Made available in DSpace on 2014-07-29T15:07:49Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 dissertacao Fernanda.pdf: 672936 bytes, checksum: 619f232b9c4e9a12bd5d3dcd39725216 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009-01-30 / This assessment was performed to evaluate the productive performance, body and fillet yield, chemical composition of the fillet and economic evaluation of tambaqui, pirapitinga and hybrid tambatinga kept in fertilized ponds. The present research was carried out at Setor de Piscicultura da Universidade Federal de Goiás, between January and October the 2008, which lasted 270 days. We used 300 tambaqui (Colossoma macropomum) fingerling, 300 pirapitinga (Piaractus brachypomum) fingerling, 300 hybrid tambatinga (female C. macropomum x male P. brachypomum), totalizing 900 fingerling randomly allotted in 12 fertilized ponds. The starter body weight of tambaqui, pirapitinga and hybrid tambatinga, were 6,16±0,34 g, 9,23±0,24 g and 8,93±0,33 g, respectively. The experimental design was composed by a completely randomized with three treatments (T1: tambaqui, T2: pirapitinga and T3: hybrid tambatinga) and four repetitions, totalizing 12 experimental units. The performance data were submitted to the analysis of co-variace, while the body and fillet yield and chemical composition of the fillet were subjected to analysis of variance and all means were compared by T tests (5%). The average survival rate (SR), body weight (BW), final biomass (FB), productivity (PROD), weight gain (WG), weight gain biomass (WGB), weight gain daily (WGD), protein efficiency rate (PER), weight whole fish (WWF), weight gutted fish (WGF), weight of fillet (WF), crude fillet protein (CP) and fillet ash were not significantly different. The tambaqui and pirapitinga had higher (p<0,05) feed intake (FI) in relation to the hybrid. The apparent feed conversion (AFC) of tambatinga was statistically lower than the pirapitinga but both averages were similar (p>0,05) to tambaqui. The specific growth rate (SGR) of tambaqui was higher (p<0,05) than the pirapitinga and hybrid. The tambatinga showed higher (p<0,05) percentage gutted fish (% GF) on pirapitinga, however, the tambaqui was similar (p>0,05) to both. The head percentage (%WH) of tambaqui and tambatinga were higher than pirapitinga (p<0,05). The fillet percentage (% WF) was better in pirapitinga followed by the hybrid and tambaqui (p<0,05). Hepato-somatic index (HIS) was higher in tambaqui and pirapitinga on tambatinga (p<0,05). The viscera-somatic fat index (VSFI) was higher (p<0,05) in pirapitinga on tambaqui and the hybrid. Moisture (MO) of fillet was significantly higher in tambatinga than tambaqui and pirapitinga. The ether extract of the fillet of tambaqui was higher (p <0.05) than the average of the hybrid tambatinga, and both were similar to pirapitinga. The production cost (PC) was higher in pirapitinga followed by tambaqui and hybrid (p<0,05), however, partial net revenue (PNR) was higher in tambaqui followed by pirapitinga and tambatinga. Considering the conditions proposed, it can be concluded that tambaqui was the specie that showed better performance, high yield of gutted fish and greater profitability. The pirapitinga presented the highest yield of fillet, suggesting greater added value to the processing. / Este trabalho foi desenvolvido com o intuito de comparar o desempenho produtivo, rendimentos corporais, composição bromatológica do filé e avaliação econômica do tambaqui, da pirapitinga e do híbrido tambatinga durante a fase de engorda, mantidos em viveiros fertilizados, no período de janeiro a outubro de 2008, com duração de 270 dias. Foram utilizados 300 alevinos de tambaqui (Colossoma macropomum), 300 alevinos de pirapitinga (Piaractus brachypomum) e 300 alevinos do híbrido tambatinga (C. macropomum fêmea x P. brachypomum macho), totalizando 900 alevinos distribuídos aleatoriamente em 12 viveiros fertilizados. O peso médio inicial do tambaqui, da pirapitinga e do híbrido tambatinga, foram de 6,16±0,34 g; 9,23±0,24 g; e 8,93±0,33 g, respectivamente. O delineamento utilizado foi o inteiramente casualizado (DIC), com três tratamentos (T1: tambaqui, T2: pirapitinga e T3: híbrido tambatinga) e quatro repetições, totalizando 12 unidades experimentais. Os dados de desempenho produtivo foram submetidos à análise de co-variância, enquanto os rendimentos corporais, índices biométricos e composição bromatológica do filé foram submetidos à análise de variância, e todas as médias foram comparadas pelo teste t (5%). As médias da taxa de sobrevivência, peso médio, biomassa final, produtividade, ganho de peso médio, ganho de peso em biomassa, ganho de peso diário, taxa de eficiência protéica, peso do peixe inteiro, peso do peixe eviscerado, peso do filé, proteína bruta do filé e cinzas do filé não apresentaram diferença significativa. O tambaqui e a pirapitinga apresentaram maior (p<0,05) consumo de ração em relação ao híbrido. A conversão alimentar aparente do tambatinga foi estatisticamente menor que da pirapitinga, porém ambas as médias foram semelhantes (p>0,05) ao tambaqui. A taxa de crescimento específica do tambaqui foi maior (p<0,05) que da pirapitinga e do híbrido. O tambatinga apresentou maior (p<0,05) rendimento de peixe eviscerado em relação à pirapitinga, no entanto, o tambaqui foi semelhante a ambos. O percentual de cabeça foi estatisticamente maior no tambaqui e no tambatinga em relação à pirapitinga. O rendimento de filé foi melhor na pirapitinga seguido do híbrido e do tambaqui (p<0,05). O índice hepato-somático foi superior no tambaqui e na pirapitinga em relação ao tambatinga (p<0,05). O índice de gordura víscero-somática foi maior (p<0,05) na pirapitinga em relação ao tambaqui e ao híbrido. O teor de umidade no filé foi significativamente maior no tambatinga em relação ao tambaqui e à pirapitinga. O extrato etéreo do filé do tambaqui foi maior (p<0,05) que a média do híbrido tambatinga e, ambos foram semelhantes à pirapitinga. O custo de produção foi maior na pirapitinga seguida do tambaqui e do híbrido, no entanto, a receita líquida parcial foi superior no tambaqui seguido da pirapitinga e do tambatinga. Diante das condições propostas, pode-se concluir que o tambaqui foi a espécie que apresentou melhor desempenho produtivo, elevado rendimento de peixe eviscerado e maior lucratividade. A pirapitinga apresentou o maior rendimento de filé, sugerindo maior agregação de valor com o processamento.

Zur Sicherung der Fischbestände muss die Aquakultur ihren Beitrag zur Weltfischversorgung weiter steigern. Solange jedoch die Fischfutter Produktion stark von der Gewinnung von Fischmehl abhängig ist, bestehen für die Aquakultur natürliche Begrenzungen und die Gefahr der Überfischung der Fischbestände bleibt erhalten. Wenn das Wachstumspotenzial der Aquakultur ausgeschöpft werden soll, müssen beträchtliche Mengen von Nährstoffeinträgen in Form von vollständigen Aquakultur-Mischfuttermitteln auf einer nachhaltigen Basis verfügbar sein. Aufgrund des gestiegenen Preises von kommerziellem Fischfutter sind Kleinproduzenten nicht in der Lage dieses zu erwerben. Daher ist es notwendig, ihnen alternatives Fischfutter zur Verfügung zu stellen. Wasserpflanzen können eine bedeutende Nahrungsquelle für herbivore- und omnivore Fische sein. Dennoch ist die Nutzung dieser Pflanzen als Zusatz für Fischfutter durch eine Reihe antinutritiver Substanzen, welche das normale Fischwachstum negativ beeinträchtigen, begrenzt. Unterschiedliche Behandlungen der Pflanzen können den Anteil an antinutritiven Substanzen reduzieren. Das Ziel dieser Dissertation war es, das nutritive Potential von Wasserpflanzen zu bestimmen. Die Wirkung der Behandlungen wie Sonnentrocknung oder Fermentierung zu bewerten und den Effekt ihrer Nutzung als Fischfutter auf das Wachstum von kultivierten Fischen zu erfassen. Dazu wurden Rationen mit einem geringen Gehalt an Fischmehl (3%) und bis zu 25% der Wasserpflanzen an die Fischspezies P. brachypomus und O. niloticus verfüttert. Die Ergebnisse der Untersuchung zeigen dass, eine ausschließlich auf aquatischen Makrophyten basierende Fütterung nicht empfehlenswert ist. Indem sie jedoch mit anderen lokal verfügbaren Agrar-Nebenerzeugnissen oder sogar mit kommerziellen Futtermitteln kombiniert werden, könnten die Futterkosten erheblich reduziert werden und bäuerlichen Kleinbetrieben eine Möglichkeit zum Wettbewerb auf den lokalen Märkten eröffnen. / It is commonly known that aquaculture needs to increase further its net contribution to the total world fish supplies. However, at present almost all farming operations, based on the use of fish feed, are highly dependent on available fishery resources for the production of fish meal, becoming a reducing activity rather than an activity suppling fishery resources. If the aquaculture growth potential is to be maintained, then considerable quantities of nutrient inputs in the form of aquafeeds will have to be available on a sustainable basis. On a long-term the small producers will be unable to depend on commercial aquafeeds based traditionally on fish meal, due to its increased price. Small-scale farmers need an alternative fish feed wherever possible based on the use of non-food grade locally feed resources, which is available in rural areas, is low-cost and is suitable for the proper growth and maintenance of native fish. Aquatic plants are considered important nutritional sources for herbivorous-omnivorous fish. However, the use of plant-derived materials as fish feed ingredient is limited by the presence of wide variety of antinutrients that affect the normal fish growth negatively; so that plants should be processed to reduce the effects of these compounds. Considering these aspects, this study assessed the nutritional potential of aquatic plants available in rural Colombia treated by sun drying and by fermentation and the effect of their use as fish feed on the growth performance of common cultured tropical fish (Piaractus brachypomus and Oreochromis niloticus) fed low fishmeal diets (3%) and until 25% of aquatic plants. The results of this study showed that a feeding exclusively based on aquatic plants is not recommendable; but to combine them with other locally available by-products of agriculture or even with commercial diets might considerably reduce feeding cost and provide to the small-scale farmers the opportunity to compete in local markets.