Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-04T18:31:25Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Sara Bueno de Oliveira Gennari Carturan.pdf: 1284999 bytes, checksum: c7bbcce7f9324c1bc41ec917d22cf75c (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009-06-08 / The fiber optics is a transmission system that has been used to enable products that need high bandwidth, such as the telephone system, videoconferencing, local area networks (LANs), downloads of large files etc. In Brazil, we found an increased number of fiber optic networks. This ratify its advantages in relation to metal wire cable (immunity to electromagnetic interference, ability to transport high volumes of information, abundant material, like cables, price to decline etc.) beyond the appearance of new broadband services. The FTTH (Fiber-to-the-Home) is a technology that enables access to broadband connections in homes by 100% in optical fibers, providing services that, in general, require high rates of speed, as streaming videos, online transactions, communication of large data files, digital TV, fast Internet access, telephony can reach speeds of 10Mbps up to 1Gbps. This dissertation considered a marketing analysis for the implementation of FTTH technology using the method SWOT (Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities and Threats). We also consider the basic concepts of value, cost and price in order to better understand when it becomes an opportunity or threat. Thus, the analysis was composed by four dimensions: strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats. The strengths and weaknesses are related with internal factors that influence the analysis (human resources, organizational and physical) and opportunities and threats considered external factors (customers, market, environment, competitors, substitutes, suppliers, new entrants in the market and buyers). For each SWOT dimension were defined indicators (quantitative and qualitative) to be complete if the strengths and opportunities are greater than the weaknesses and threats. We could verify that on the internal factors (strengths and weaknesses) companies in general are good, with trained and qualified employees to act their role, they have research centers to provide solutions compatible with the market, cost and quality required and an appropriate organizational structure to absorb new technology. As a concern, even though the infrastructure networks index in optical fiber has grown, we need to expand it to meet the projected future needs for broadband. As to external factors (opportunities and threats), we identified a trend of increasing number of Internet users with access from home, users have the most a family income above 20 minimum income (brazilian metrics of income), provision of the Brazilian government to encourage growth the use of broadband, stable prices of existing products but when compared with other countries, they are high and did not find potential for new entrants in this market. Furthermore, some inhibitors, such as high cost, low quality of services, need for launching applications with new features, current infrastructure requires expansion beyond the need for strong management of suppliers, as are many. Thus it appears that there are good opportunities and forces to FTTH-based services and believe that FTTH technology is very promising for the future of broadband if they are changed some settings to lower product prices and increase the portfolio of services offered to generate greater demand. We also verify that the largest Telephone Operators are launching products based on this technology, such as Telefonica and BrT. / A fibra ?ptica ? um meio de transmiss?o que tem sido utilizado para viabilizar produtos que necessitam de alta largura de banda, como o sistema telef?nico, videoconfer?ncia, redes locais (LANs), downloads de arquivos grandes etc. No Brasil, constatamos um aumento do n?mero de redes em fibra ?ptica. Isto vem ratificar suas vantagens em rela??o ao cabo met?lico (imunidade a interfer?ncias eletromagn?ticas, capacidade de transporte de alto volume de informa??o, mat?ria prima abundante, pre?o em decl?nio etc.), al?m do aparecimento de novos servi?os em banda larga. O FTTH (Fiber-to-the- Home) ? uma tecnologia que possibilita acessos a banda larga atrav?s de conex?es 100% em fibras ?pticas nas resid?ncias, fornecendo servi?os que, de uma forma geral, requerem altas taxas de velocidades, como streaming v?deos, transa??es online, comunica??o de dados de grandes arquivos, TV digital, acesso r?pido ? Internet, telefonia com velocidades de 10Mbps a 1Gbps. Esta disserta??o realizou uma an?lise mercadol?gica para a implementa??o da tecnologia FTTH atrav?s da aplica??o do m?todo SWOT (Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, Threats). Foram considerados os conceitos b?sicos sobre valor, custo e pre?o a fim de se entender quando ele se torna uma oportunidade ou amea?a. Desta forma, a an?lise considerou quatro dimens?es: for?as, fraquezas, oportunidades e amea?as. As for?as e fraquezas foram vistas como fatores internos (recursos humanos, organizacionais e f?sicos) que influenciam a an?lise. As oportunidades e amea?as foram vistas como fatores externos (clientes, mercado, ambiente, concorrentes, produtos substitutos, fornecedores, empresas estrangeiras prestadoras de servi?os rec?m chegada ao mercado e compradores). Para cada dimens?o foram definidos indicadores (quantitativos e qualitativos) a fim de podemos concluir se as for?as e oportunidades s?o maiores que as fraquezas e amea?as. Foi poss?vel constatar que, quanto aos fatores internos (for?as e fraquezas) as empresas de uma forma geral est?o bem: t?m funcion?rios treinados e capacitados a desempenharem o seu papel, centros de pesquisas para prover solu??es compat?veis com o mercado, custo e qualidade necess?rios, al?m de uma estrutura organizacional adequada para absorver a nova tecnologia. Embora o ?ndice de infraestrutura de redes em fibra ?ptica tenha crescido, parece necess?rio expandir para que possamos atender as necessidades futuras projetadas para banda larga. Quanto aos fatores externos (oportunidades e amea?as) identificou-se que a quantidade de usu?rios de internet com acesso a partir das resid?ncias tende a crescer, que os usu?rios possuem na sua maioria uma renda familiar acima de 20 sal?rios m?nimos, que o governo brasileiro se disp?e a incentivar o crescimento do uso da banda larga, que os produtos existentes t?m pre?os est?veis por?m quando comparados aos de outros pa?ses, eles s?o altos e que n?o encontramos potenciais empresas estrangeiras prestadoras de servi?os de Telecomunica??o para este mercado. Os inibidores encontrados (pre?o alto, baixa qualidade dos servi?os, necessidade de lan?amentos de aplicativos com novas funcionalidades, infraestrutura atual com necessidade de expans?o, necessidade de forte gest?o de fornecedores que s?o de grande n?mero) n?o anulam oportunidades e for?as para servi?os baseados em FTTH . Pode-se constatar que a tecnologia FTTH ? muito promissora para o futuro de banda larga se houver altera??o de algumas configura??es de produtos para baixar pre?os e aumentar o portf?lio de servi?os oferecidos para gerar maior demanda. Pode-se identificar tamb?m que as maiores Operadoras est?o lan?ando produtos baseados nesta tecnologia,como a Telef?nica e BrT.

100Gbit/s transmission data rate is very attractive for the next generation Ethernet transport systems, and this kind of high-speed channel based WDM systems is very attractive for constructing cost-effective optical transport networks. However, it is quite difficult to achieve such high bit-rate by using the conventional amplitude shift keying (ASK) technology. For the subcarrier modulation of the orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) scheme, it is possible to use various modulation formats. It is relatively easy to use such an advanced format in the microwave domain compared to the optical domain. Therefore, it is possible to increase the spectral efficiency relatively easily by using the OFDM technology. In this master thesis, 100 Gbit/s WDM system with OFDM is discussed. The performance of 8 channels 100Gbit/s OFDM system was evaluated. The simulation result showed that the BER of all channels were below 10-3 after 500 km transmission, and the performance could be improved by using the FEC. This result shows the possibility of 100Gbit/s transmission system using the OFDM technology. The major concern of WDM-PON system is the cost. For WDM-PON system, it needs several light sources for downstream signals and upstream signals. For the practical implementation of WDM-PON, it is essential to develop a low-cost light source in the optical network unit (ONU). In order to develop a simple efficient ONU, a promising solution is re-modulated the downstream signal from central office (CO) as the upstream signal at ONU using reflective semicounductor optical amplifier (RSOA) so that there is no need to setup an additional light source at the ONU side. For the conventional fiber-to-the-home (FTTH) system, the modulation format for both downstream signal and upstream signal is intensity modulation with direct detection (IM/DD). The demerit of the IM/DD scheme for the FTTH system is that the performance of the re-modulated upstream signal is limited by the interference of the downstream signal. In order to overcome this issue, the IM/DD format of downstream should be replaced by some different formats such as differential phase shift keying (DPSK). As there is no amplitude modulation for the DPSK downstream signal, the re-modulated signal will not be affected by the downstream signal. Therefore, this master thesis is focusing on comparing the re-modulated signal quality for both IM/DD downstream and DPSK downstream. The experimental results shows that the upstream signal of the DPSK downstream case shows better performance than the IM/DD downstream case, and the performance difference of the re-modulated signal is 17dB.

Les réseaux optiques passifs (PONs, Passive Optical Networks) représentant l’une des solutions les plus performantes du réseau d’accès FTTH ont été largement déployés par les opérateurs grâce à leur capacité d’offrir des services de très haut débit. Cependant, en raison de la dynamicité du trafic des différents clients, ces réseaux doivent s’appuyer sur un mécanisme efficace pour l’allocation de ressources, plus particulièrement dans le sens montant. Ce mécanisme est actuellement limité par la nature statique des paramètres SLA (Service Level Agreement). Ceci peut avoir une influence négative sur la qualité de service ressentie par les utilisateurs. L’objectif de cette thèse est de proposer une nouvelle architecture pour optimiser l’allocation de ressources dans les réseaux PON tout en agissant uniquement sur les paramètres SLA, désignés comme des paramètres gérables par l’opérateur. Des techniques de classification basées sur l’apprentissage automatique et la prédiction sont utilisées pour analyser le comportement des différents utilisateurs et déterminer leurs tendances de trafic. Un ajustement dynamique sur la base du concept autonomique de certains paramètres SLA est ensuite effectué afin de maximiser la satisfaction globale des clients vis-à-vis du réseau. / Passive Optical Network (PON) representing one of the most attractive FTTH access network solutions, have been widely deployed for several years thanks to their ability to offer high speed services. However, due to the dynamicity of users traffic patterns, PONs need to rely on an efficient upstream bandwidth allocation mechanism. This mechanism is currently limited by the static nature of Service Level Agreement (SLA) parameters which can lead to an unoptimized bandwidth allocation in the network. The objective of this thesis is to propose a new management architecture for optimizing the upstream bandwidth allocation in PON while acting only on manageable parameters to allow the involvement of self-decision elements into the network. To achieve this, classification techniques based on machine learning approaches are used to analyze the behavior of PON users and to specify their upstream data transmission tendency. A dynamic adjustment of some SLA parameters is then performed to maximize the overall customers’ satisfaction with the network.

Passive optical networks (PONs) are point-to-multipoint networks where a single Central Office (CO) is connected to a number of downstream Optical Network Units (ONUs) via a single optical fiber by splitting the optical signal with passive splitters. Due to technology advances and increasing bandwidth requirements, these networks have moved to last mile deployment, also known as fiber-to-the-home (FTTH). The planning of these PONs are traditionally done by hand, but automated methods can be used to decrease deployment costs and planning time. Even though a number of methods have been proposed to address this problem through the solving of integer linear programming (ILP) models, they suffer from limited availability, inaccuracies and limited scalability due to the problem complexity. This dissertation focusses on improving the accuracy of these models as well as improving scalability to a point where large-scale problems can be solved feasibly. To address this, a basic model is implemented to capture the network structure and verified accordingly. Results show this model can be solved quickly, but has large discrepancies with real-world plans. Refinements in the form of fiber duct sharing, network constraints, multiple splitter types and economies of scale among others are then incorporated into a refined model and solved. Analysis of the experimental results indicates improved accuracy and lower deployment costs, at the expense of increasing computation effort considerably. Heuristic techniques are then examined to improve computational performance, including an elementary heuristic (ELEM), the Branch Contracting Algorithm (BCA) and problem decomposition. It is demonstrated that through the use of k-means clustering, the refined model can be solved in a fraction of the time while keeping deployment costs comparably low. / Thesis (MIng (Computer and Electronic Engineering))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2013

Passive optical networks (PONs) are point-to-multipoint networks where a single Central Office (CO) is connected to a number of downstream Optical Network Units (ONUs) via a single optical fiber by splitting the optical signal with passive splitters. Due to technology advances and increasing bandwidth requirements, these networks have moved to last mile deployment, also known as fiber-to-the-home (FTTH). The planning of these PONs are traditionally done by hand, but automated methods can be used to decrease deployment costs and planning time. Even though a number of methods have been proposed to address this problem through the solving of integer linear programming (ILP) models, they suffer from limited availability, inaccuracies and limited scalability due to the problem complexity. This dissertation focusses on improving the accuracy of these models as well as improving scalability to a point where large-scale problems can be solved feasibly. To address this, a basic model is implemented to capture the network structure and verified accordingly. Results show this model can be solved quickly, but has large discrepancies with real-world plans. Refinements in the form of fiber duct sharing, network constraints, multiple splitter types and economies of scale among others are then incorporated into a refined model and solved. Analysis of the experimental results indicates improved accuracy and lower deployment costs, at the expense of increasing computation effort considerably. Heuristic techniques are then examined to improve computational performance, including an elementary heuristic (ELEM), the Branch Contracting Algorithm (BCA) and problem decomposition. It is demonstrated that through the use of k-means clustering, the refined model can be solved in a fraction of the time while keeping deployment costs comparably low. / Thesis (MIng (Computer and Electronic Engineering))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2013

The aim of this thesis is to explain the problems of optical access networks with wavelength division multiplexers, main purpose is to demonstrate the difference between theoretical and real measurement. The work is divided into several thematic areas. The introduction outlines the basic of telecommunications, fiber optics lasers, single mode, multimode, lasers fibers cables & cores, splitters division multiplexing system, there are known solutions discussed fundamental wavelength multiplexes and their possible combinations. The following chapter deals with the active elements such as AON, PON, which are essential part xWDM systems such as optical lasers, detectors and amplifiers. Another chapter focuses on passive elements, which form a key part of the wavelength multiplex. Methods of measurement of WDM/PON networks are discussed in the following part. The next section describes the topology used active and passive optical networks. The penultimate part of the work consists of architecture & technology of xWDM such as GPON and WDM-PON networks and comparing their transmission parameters. The final part of the paper presents the results of practical experimental measurements of optical access networks with wavelengths division multiplex while these results are compared with the theoretical output & methods of Optical lost test, OTDR & LSPM, with advantage & disadvantage of every methods. The second part of practical is the draft to the connection resident housing units of 30 houses, boarding-house (10 rooms) and 2 shops, 20 km distant from exchange. With comparing the possibilities of two options- passive and active optical network- PON system – WDM- Wave multiplex. Suggest the possibility of measuring and monitoring the created network.

This work deals with the modern trends in FTTX, but mainly focuses on FTTH, who represents the connecting of fiber to the homes of the participants. Sum up the basic problems of communication on the optical fibre, followed by comparison with other types of access networks. Another part is the analysis of the problems of construction and a description of the optical network topologies and technologies used in FTTH. In following chapter are characterized active and passive elements forming AON and PON networks. Next part deals with the study of the most common services that can be on the optical access network to operate. They are mainly associated with the TriplePlay services. An integral part of the project is the study of management and supervision optical networks. In the main part is created real model situation where is the requirement for the creation of optical access networks with broadband of TriplePlay, followed by selection of appropriate options and detailed project with a selection of active and passive elements with economic balance.

Η ραγδαία αύξηση της κίνησης στο διαδίκτυο έχει δημιουργήσει ολοένα και μεγαλύτερη ζήτηση για ευρυζωνικά δίκτυα. Τα δίκτυα οπτικών ινών είναι μια κατηγορία ευρυζωνικών δικτύων που υπόσχονται ευέλικτες και ικανές να υποστηρίξουν πληθώρα υπηρεσιών, δικτυακές επικοινωνίες με θεωρητικά απεριόριστη χωρητικότητα. Πλέον, τα οπτικά δίκτυα δεν καλύπτουν μόνο το βασικό δίκτυο κορμού, αλλά εκτείνονται μέχρι τον τοπικό βρόχο αλλά και την κατοικία των τελικών χρηστών. Έτσι, τα οπτικά δίκτυα πρόσβασης FTTx και οι διάφορες τεχνολογίες τους όπως PON, AON και Home Run εφαρμόζονται στις δικτυακές υποδομές που αναπτύσσονται από το κεντρικό γραφείο του δικτύου της περιοχής κάλυψης μέχρι το συνδρομητή. Η παρούσα εργασία μελετά τεχνικά θέματα που αφορούν κυρίως το εξωτερικό τμήμα των FTTH δικτύων, δηλαδή των FTTx μέχρι το σπίτι, όπως η υποδομή σωληνώσεων, καλωδίων, τάφρων, φρεατίων, κ.λπ. Τα στοιχεία αυτά προκαλούν τα υψηλότερα κόστη στο δίκτυο πρόσβασης (κόστη CAPEX) και για αυτό το λόγο δίνεται ιδιαίτερη έμφαση σε αυτά. Εκτός από αυτά, υπάρχουν και τα OPEX κόστη, που δεν ασχολούμαστε εκτενώς στα πλαίσια της εργασίας. Επίσης, στην εργασία παρουσιάζεται μια μεθοδολογία για την επιχειρησιακή μελέτη σε δίκτυα FTTH, στην οποία παρουσιάζονται τα στάδια για την οικονομική μελέτη ανάπτυξης των δικτύων. Ο βασικός στόχος της εργασίας είναι η υλοποίηση ενός μοντέλου που αυτοματοποιεί τη διαδικασία σχεδιασμού των υπόγειων FTTH δικτύων πρόσβασης, που χρησιμοποιούν την τεχνολογία Home Run. Το μοντέλο χρησιμοποιεί στοιχεία από γεωγραφικό σύστημα πληροφοριών GIS για το σχεδιασμό του δικτύου, κάνει τους κατάλληλους υπολογισμούς στοιχείων υποδομών με βάση αλγορίθμους και προδιαγραφές και στο τέλος με είσοδο τους πίνακες κόστους των στοιχείων δίνει τις δαπάνες για την ανάπτυξη των υποδομών. Πριν από την ανάπτυξη του μοντέλου, περιγράφονται απλά θεωρητικά γεωμετρικά μοντέλα που μπορούν να απεικονίσουν ένα υπόγειο και εναέριο FTTH δίκτυο. Το μοντέλο εκτελείται σε τρεις περιοχές της Αττικής, που έχουν διαφορετικές πυκνότητες κτιρίων και νοικοκυριών με σκοπό τον ακριβή προσδιορισμό των τελικών κοστών ανά περιοχή. Επιπλέον, μπορούν να υπολογιστούν τα κόστη ανά νοικοκυριό, κτίριο, μονάδα μήκους των τάφρων και γενικά υπόγειων υποδομών. Η αποτύπωση του εξωτερικού δικτύου των περιοχών, των στοιχείων υποδομών, των εξοπλισμών και των τελικών δαπανών τους γίνεται με πλήρως αυτοματοποιημένο τρόπο. / The rapid growth of Internet traffic has created increasing demand for broadband networks. Fiber optic networks are a category of broadband networks that promise flexible and capable for supporting various services, network communications with limitless capacity. Plus, the optical networks do not only cover the core backbone network, but extend to the local loop and the households of end users. Thus, FTTx optical access networks and their various technologies such as PON, AON, and Home Run are implemented in the network infrastructure, which is developed from the central office of the coverage area network to the subscriber. This diploma thesis examines the technical issues related mainly to the outside plant of FTTH networks (FTTx up to the household), such as infrastructure ducts, cables, trenches, holes, etc. These elements rise to higher costs in the access network (CAPEX costs) and for this reason, special emphasis is placed on them. Apart from these, there are OPEX costs. Also, the thesis presents a methodology for the business study of FTTH networks, which shows the stages to study for the economic development of networks. The main aim of this work is to implement a model that automates the design of underground FTTH access networks, that use Home Run technology. The model uses data from Geographical Information System (GIS) for network design, makes the appropriate calculations, based on data infrastructure algorithms and specifications and in the end returns the total costs for infrastructure development based on material cost tables. Before the development of the model, there are descriptions of simple geometric models that can represent an underground and aerial FTTH network. The model runs on three areas of Attica, that have different densities of buildings and households in order to accurately determine the final cost per area. Moreover, they can calculate the cost per household, building, length unit of trenches and other underground infrastructure. The representation of the external network, elements, data infrastructure, equipment and final expenditure is fully automated.

「自創品牌」一直是近年來台灣科技與製造業者努力想轉型的方向，但多數的自創品牌的研究對象多以終端消費品牌、具有較大的公司規模為主，對於B2B為主要營運模式的中小企業卻還有很多研究發揮空間；台灣十大國際品牌中，網路通訊設備業就占了兩家:友訊和合勤科技，近來這兩家廠商也因應未來寬頻網路技術發展主流，以「FTTH光纖到家」為主要的產品應用服務之設計重點，成功推出許多相關產品，在光纖到家領域占有一席之地。 寬頻網路技術變化快，讓許多有技術能力廠家，得以推出相關產品與世界級大廠爭奪市場，也因此造就了台灣許多自有品牌廠商，其中不乏中小企業者，這些廠商們創立自我品牌的過程相當值得探討，故本研究以光纖到家網通設備自有品牌廠為主要的研究對象，共研究分析四家自創品牌有成之網通設備廠，其中兩家為資本額四十億以上的網通設備大廠，兩家為資本額小於四億之中小型網通設備廠，比較分析其在服務行銷策略上的異同。 本研究應用個案研究方法，主要以光纖網通設備產業為例，探討自創品牌光纖網路設備商在品牌發展、客戶服務、通路策略上的作法，做出整理與歸納如以下幾點: 一、技術翻新快速，掌握新技術即有機會切入市場，適合發展自我品牌。二、網通公司的客服能力非常重要。三、通路結構特色:以具有技術服務能力之VAD(附加價值通路商)、VAR(附加價值轉售商)、 Dist(通路商)為主。四、以web-based為主要服務入口與整合平台，並以電子商務服務為主要特色。五、中小型網通設備廠，因其資源並不如大廠般豐富，在服務行銷策略上建議運用關係行銷策略，提供客製化之服務與產品解決方案，可以和其他網通大廠做出區隔。 本研究筆者實地至一家以技術領先的中小型光纖網路設備廠，參與該個案公司以Web-based service strategy 打造新客戶服務體系的建立過程，並親自擬定該個案公司客服中心服務機制與整體服務行銷策略，希望以此客戶服務策略與執行方案，提升未來該個案公司在其自有品牌發展上的競爭力；在研究過程中也發現個案公司成功的執行服務行銷策略是在下列關鍵三個因素: 1. 產品面：以利基型產品策略，和大廠做出區隔，並已將標準規格通訊產品，給與模組化的附加功能，提升產品附加價值 2.服務面：客製化的接單能力，Service package差異化服務策略 3.通路面： 具利基型產品銷售能力之VAR、VAD,即時服務團隊。 以上三點運用差異化的策略規劃方向，可提供給未來若有心自創品牌的中小企業廠商，在規劃其服務行銷策略時，做為參考之依據。 本研究結果除可以應用於其他光纖網路設備同業外，也能應用於以利基型產品，且產品特性為高度技術專業，需要提供即時且準確技術支援的中小企業自創品牌公司，如無線網路通信業。使其在發展客戶服務策略及自我品牌上能更精準擬訂出符合自身業態及客戶需求之服務行銷策略。

The research initiatives addressed in this thesis are geared towards improving the performance of passive optical networks through the development of advanced dynamic bandwidth allocation protocols. In particular, the aim of the research undertaken is to enhance the quality of service offered by standard passive optical networks with reduced network costs. To that extent, a dynamic multi-wavelength protocol has been developed to increase the network upstream bandwidth and introduce multiple service levels to a fibre to the home-based giga-bit passive optical network. Simulation results have confirmed the reduction of the mean packet delay by adjusting the ITU-T standard G984 giga-bit passive optical network frame format by means of the introduction of extended wavelength band overlay based on the ITU-T Coarse- Wavelength Division Multiplexing grid to support the multi-wavelength functionality. To evaluate the multi-wavelength upstream operation of the newly implemented models in OPNET, 2-dimensional Dynamic Bandwidth Allocation algorithms have been introduced to manage the network resources in both the time and wavelength domains. Furthermore, the enhanced traffic allocation among the supported wavelengths in new protocol confirmed a performance improvement in the network total capacity and the mean packet delay, which demonstrates the network reliability and improves the quality of the provided service according to the subscriber service level agreement, with a minimum guaranteed bandwidth of 100 Mbit/s to fulfil applications and associated bandwidth requirements for the next generation access network.