-latch and static inverter for quickly generating pulses (high speed pulse generation). The dimensions of the transistors were defined in order to obtain the adequate characteristics of one Gaussian pulse of 5th order, considering the required specification of the Detection System for Cancer of Breast. It was implemented using the full Custom layout, taking into account the minimum dimensions for such technology. Five different chips were tested. The values of the source energy varied among 1,62V, 1,80V and 1,98V, being later measured the output values, peak to peak, as well the pulse width for each chip. The measured energy consumption was 244 uW, the amplitude of the output pulse was 115.2 mV peak to peak, and the pulse width was 407,8ps with sinusoidal input signal of 806mVp amplitude at 100MHz. As a result, it was obtained a PSD (Power Spectral Density) with band width of 0,6GHz to 7,8GHz from the pulse generator, which is quite adequate for UWB applications for detecting the breast cancer.

No description available.

The presented master thesis concerns an own design concept of a CT scanner that meet the basic technical, ergonomical and social requirements and also brings a new look and shape as solution to the main topic.

No description available.

La proton thérapie est une modalité de traitement du cancer qu’utilise des faisceaux de protons. Les systèmes de planification de traitement actuels se basent sur une image de l’anatomie du patient acquise par tomodensitométrie. Le pouvoir d’arrêt des protons relatif à l’eau (Stopping Power Ratio en Anglais, SPR) est déterminé à partir des unités Hounsfield (Hounsfield Units en Anglais, HU) pour calculer la dose absorbée au patient. Les protons sont plus vulnérables que les photons aux modifications du SPR du tissu dans la direction du faisceau dues au mouvement, désalignement ou changements anatomiques. De plus, les inexactitudes survenues de la CT de planification et intrinsèques à la conversion HU-SPR contribuent énormément à l’incertitude de la portée des protons. Dans la pratique clinique, au volume de traitement s’ajoutent des marges de sécurité pour tenir en compte ces incertitudes en détriment de perdre la capacité d’épargner les tissus autour de la tumeur. L’usage de l’imagerie bi-énergie en proton thérapie a été proposé pour la première fois en 2009 pour mieux estimer le SPR du patient par rapport à l’imagerie mono-énergie. Le but de cette thèse est d’étudier la potentielle amélioration de l’estimation du SPR des protons en utilisant l’imagerie bi-énergie, pour ainsi réduire l’incertitude dans la prédiction de la portée des protons dans le patient. Cette thèse est appliquée à un nouveau système d’imagerie, l’Imaging Ring (IR), un scanner de tomodensitométrie conique (Cone-Beam CT en Anglais, CBCT) développé pour la radiothérapie guidée par l’image. L’IR est équipé d’une source de rayons X avec un système d’alternance rapide du voltage, synchronisé avec une roue contenant des filtres de différents matériaux que permet des acquisitions CBCT multi-énergie. La première contribution est une méthode pour calibrer les modèles de source et la réponse du détecteur pour être utilisés en simulations d’imagerie X. Deuxièmement, les recherches ont évalué les facteurs que peuvent avoir un impact sur les résultats du procès de décomposition bi-énergie, dès paramètres d’acquisition au post-traitement. Les deux domaines, image et basée en la projection, ont été minutieusement étudiés, avec un spéciale accent aux approches basés en la projection. Deux nouvelles bases de décomposition ont été proposées pour estimer le SPR, sans avoir besoin d’une variable intermédiaire comme le nombre atomique effectif. La dernière partie propose une estimation du SPR des fantômes de caractérisation tissulaire et d’un fantôme anthropomorphique à partir d’acquisitions avec l’IR. Il a été implémentée une correction du diffusé, et il a été proposée une routine pour interpoler linéairement les sinogrammes de basse et haute énergie des acquisitions bi-énergie pour pouvoir réaliser des décompositions en matériaux avec données réelles. Les valeurs réconstruits du SPR ont été comparées aux valeurs du SPR expérimentales déterminés avec un faisceau d’ions de carbone. / Proton therapy is a promising radiation treatment modality that uses proton beams to treat cancer. Current treatment planning systems rely on an X-ray computed tomography (CT) image of the patient's anatomy to design the treatment plan. The proton stopping-power ratio relative to water (SPR) is derived from CT numbers (HU) to compute the absorbed dose in the patient. Protons are more vulnerable than photons to changes in tissue SPR in the beam direction caused by movement, misalignment or anatomical changes. In addition, inaccuracies arising from the planning CT and intrinsic to the HU-SPR conversion greatly contribute to the proton range uncertainty. In clinical practice, safety margins are added to the treatment volume to account for these uncertainties at the expense of losing organ-sparing capabilities. The use of dual-energy (DE) in proton therapy was first suggested in 2009 to better estimate the SPR with respect to single-energy X-ray imaging. The aim of this thesis work is to investigate the potential improvement in determining proton SPR using DE to reduce the uncertainty in predicting the proton range in the patient. This PhD work is applied to a new imaging device, the Imaging Ring (IR), which is a cone-beam CT (CBCT) scanner developed for image-guided radiotherapy (IGRT). The IR is equipped with a fast kV switching X-ray source, synchronized with a filter wheel, allowing for multi-energy CBCT imaging. The first contribution of this thesis is a method to calibrate a model for the X-ray source and the detector response to be used in X-ray image simulations. It has been validated experimentally on three CBCT scanners. Secondly, the investigations have evaluated the factors that have an impact on the outcome of the DE decomposition process, from the acquisition parameters to the post-processing. Both image- and projection-based decomposition domains have been thoroughly investigated, with special emphasis on projection-based approaches. Two novel DE decomposition bases have been proposed to estimate proton SPRs, without the need for an intermediate variable such as the effective atomic number. The last part of the thesis proposes an estimation of proton SPR maps of tissue characterization and anthropomorphic phantoms through DE-CBCT acquisitions with the IR. A correction for X-ray scattering has been implemented off-line, and a routine to linearly interpolate low-energy and high-energy sinograms from sequential and fast-switching DE acquisitions has been proposed to perform DE material decomposition in the projection domain with real data. DECT-derived SPR values have been compared with experimentally-determined SPR values in a carbon-ion beam.