This study was conducted to determine how the structure and surface chemistry of bulk CaCO3 differs from that of nanometer-sized CaCO3 and then to determine rate, extent and mechanisms of As adsorption on various synthetic CaCO3 materials. Additionally, we sought to devise a chemical CaCO3 precipitate that approximates biogenic CaCO3. The bulk CaCO3 precipitation was performed by using a solution that was highly oversaturated so that large CaCO3 precipitates rapidly form. Two different methods were employed for the synthesis of nanometer size CaCO3 i) an in situ deposition technique and ii) an interfacial reaction (water in oil emulsion). Mineral characterization of all CaCO3 precipitates was done with Nitrogen Porosimetry (Brunauer Emmett Teller method), particle size analysis, X-ray diffraction and Fourier Transform Infrared/ Fourier Transform Raman spectroscopy. The principal objective of the research was to assess the overall reactivity of As(III) and As(V) with different synthetic CaCO3 minerals. This was accomplished by i) running adsorption isotherms (varying As concentration), ii) measuring pH envelopes (varying pH at a fixed concentration) and iii) kinetic experiments (varying reaction time). Also, electrophoretic mobility experiments were performed in the presence of As(III) and As(V), and these studies revealed that As(III) forms stronger inner-sphere complexes with CaCO3 than As(V). Also, it was found that nanometer-sized CaCO3 prepared via deposition formed stronger inner-sphere complexes with As oxyanions (q = 5.26 µmol/m2) compared to either nano-sized CaCO3 from interfacial reactions (q = 4.51 µmol/m2) or bulk CaCO3 (q = 4.39 µmol/m2).<p> The PEG-based nano CaCO3 prepared by an in-situ deposition technique presents a novel and readily available synthesis route that can be used as proxy for the biogenic CaCO3 known to be present in many different environmental conditions. The results of this study suggest that CaCO3 can be used as a sorbent for As in groundwater.

This study was conducted to determine how the structure and surface chemistry of bulk CaCO3 differs from that of nanometer-sized CaCO3 and then to determine rate, extent and mechanisms of As adsorption on various synthetic CaCO3 materials. Additionally, we sought to devise a chemical CaCO3 precipitate that approximates biogenic CaCO3. The bulk CaCO3 precipitation was performed by using a solution that was highly oversaturated so that large CaCO3 precipitates rapidly form. Two different methods were employed for the synthesis of nanometer size CaCO3 i) an in situ deposition technique and ii) an interfacial reaction (water in oil emulsion). Mineral characterization of all CaCO3 precipitates was done with Nitrogen Porosimetry (Brunauer Emmett Teller method), particle size analysis, X-ray diffraction and Fourier Transform Infrared/ Fourier Transform Raman spectroscopy. The principal objective of the research was to assess the overall reactivity of As(III) and As(V) with different synthetic CaCO3 minerals. This was accomplished by i) running adsorption isotherms (varying As concentration), ii) measuring pH envelopes (varying pH at a fixed concentration) and iii) kinetic experiments (varying reaction time). Also, electrophoretic mobility experiments were performed in the presence of As(III) and As(V), and these studies revealed that As(III) forms stronger inner-sphere complexes with CaCO3 than As(V). Also, it was found that nanometer-sized CaCO3 prepared via deposition formed stronger inner-sphere complexes with As oxyanions (q = 5.26 µmol/m2) compared to either nano-sized CaCO3 from interfacial reactions (q = 4.51 µmol/m2) or bulk CaCO3 (q = 4.39 µmol/m2).<p> The PEG-based nano CaCO3 prepared by an in-situ deposition technique presents a novel and readily available synthesis route that can be used as proxy for the biogenic CaCO3 known to be present in many different environmental conditions. The results of this study suggest that CaCO3 can be used as a sorbent for As in groundwater.

No description available.

The rapid increase in the demand on fresh water due the increase in the world population and scarcity of natural water puts more stress on the desalination industrial sector to install more desalination plants around the world. Among these desalination plants, multistage flash desalination process (MSF) is considered to be the most reliable technique of producing potable water from saline water. In recent years, however, the MSF process is confronting many problems to cut off the cost and increase its performance. Among these problems are the non-condensable gases (NCGs) and the accumulation of fouling which they work as heat insulation materials. As a result, the MSF pumps and the heat transfer equipment are overdesigned and consequently increase the capital cost and decrease the performance of the plants. Moreover, improved process control is a cost effective approach to energy conservation and increased process profitability. Thus, this study is motivated by the real absence of detailed kinetic fouling model and implementation of advance process control (APC). To accomplish the above tasks, commercial modelling tools can be utilized to model and simulate MSF process taking into account the NCGs and fouling effect, and optimum control strategy. In this research, gPROMS (general PROcess Modeling System) model builder has been used to develop the MSF process model. First, a dynamic mathematical model of MSF is developed based on the basic laws of mass balance, energy balance and heat transfer. Physical and thermodynamic properties of brine, distillate and water vapour are included to support the model. The model simulation results are validated against actual plant data published in the literature and good agreement with these data is obtained. Second, the design of venting system in MSF plant and the effect of NCGs on the overall heat transfer coefficient (OHTC) are studied. The release rate of NCGs is studied using Henry’s law and the locations of venting points are optimised. The results reveal that high concentration of NCGs heavily affects the OHTC. Furthermore, advance control strategy namely: generic model control (GMC) is designed and introduced to the MSF process to control and track the set points of the two most important variables in the MSF plant; namely the Top Brine Temperature (TBT) which is the output temperature of the brine heater and the Brine Level (BL) in the last stage. The results are compared to conventional Proportional Integral Derivative Controller (PID) and show that GMC controller provides better performance over conventional PID controller to handle a nonlinear system. In addition, a new control strategy called hybrid Fuzzy-GMC is developed and implemented to control the same aforementioned loops. Its results reveal that the new control outperforms the pure GMC in some areas. Finally, a dynamic fouling model is developed and incorporated into the MSF dynamic process model to predict fouling at high temperature and high velocity. The proposed dynamic model considers the attachment and removal mechanisms of calcium carbonate and magnesium hydroxide with more relaxation of the assumptions. Since the MSF plant stages work as a series of heat exchangers, there is a continuous change of temperature, heat flux and salinity of the seawater. The proposed model predicts the behaviour of fouling based on the physical and thermal conditions of every single stage of the plant.

The extensive growth of nanotechnology has necessitated the development of economical and robust methods for large scale production of nanomaterials. It requires detailed quantitative understanding of lab-scale processes to enable effective scale-up and development of new contacting strategies for their controlled synthesis. In this thesis, attempts are made in both the directions using experimental and modelling approaches for synthesis of different nanoparticles. The two-phase Brust--Schiffrin protocol for the synthesis of gold nanoparticles was investigated first. The mechanism of transfer of reactants from aqueous to organic phase using phase transfer catalyst (PTC) was investigated using the measurement of interfacial tension, viscosity, SLS, SAXS, 1H NMR, DOSY-NMR, and Karl-Fischer titration. The study shows that the reactants are transferred to organic phase through the formation of hydrated complexes between reactants and PTC rather than through the solubilization of reactants in water core of inverse micelles of PTC, proposed recently in the literature. The particle synthesis reactions thus occur in the bulk organic phase. The extensive body of seemingly disparate experimental findings on Brust--Schiffrin protocol were put together next. The emerging picture ruled out both thermodynamic considerations and kinetics based arguments as exemplified by the classical LaMer's mechanism with sequential nucleation growth capping for size control in Brust--Schiffrin protocol. A new model for particle synthesis was developed. The model brought out continued nucleation--growth--capping based size control, an hitherto unknown mechanistic route for the synthesis of monodisperse particles, as the main mechanism. The model not only captured the reported features of the synthesis but also helped to improve the uniformity of the synthesized particles, validated experimentally. The two-step mechanism of Finke--Watzky---first order nucleation from precursor and autocatalytic growth of particles---proposed as an alternative to LaMer model to explain an induction period followed by a sigmoidal decrease in precursor concentration for the synthesis of iridium nanoparticles was investigated next. The mechanism is tested using an equivalent population balance model for its ability to explain the experimentally observed near constant breadth of the evolving size distribution as well. The predictions show that while it captures precursor conversion well, it fails to explain particle synthesis on account of its inability to suppress nucleation. A minimal four-step mechanism with additional steps for nucleation from reduced iridium atoms and their scavenging using particle surface is proposed. The new mechanism when combined with the first or second order nucleation, or classical nucleation with no scavenging of reduced atoms also fails to suppress nucleation. A burst like onset of nuclei formation with homogeneous nucleation and the scavenging of reduced atoms by particles are simultaneously required to explain all the reported features of the synthesis of iridium nanoparticles. A new reactor is proposed for continuous production of CaCO3 nanoparticles in gas-liquid reaction route. The key feature of the new reactor is the control of flow pattern to ensure efficient mixing of reactants. A liquidliquid reaction route for production of CaCO3 nanoparticles is also optimized to produce nanoparticles at high loading. Optimum supersaturation combined with efficient breakup of initial gel-like structure by mechanical agitation and charge control played a crucial role in producing nano sized CaCO3 particles.

Esta pesquisa avaliou o uso de ozônio para inativar cistos de Giardia spp. e oocistos de Cryptosporidium parvum presentes na água filtrada obtida após a utilização da tecnologia de ciclo completo com flotação &#40;coagulação, floculação, flotação e filtração&#41; em escala de bancada, empregando o cloreto de polialumínio &#8211; PAC &#8211; como coagulante. O método de floculação em carbonato de cálcio &#8211; FCCa, sem e com a etapa de separação imunomagnética &#8211; IMS &#8211; foi utilizado na quantificação dos protozoários. A recuperação nos ensaios de qualidade utilizando o kit Easyseed&#174; de Giardia spp. foi de 8,4&#37; &#177; 97,4&#37; sem IMS e com IMS, com duas dissociações, o valor foi de 7,4&#37; &#177; 39,7&#37; e, com três dissociações, a recuperação alcançou 9,6&#37; &#177; 34,7&#37;, portanto, somente o ensaio com IMS e duas dissociações, não atendeu os padrões do Método 1623.1. A recuperação de Cryptosporidium parvum, obteve valor de 3,4&#37; &#177; 100&#37; em ensaio sem IMS e com IMS, o valor obtido foi de 1,0&#37; &#177; 70,0&#37; com duas dissociações e 1,8&#37; &#177; 44,4&#37; com três dissociações e nos três métodos apresentados, não houve conformidade com os critérios do Método 1623.1. Na etapa de desinfecção com ozônio, os ensaios realizados na Etapa 1, que se utilizou 5 mgO3L-1 e tempo de contato de 1 min sem IMS, as maiores inativações atingidas foram de 2,52 e 2,22 log para cistos de Giardia spp. e oocistos de Cryptosporidium parvum, respectivamente. Com o tempo de contato de 5 min, as maiores inativações foram de 2,52 e 2,92 log de cistos de Giardia spp. e oocistos de Cryptosporidium parvum, respectivamente. Na Etapa 2, com IMS, utilizando a mesma dosagem e tempo de contato de 1 min, obteve-se 2,27 e 0,21 log de inativação para cistos e oocistos, respectivamente. Comparando-se com o tempo de contato de 5 min, foram obtidos 2,9 e 2,3 log de inativação para cistos e oocistos, respectivamente. Na avaliação de custo, o método de FCCa sem IMS demonstrou ser o mais econômico em relação ao procedimento com IMS. A influência da inclusão da terceira dissociação ácida no método com IMS também foi analisada e este procedimento não resultou em diferenças estatísticas significativas nos resultados. / This research evaluated the use of ozone to inactivate Giardia spp. cysts and Cryptosporidium parvum oocysts present in the filtered water obtained after the use of the complete cycle of flotation technology &#40;coagulation, flocculation, flotation and filtration&#41; on a bench scale employing polyaluminium chloride - PAC as coagulant. The calcium carbonate flocculation method - FCCa, without and with immunomagnetic separation step - IMS has been used in the quantification of protozoa. The recovery in quality test using the kit Easyseed&#174; for Giardia spp. was 8.4&#37; &#177; 97.4&#37; non-IMS and IMS with two dissociations, the value was 7.4&#37; &#177;39.7&#37; and with three dissociations, the recovery reached 9.6&#37; &#177; 34,7&#37;, so only the test with IMS and two dissociations, did not meet the standards of method 1623.1. Recovery of Cryptosporidium parvum obtained value of 3.4&#37; &#177; 100&#37; in non-IMS and IMS testing, the value obtained was 1.0&#37; &#177; 70.0&#37; with two dissociations and 1.8&#37; &#177; 44.4&#37; with three dissociations and the three methods presented, there was non-compliance with the criteria of Method 1623.1. In step disinfection with ozone, tests performed in Step 1 was used 5 mgO3L-1 and contact time of 1 min without IMS, the major inactivation achieved were 2.52 and 2.22 log for Giardia spp. cysts and Cryptosporidium parvum oocysts, respectively. With 5 minutes of contact time, the greater inactivation were 2.52 and 2.92 log for Giardia spp. cysts and Cryptosporidium parvum oocysts, respectively. In Step 2, with IMS, using the same dose and 1 min contact time, there was obtained 2.27 and 0.21 log inactivation for cysts and oocysts, respectively. Compared with the 5 min of contact time, were obtained 2.9 and 2.3 log inactivation for cysts and oocysts, respectively. In evaluating cost, the FCCa method without IMS proved to be the most economical in relation to the procedure with IMS. The influence of inclusion of the third acid dissociation method in IMS was also analyzed and this procedure did not result in statistically significant differences in the results.

La précipitation et la dissolution du carbonate de calcium (CaCO3) sont des processus clés dans les systèmes naturels en raison de leur association intime avec le cycle du carbone terrestre. La précipitation se produit généralement sur des substrats étrangers en abaissant les barrières énergétiques qui contrôlent la nucléation. Ce processus appelé nucléation hétérogène résulte d'une interaction entre la sursaturation du fluide et les différentes énergies d’interface entre substrat-noyau-fluide. Malgré l’importance des énergies d’interface sur le devenir de la nucléation hétérogène, la littérature actuelle reste rare dans leurs valeurs absolues, limitant la précision de la modélisation du transport réactif. La formation des biominéraux constitue un réservoir majeur des carbonates dans la lithosphère. Des études récentes ont révélé des nucléations par multi-étapes impliquant la formation du carbonate de calcium amorphe (ACC), un intermédiaire métastable durant les premiers stades de la formation des biominéraux. De tels précurseurs amorphes permettent de réaliser les formes complexes des biominéraux, tandis que leur stabilité et leur cinétique de cristallisation sont contrôlées par de multiples facteurs. L'élucidation des mécanismes sous-jacents est bénéfique pour le développement de matériaux biomimétiques.Le premier objectif est de développer une compréhension prédictive des valeurs d'énergie d’interface régissant la nucléation hétérogène du CaCO3 en fonction des propriétés physico-chimiques spécifiques des substrats, comme l'hydrophobicité. Cette dernière est étudiée en utilisant de la phlogopite avec et sans substitution par le fluor produisant des substrats hydrophobes et hydrophiles. La technique de diffusion des rayons X aux petits angles en incidence rasante a été employée in situ pour obtenir des valeurs d’énergie effective d’interface. Il est intéressant de noter que les valeurs extraites pour les deux substrats sont similaires, et thermodynamiquement les deux fournissent un bon modèle pour la nucléation, alors que leurs mécanismes sont différents. La caractérisation ex situ par microscopie à force atomique a montré que le substrat hydrophile favorise la formation et la stabilisation d’ACC, tandis que le substrat hydrophobe favorise la formation de calcite. Ces résultats soulignent la flexibilité structurelle intrinsèque du CaCO3 et son avantage dans les processus de nucléation hétérogènes.Le deuxième objectif est de fournir une description atomistique de l'hydrophobicité du substrat. L'adsorption d'eau sur la phlogopite a été réalisée in situ par spectroscopie de photoélectrons à pression ambiante pour étudier l'effet de la substitution par le fluor et de différents types de contre-ions (K+, Na+ vs. Cs+). Ces résultats ont été interprétés par des simulations de dynamique moléculaire et la théorie de bond-valence. La combinaison de ces techniques montre que l'hydrophobicité du substrat provient d'une compétition entre deux facteurs: l'hydratation des contre-ions par rapport à celle du substrat.Le but final est d'étudier les mécanismes moléculaires par lesquels Mg2+, une impureté chez les précurseurs amorphes biogéniques, augmente la persistance cinétique d’ACC. La technique de diffusion inélastique incohérente des neutrons a été combinée avec la spectroscopie de corrélation de photons X pour élucider la dynamique à l'échelle nanométrique de l'eau et des ions dans les ACC. Les résultats montrent que la présence de Mg2+ augmente la diffusion atomique dans le solide tout en amplifiant la rigidité du réseau des liaisons hydrogène. Ces résultats contre-intuitifs sont abordés en considérant différents facteurs cinétiques inclus dans l’équation décrivant le taux de nucléation au sein de la théorie classique de la nucléation. Dans l'ensemble, ces résultats indiquent l'importance de l'eau comme stabilisant cinétique de la structure amorphe et de l'existence de barrières stériques qui abaissent le taux de cristallisation. / Precipitation and dissolution of calcium carbonate (CaCO3) are key processes in both natural and engineered systems due to their intimate association with the Earth’s carbon cycle. Precipitation usually occurs on foreign substrates since they lower the energetic barriers controlling nucleation events. This so-called heterogeneous nucleation results from the interplay between the fluid supersaturation and the interfacial free energies present at the substrate-nucleus-fluid interfaces. Despite the relevance of interfacial energies for the fate of heterogeneous nucleation, the current literature remains scarce in their absolute values, which limits the accuracy of reactive transport modelling. Of particular relevance to the carbon cycle, the formation of biominerals accounts for a major reservoir of the carbonate minerals in the lithosphere. Recent studies have revealed the existence of multistep nucleation pathways that involve formation of amorphous calcium carbonate (ACC), a metastable intermediate during the early stages of biomineral formation. Such amorphous precursors allow molding of the intricate shapes of biominerals, while their stability and crystallization kinetics are effectively controlled by multiple factors. Elucidating the underlying mechanisms is beneficial for the development of biomimetic materials.The first goal of this dissertation is to develop a predictive understanding of interfacial energy values governing CaCO3 heterogeneous nucleation as a function of specific physico-chemical properties of the substrates, such as hydrophobicity. This last was investigated using phlogopite, a common mica, with and without fluorine substitution yielding hydrophobic and hydrophilic substrates. In situ time-resolved Grazing-Incidence Small Angle X-ray Scattering experiments were performed to obtain effective interfacial energy values. Interestingly, the extracted values for both substrates were similar, and thermodynamically these substrates provide a good template for nucleation, but the pathways differ. By ex situ Atomic Force Microscopy characterization, the hydrophilic substrate was shown to promote the formation and stabilization of ACC, whereas the hydrophobic one favored the formation of calcite. These results point to the intrinsic structural flexibility of CaCO3 and its advantage in heterogeneous nucleation processes.The second goal is to provide an atomistic description of the substrate hydrophobicity/hydrophilicity. Water adsorption on phlogopite was studied in situ using Near-Ambient Pressure X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy to investigate the effect of fluorine substitution and the influence of different types of counterions (K+, Na+ vs. Cs+). The results of the spectroscopy experiments were further interpreted using molecular dynamics simulations and bond-valence theory. The combination of these techniques shows that the substrate hydrophobicity stems from a competition between two factors: hydration of counterions vs. that of substrate.The final goal is to study the molecular mechanisms by which Mg2+, a common impurity in biogenic amorphous precursors, increases the kinetic persistence of ACC. Inelastic Incoherent Neutron Scattering and X-ray Photon Correlation Spectroscopy were combined to elucidate the nanoscale dynamics of water and ions within ACC. The presence of Mg2+ was shown to enhance the atomic diffusion within the solid while simultaneously increasing the stiffness of the hydrogen bond network. These counter-intuitive results are addressed by considering the different factors included in the pre-exponential term of the nucleation rate equation within the framework of the classical nucleation theory. Overall, the results point to the importance of water as a kinetic stabilizer, and to the existence of steric barriers that lower the crystallization rate.

Attempts to quantify the effects of ocean acidification and warming (OAW) on scleractinian corals provide a growing body of response measurements. However, placing empirical results into an ecological context is challenging, owing to variations that reflect both natural heterogeneity and scientific bias. This study addresses the heterogeneity of climate change induced changes in coral recruitment and calcification. To discern scientific bias and identify drivers of the remaining heterogeneity, 100 publications were analyzed using a combination of weighted mixed effects meta-regression and factorial effect size meta‑analysis. A linear model was applied to quantify the variation caused by differing stress levels across studies. The least squares predictions were then used to standardize individual study outcomes and effect size meta-analysis was performed on original and standardized outcomes separately. On average, increased temperature significantly reduces larval survival, while ocean acidification impedes settlement and calcification. Coral resistance to OAW is likely governed by biological traits (genera and life cycle stage), environmental factors (abiotic variability) and experimental design (feeding regime, stressor magnitude, and exposure duration). Linear models suggest that calcification rates are driven by carbonate and bicarbonate concentrations, which act additively with warming. Standardizing outcomes to linear model predictions proved useful in discerning strong sources of scientific bias. The approach used in this study can improve modelling projections and inform policy and management on changes in coral community structure associated with the expected future intensification of OAW.

Ce travail de thèse a été conduit dans le but d’élaborer des papiers résistants à l’eau liquide et ayant des propriétés antifongiques, ce par utilisation de composés biosourcés. Deux approches ont été proposées : soit une modification en surface par enduction, soit une modification des fibres de cellulose. Dans le cas de la modification en surface, deux formulations d’enductions ont été étudiées. La première, composée de chitosane et de carbonate de calcium précipité (PCC) modifié, a été utilisée pour limiter le développement de moisissures et améliorer la résistance des papiers à l’eau. La formulation incorporant 20 % de PCC modifié a montré un retard de croissance significatif de la souche fongique sélectionnée en tant que souche cible. La seconde formulation, destinée à améliorer la résistance à l’eau des papiers, par enduction d'un latex prévulcanisé d’hévéa, a montré de très bons résultats, conduisant à une réduction de près de 95 % de l’absorption d’eau liquide. Toutefois, une perte d’opacité des papiers a été observée après pénétration de l’eau dans le matériau. Par conséquent, une seconde approche a été proposée, basée sur la modification physico-chimique des fibres de cellulose. Un procédé d’hybridation a été utilisé, permettant l’adsorption d’acide stéarique sur le PCC synthétisé in situ à la surface des fibres de cellulose. Un compromis entre la rétention des charges, la résistance à l’eau et les propriétés mécaniques a pu être proposé. Après détermination des conditions optimales de mise à l’échelle industrielle du procédé d’hybridation, un essai industriel a pu être réalisé et a conduit à des résultats prometteurs. / The present work investigates the creation of water-resistant and antifungal papers by using biobased compounds. Two approaches were developed: A surface modification by coating or a cellulose fibre modification. For the coating approach, two formulations were studied. The first one, consisting in chitosan and modified precipitated calcium carbonate (PCC) was mainly used to limit the development of molds while improving paper water resistance. The formulation incorporating 20 % of modified PCC showed a significant increase of the lag phase of the target fungal strain. The second coating formulation, especially designed to improve papers water resistance by a coating layer of prevulcanized natural rubber latex, showed very positive results, leading to 95 % reduction of liquid water absorption but with a negative impact on the material opacity after water penetration. As a consequence, physico-chemical modification of cellulose fibre was investigated in a second approach. An hybridization process was used, leading to stearic acid adsorption on in situ PCC synthesized at the surface of cellulosic fibres. A compromise between fillers retention, water resistance and mechanical properties was found. After determination of optimal conditions carried out to an industrial scale up, an industrial pilot was performed and gave promising results.

During the past decades, emission of greenhouse gases has accelerated to unsustainable levels. This is a serious issue that can have a devastating impact on everything from global economy to the terrestrial or marine ecosystem. A method for reducing the emission is named carbon capture and storage, which this project is based on. In this study, different concentrations of citric acid (CA) is used (as an additive) for the enhancement and optimization of carbon dioxid sorption properties of amorphous calcium carbonate (ACC), mesoporous magnesium carbonate (MMC) and calcium magnesium carbonate composite (CMC). These materials were heat treated in a calcination and an alternating carbonation process in order to study the carbon dioxid sorption performance. During the calcination process, CA undergoes a pyrolysis reaction in order to increase the specific surface area of the individual nanoparticles, which is an important factor for the sorption capacity. In the case of CMC, different molar ratios of magnesium oxide and calcium oxide were used in order to alter the concentration of the resulting magnesium oxide prior to heating. All three materials consisted of aggregations of nanometer-sized particles. Thermogravimetric analysis, scanning electron microscopy, surface area and porosimetry and infrared spectroscopy analysis suggest that the carbon dioxid sorption properties and the sintering stability of ACC and MMC do not improve since CA evaporates due to pyrolysis. Sintering was a greater problem for the evaluated CA treated ACC sample. However, in the case of CMC, the sorption and sintering properties were enhanced due to the higher Tamman-temperature of magnesium oxide, specifically for the lower concentration of magnesium oxide. After 19 carbonation cycles, CMC-1:1-25% CA showed signs of improved sintering stability and sorption capacity, compared to ACC-75% CA. / <p>Presentationen genomfördes på distans.</p>