This thesis describes single types of wavelength-division multiplex (WDM) according to the International Telecommunication Union (ITU-T). This work offers an overview of components and evaluation of critical parts of network design utilizing WDM technology. There are depicted typical properties, suitable components and channel spacing for each category. Suitable optic fibers according to ITU-T and characteristics of negative effects can be found in the work as well. Furthermore, there are presented most important optic sources, optic amplifiers, optic detectors with filters their requirements and application. They are especially important for achieving operation of WDM system. The fifth chapter considers impact of negative effects in fiber optics and their influence on the system. Then, a WDM system is designed along with management and monitoring the physical layer. The work also presents 1,33 Tbit/s (32 × 42,7 Gbit/s) WDM transmission over 300 km (with three 100 km spans) of post-compensated non-zero dispersion-shifted fiber (NZDSF) LEAF. The capacity of 400 Tbit/s×km is achieved in a single 25,6 nm C band using non-return-to-zero differential phase-shift-keyed modulation (NRZ-DQPSK), balanced detection and erbium-doped fiber amplification. Together with design of transmission system a several simulative analysis has been carried out in order to find the optimum configuration (such as number and distances between amplifiers, length of spans or the way of dispersion compensation) for a high bit rate optical transmission system. It was used a program OptiSystem 8.0.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-03-15T19:37:49Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Lucia Akemi Saito -EE2006.pdf: 2213180 bytes, checksum: d5a6d162d17171e2b4cf99c0fa4797ce (MD5) Previous issue date: 2006-08-02 / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / Most of researches about Raman amplifier had been made in C and L bands (1530-1625 nm), which is possible to found more data of Raman efficiency gain and the requirements for design is consolidated. The first issue that should be considered when the amplifier is to use in another band, like our project (O-band) is to consider the decrease of effective area and wavelength in the calculation of Raman efficiency, not only the pump wavelength. We have two configuration types: for the first one, the gain is obtained in the transmission fiber and for the second that is demonstrated in this work, we need special fibers as DSF, DCF and Raman fiber to amplifier the signals. Note that the amplification can be obtained in any band of optical spectrum, which depends on the pump wavelength that is used for made it. Our studies demonstrated that the discrete Raman amplifier that was made of Raman fiber of OFS Fitel Denmark was more efficient in short wavelengths and has more improvement when it was working in O-band. In spite of the higher attenuation, we can have higher Raman gain efficiency (CR) because the effective area (Aeff) decreased in short wavelengths. The characteristics of Raman fiber were studied when we found the Raman gain efficiency peak of 3.9 (W.km)-1 for a pump laser of 1240 nm wavelength. For this case, the gain of O-band amplifier was about 50 % higher when we compared with the C-band. For a CWDM system, we need to design a multi-pump amplifier. It is necessary four pump lasers to amplifier a bandwidth of 70 nm and six pump lasers to cover all O-band. The gain value depends on the pump power and if we want a good result, we should verify the total power of channels in the input of amplifier to avoid the device saturation. In addition, the noise figure of Raman amplifier was studied and then we found results that demonstrated higher noise values in short wavelengths specially, when we need to locate some pump lasers between signal wavelengths. / A maior parte das pesquisas realizadas sobre amplificadores Raman tem seus estudos centrados nas bandas C (1530 a 1565 nm) e L (1565 a 1625 nm), regiões onde os dados de eficiência de ganho Raman e a parametrização dos amplificadores têm seus estudos consolidados. Um ponto importante para ser considerado quando se deseja trabalhar numa banda diferente, como no caso a banda O (1260 a 1360 nm), é que a alteração não é apenas no comprimento de onda do laser de bombeio. Deve-se considerar o decréscimo da área efetiva e do comprimento de onda que influenciará diretamente no valor da eficiência e conseqüentemente no próprio ganho do amplificador Raman. Alguns amplificadores Raman utilizam a própria fibra de transmissão e outros têm como meio de amplificação fibras especiais como DSF, DCF ou a própria fibra Raman como é demonstrado neste trabalho. Sabe-se, no entanto, que a amplificação Raman pode ocorrer em qualquer banda do espectro óptico sendo necessário para a sua montagem, apenas alterar o comprimento de onda do laser de geração do efeito. Este trabalho demonstrou que o Amplificador Raman Discreto utilizando a fibra Raman da OFS Fitel Denmark é mais eficiente em comprimentos de onda menores e com melhor aproveitamento na região compreendida pela banda O . Nossos estudos demonstraram que apesar do aumento da atenuação nesta região, pode-se obter maior Eficiência de Ganho Raman (CR) devido ao decréscimo da Área Efetiva (Aeff) em comprimentos de onda curtos. A variação das características da fibra Raman para a banda O foram analisadas sendo encontrado um pico de Eficiência de Ganho Raman de 3,9 (W.km)-1 para um laser de bombeio de 1240 nm resultando em torno de 50 % a mais de Ganho no amplificador quando comparado com a banda C . Analisando o amplificador utilizando múltiplos lasers de bombeio, verificou-se que para uma aplicação em sistema CWDM seriam necessários 4 lasers para amplificação numa faixa de 70 nm e 6 lasers para cobrir toda a banda O sendo que a magnitude de amplificação depende diretamente da potência destes lasers devendo-se observar a potência total dos canais na entrada para evitar a saturação do dispositivo. Foi analisada a figura de ruído do amplificador Raman sendo encontrados valores mais altos em comprimentos de onda curtos e de maior magnitude quando há lasers de bombeio entre os comprimentos de onda de sinal.

The goal of this dissertation is to provide a solution by using a low-cost and high-performance laser module package for the applications of high-speed optical communication, fiber-to-the-home (FTTH), and passive optical network (PON). A 10-Gb/s coaxial-type laser module, a 10-Gb/s bi-directional optical sub-assembly (BOSA) module, and a 4 channels x 10-Gb/s coarse wavelength division multiplexing (CWDM) laser module have been implemented for this study. The conventional TO-Can header suffers poor RF transmission characteristics without proper modification. The notch filter effect induced by the parasitic inductance of the long lead and wires is one of its major factors. The proposed coaxial laser module is fitted with a commercial TO-Can with an internal matching resistor of 18£[ to reduce the signal reflection. The comparison of small signal results between the theoretical and the experimental results shows good agreement. The proposed 10-Gb/s coaxial laser module implemented can achieve 31% mask margins with the OC-192 standard. For cost consideration, the structure of the proposed 10-Gb/s BOSA modules is adapted to the idea of the commercial low bit rate of 155-Mb/s or 1.25-Gb/s BOSA modules. The proposed BOSA modules show a clear opening eye diagrams at both their transmitter and receiver side. The power penalty with a 10-km SMF transmission is 0.5dB and the crosstalk penalty is 0.9dB. According to the experimental results, we have demonstrated successfully the high-performance and the low-cost of 10-Gb/s BOSA modules and verified the feasibility of the bi-directional architecture for use in the future¡¦s high-speed FTTH or PON network applications. The 4 channel x 10-Gb/s laser modules adapted the existing low-cost TO-Can laser and the CWDM techniques provide one of the solutions for the 40-Gb/s optical communication application. The proposed optical module operating at 10-Gb/s per channel can exceed a rate of over 30 km transmission at the bit-error-rate (BER) of 10-9, with an average system power penalty of 12 dB. The proposed high-performance 40-Gb/s CWDM module shows the low-cost possibility that ensures the application of WDM-passive optical network (WDM-PON) fiber-to-the-home (FTTH) systems.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-03-15T19:37:40Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Palmerston Donizzeti Taveira.pdf: 3709250 bytes, checksum: f7776004371e059d73f0d20c8d735c07 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2006-08-02 / The optical amplifier has improved the optical communication systems because they lead to an increase in transmission capacity of medium and long haul optical systems, with technological advantages over electronic regenerators. The optical amplifier are relatively simple to deploy and can be used in optical links without any troubles regarding signal transmission rate improvement and signal modulation changes, as a consequence of these issues they can substitute the electronic regenerator enhancing security with low operation cost. The CWDM systems multiplex optical wavelength with a low cost in metropolitan networks. It was developed to connect backbone networks to metro core and edge networks with cost saving over DWDM systems but lower transmission capacity. We have developed and characterized in our research a discrete Raman amplifier for operation in O band. We connected the amplifier in a point to point CWDM in order to analyze the gain on the system transmission capacity and the impairments that appears in the system. Working with a eight channel CWDM in O band, modulated with 2.5 Gbit/s, we have demonstrated that we can use a discrete Raman amplifier in single configurations, pre amplifier, booster and line amplifier and shared configuration with booster and pre amplifier to increase the transmission capacity that means, increase the length of the optical link. We have increased in 110% the length of the optical link with a shared configuration of two amplifiers with 10 dB gain for each one. / Os amplificadores ópticos revolucionaram a tecnológica das comunicações ópticas, pois possibilitaram o aumento da capacidade de transmissão dos sistemas ópticos de média e longa distância, com vantagens tecnológicas sobre os regeneradores. Estes dispositivos são relativamente simples de serem desenvolvidos, utilizam poucos componentes e podem ser utilizados nas redes ópticas de forma transparente a taxa de transmissão e modulação do sinal. Substituem assim, com vantagens, os regeneradores eletrônicos, agregando segurança e baixo custo à operação das redes ópticas. Os sistemas CWDM realizam a multiplexação óptica de comprimentos de onda a um baixo custo em redes metropolitanas. São utilizados para conectar as redes de transporte de alta capacidade às redes de acesso, trazendo uma larga vantagem em custo sobre os sistemas DWDM, porém com menor capacidade de transmissão. Nosso trabalho de pesquisa consistiu em desenvolver e caracterizar um amplificador Raman discreto na banda O (1260 a 1360 nm), aplicando este amplificador em um sistema CWDM ponto a ponto com taxa de transmissão de 2.5 Gbit/s por canal e analisando o aumento na capacidade de transmissão e os efeitos que degradam o sinal transmitido. Trabalhando com um sistema CWDM com oito canais na banda O, demonstramos que podemos utilizar um amplificador Raman discreto nas configurações isoladas de pré-amplificador, booster e amplificador de linha e na configuração simultânea de booster e pré-amplificador para aumentar a capacidade de transmissão. Aumentamos o comprimento original do enlace em 110%.

This diploma work describes the software-defined network focusing on optical networks. Subsequently designed their own software network that is implemented in the environment OMNeT ++. This work deals with SDN (software-defined network), and impact on current communications environment in the world of telecom-munications services.

L’amplification optique large bande à base de SOA est devenue indispensable pour la montée en débit des systèmes de transmissions optiques et pour pouvoir exploiter au mieux la bande optique des fibres optiques. Ce travail présente une étude théorique et expérimentale d’un SOA large bande passante développé par Alcatel Thales III-V Lab dans le cadre des projets ANR AROME et UltraWIDE. Dans cette thèse, nous avons d’abord effectué une modélisation semi-phénoménologique du gain matériau et du coefficient de gain d’une structure à base de multi-puits quantiques avec un nombre réduit de paramètres. L’intégration de notre modèle dans un modèle de SOA déjà développé au laboratoire a montré son efficacité pour restituer quantitativement le comportement statiques (gain, facteur de bruit) des nouvelles structures SOA large bande sur une large plage de longueurs d’onde (> 110 nm), de courants d’alimentation et de puissances optiques. A l’aide de ce modèle, nous avons étudié l’influence de la structure du SOA sur la bande passante pour un gain cible en jouant sur la longueur, le nombre d’électrode et le courant d’alimentation du SOA. Nous avons mis en évidence qu’une structure bi-électrodes n’apportait pas d’amélioration de la bande passante optimisée par rapport au cas mono-électrode. En revanche, la structure bi-électrode permet d’optimiser la puissance de saturation et le facteur de bruit du SOA, sans sacrifier ni le gain maximal ni la bande passante optique. Nous avons aussi montré que, pour ce type de composants, une augmentation de la puissance optique injectée pouvait être compensée par une augmentation du courant d’alimentation pour maintenir une large bande passante optique. Nous avons également mis en place deux techniques d’élargissement de la bande passante optique de SOA à large bande. La première technique est fondée sur le filtrage en réflexion spectralement sélectif (ESOA). Le dispositif expérimental a permis d’amplifier simultanément 8 canaux CWDM dans une bande passante (définie à −1 dB) de 140 nm. La deuxième technique, basée sur un amplificateur hybride Raman-SOA, a fourni une bande passante optique (définie à −1 dB) de 89 nm avec un gain de 17 dB. Nous avons ainsi pu réaliser une transmission simultanée de 5 canaux CWDM allant jusqu’à 10 Gb/s sur 100 km. / SOA-based optical amplification became crucial for increasing optical system capacity and to benefit from the broad bandwidth of optical fibers. In this work we present both theoretical and experimental studies for a new broadband SOA developed by Alcatel Thales III-V lab in the framework of AROME and UltraWIDE ANR projects.We developed firstly a semi-phenomenological model for both the material gain and the gain coefficient of a multi-quantum well -based SOA structure with a reduced set of parameters. This material gain model has been integrated in an existing SOA model and proved its performance in reproducing steady state behavior of this new broadband SOA (gain and noise figure) for a wide range of wavelengths, input powers and bias currents. Thanks to this model, we studied the influence of the SOA geometrical structure on the optical bandwidth for a given target gain, by varying length, number of electrodes and bias current. We showed that two-electrode SOA structures do not provide any improvement of the bandwidth compared to the one-electrode case. However, the two-electrode structure allows the optimization of both the SOA saturation power and the noise figure, without sacrificing neither the maximum gain nor the optical bandwidth. We have also shown that for this kind of component, an increase in the injected optical power could be compensated by an increase in the supply current to maintain a wide optical bandwidth.We have also investigated two techniques to widen the optical bandwidth of our broadband SOA. The first one is based on a modification of the SOA structure by introducing a selective reflection filter (ESOA). Its experimental implementation allowed the amplification of an 8-CWDM-channel comb in a bandwidth (defined at -1 dB) of 140 nm. The second one, based on a hybrid Raman-SOA amplifier, provided an optical bandwidth (defined at -1 dB) of 89 nm with a gain of 17 dB. With this last technique, we were able to achieve a 5-CWDM-channel comb transmission up to 10 Gb/s over 100 km.