No description available.

Pulverised fuel ash (PFA) is a reactive silica source used in the manufacture of autoclaved aerated concrete (AAC). Experiments studied the hydrothermal reactions of PFA samples from two UK power stations with calcium hydroxide at 457 K, for periods up to 21 h. These conditions are comparable to those used in the manufacture of AAC. The process is characterised by the rapid consumption of ash particles. Associated with this is the solubilisation of large amounts of silica, alumina and alkalis. The formation of a semi-crystalline calcium silicate hydrate and a hydrogarnet phase occurs during the early stages of autoclaving. The hydrogarnet phase persists under the conditions studied, but conversion of the calcium silicate hydrate into tobermorite occurs with prolonged autoclaving. Differences in the hydrothermal performance of the two PFA samples are evident, which cannot be explained by the bulk elemental composition. Ash fractions obtained from a centrifugal air classifier have different reactivities during autoclaving and can result in specimens with different compressive strengths. Quantitative x-ray diffractometry showed that high levels of aluminosilicate glass are associated with the fine ash fractions, whereas most quartz, haematite and magnetite is associated with the coarse fractions. Significant differences exist in the mineralogical analyses of the two sets of ash fractions obtained from the bulk ash samples. The coarse ash fractions have the most varied morphology and composition.

Dental restorative cements are placed in a harsh oral environment where they are subjected to thermal shock, chemical degradation, and repeating masticatory force. The ideal restorative dental cements should have superior mechanical properties, chemical stability, aesthetic, good handling properties, biocompatibility, antibacterial properties, and preferably bioactivity. This thesis presents research on dental restorative cements with enhanced properties. The overall aim was to increase the bioactivity and antibacterial properties of dental restorative cements without affecting their other properties. The effect from adding calcium silicate to glass ionomer cement (GIC) was investigated. The results showed that calcium silicate could increase the bioactivity and reduce the cytotoxicity of conventional glass ionomer cement without compromising its setting and mechanical properties. Hydroxyapatite (HA) with a high aspect ratio and thin nacreous-layered monetite sheets were also synthesized. Nano HA particles with an aspect ratio of 50 can be synthesized by both precipitation and hydrothermal methods. The aspect ratio was controlled via the pH of reaction medium. Thin nacreous-layered monetite sheets were synthesized through a self-assembly process in the presence of an amine based cationic quaternary surfactant. Temperature, pH, and presence of surfactant played essential roles in forming the nacreous-layered monetite sheets. Then the effect from adding silver doped HA and monetite particles was investigated. The results showed that the antibacterial properties of GIC could be increased by incorporating silver doped HA and monetite particles. Further examination showed that the pH change, F- ion release, and concentration of released Ag+ ions were not responsible for the improved antibacterial properties. The quasi-static strengths and compressive fatigue limits of four types of the most commonly used dental restorations were evaluated. In our study, resin modified GIC and resin-based composite showed superior static compressive strength and fatigue limits compared to conventional GIC. The static compressive strength of dental cements increased with the aging time. However, aging had no effect on the compressive fatigue limit of resin modified GIC and resin-based composite. The compressive fatigue limit of conventional GIC even showed a drastic decrease after aging.

Fluid-tight obturation of the root canal space is an important requirement for successful root canal treatment. Gutta percha, used as a core material in combination with different sealers, is the most commonly used root filling material and is considered the gold standard. However, it does not possess all the properties of the ideal obturation material. Mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA) is a cement material based on calcium silicates (CSC). It sets by hydration, provides excellent sealing ability, is biocompatible/bioactive and has performed successfully in different clinical applications. The use of MTA as an orthograde obturation material has been proposed. However, MTA is difficult to handle and very little is known about the most appropriate technique to ensure good compaction within the shaped root canal. This research aims to investigate the performance of MTA when used as an orthograde obturation material. The effect of different times of ultrasonic activation of unset material on the incidence of voids in root canals was investigated. Manual compaction of MTA using hand pluggers without ultrasonic activation resulted in minimal void formation. Ultrasonic activation resulted in significantly higher incidence of voids. The removal of the smear layer prior to obturation with MTA resulted in a significantly reduced push-out bond strength between the MTA and radicular dentine. The apical sealing ability of MTA orthograde filling was assessed in comparison with gutta percha and sealer using a dye leakage model. It was concluded that MTA provides a better apical seal against dye penetration over a 30-day observation period. The ability of MTA to reinforce the remaining root structure in comparison with gutta percha and sealer was investigated. MTA significantly increased the resistance to vertical root fracture after one month of storage in synthetic tissue fluid. The radiopacity of MTA together with new calcium silicate cements was assessed and it was concluded that MTA was more radiopaque than gutta percha but less radiopaque than AH-plus sealer. The use of MTA as an orthograde obturation material has shown some potential of enhanced clinical performance in comparison with gutta percha and sealer in terms of sealing ability and bioactivity. However, there are certain disadvantages for obturation with this category of materials in its present form. It is important to point out that MTA is still in its early stages of development. With further improvements to its physical properties, MTA can present a valuable option for obturation of the root canal space.

The nature of the calcium-silicate-hydrate phase in hydrated Portland cement has been the subject of considerable debate for decades. Various nanostructural models have been proposed including those constructed from colloidal-based particulate systems and those formulated on the basis of layered calcium-silicate-hydrates. These are examined in detail in the literature review section of the thesis. Relatively recent composition-based models have been proposed by Taylor and Richardson-Groves. These models contain structural elements comprised of 1.4 nm tobermorite and jennite. Details are also provided in the literature review. There is however a paucity of data on the engineering properties of pure calcium-silicate-hydrate phases and virtually none on the mechanical performance of 1.4 nm tobermorite and jennite. The global objective of this thesis was to examine the compatibility of the composition-based models with the engineering behaviour of the pure tobermorite and jennite phases. Pure phases of a variety of layered calcium-silicate-hydrates were synthesized and novel techniques developed to determine their engineering characteristics in a variety of test environments. The silicate phases investigated included high temperature silicates e.g. gyrolite as these layered structures are known to be cross-linked. Investigation of the role of ‘structural’ water in layered silicates was also a part of these studies. The thesis is based on a series of twelve refereed journal papers by the candidate (eight are published or accepted and four have been submitted for publication). The research is reported in four parts with each part comprised of three papers. Each part provides insight into the nanostructure of C-S-H in hydrated cement. The arguments developed evolve from an assessment of various factors including aging and the state of water in the layered silicates. The first part of the thesis focuses on the development and application of dynamic mechanical thermo-analysis methods that are sensitive to phase changes and are useful for assessing the compatibility of engineering behaviour with model composition based on 1.4 nm tobermorite and jennite. The second part represents a study of volume stability and mechanical property-porosity relationships for the pure silicate phases that are germane to these studies. The third part focuses on prolonged aging and role of structural water in cement paste hydrated for 45 years. The fourth and final part attempts to address the role of layer structure e.g. cross-linking of silicate sheets on engineering behaviour. The non-uniqueness of modulus of elasticity with respect to equilibrium moisture content is demonstrated. Structurally related irreversible effects that are dependent on drying history are rationalized. A summary chapter is provided wherein the evidence for a composition-based model with tobermorite and jennite structural units is rationalized in terms of the experimental evidence provided in this study and suggestions for future research are discussed.

No description available.

Yes / To realize the sustainable development of concrete, it is vital to mitigate its consumption and environmental footprint (especially CO2 footprint) from prolonging the service life through upgrading mechanical and durable performances of concrete. Incorporating nanofillers can effectively tailor the microstructures and performances of bulk cement paste and cement paste at interfacial transition zone in concrete. The hydrated calcium silicate (C–S–H) gels account for half of the volume of hardened Portland cement pastes, and they are the fundamental source of overall properties of concrete. However, the underlying mechanisms of nanofillers on C–S–H gels remains unclear. Herein, this paper underpinned the role of 5 types of representative nanofillers in tailoring the nanostructure of C–S–H gels in cement composites. The research results demonstrated that through the nano-core effect, nanofillers induce the formation of two new C–S–H gels in outer hydration products, namely nano-core-shell element doped low-density C–S–H (NEDLD C–S–H) and nano-core-shell element doped high-density C–S–H (NEDHD C–S–H). The indentation modulus/hardness of NEDLD and NEDHD C–S–H reaches 25.4/0.80 GPa and 46.7/2.72 GPa, respectively. Such superior performances of NEDLD and NEDHD C–S–H derive from the existence of nano-core-shell elements in C–S–H gels rather than the increase in C–S–H packing density. In a short-range, nanofillers form nano-core-shell elements by adsorbing silica tetrahedrons during the hydration process, improving the mechanical properties of C–S–H basic building blocks. In the long-range, the nano-core-shell elements modify the nano-scale performances of C–S–H gels in outer hydration products due to the increase of C–S–H gels’ integrality. / The authors would like to thank the funding offered by the National Science Foundation of China (52308236, 51978127, 51908103, and 52368031), National Key Research and Development Program of China (2018YFC070560 and 2017YFC0703410), the China Postdoctoral Science Foundation (2022M720648, 2022M710973, 2022M713497). / The full-text of this article will be released for public view at the end of the publisher embargo on 01 Dec 2024.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T14:57:52Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 JeanCSA.pdf: 2642121 bytes, checksum: ee65334424753f93878bcb16392de432 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009-03-24 / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient?fico e Tecnol?gico / The types of products manufactured calcium silicate blocks are very diversified in its characteristics. They include accessory bricks, blocks, products in dense material, with or without reinforcements of hardware, great units in cellular material, and thermal insulating products. The elements calcium silicate are of great use in the prefabricated construction, being formed for dense masses and hardened by autoclaving. This work has for objective develop formulations that make possible the obtaining of calcium silicate blocks with characteristics that correspond the specifications technical, in the State of the Rio Grande of the North, in finality of obtaining technical viability for use in the civil construction. The work studied the availability raw materials from convenient for the production of calcium silicate blocks, and the effect of variations of the productive process on the developed products. The studied raw materials were: the quartz sand from the city of S?o Gon?alo do Amarante/RN, and two lime, a hydrated lime and a pure lime from the city of Governador Dix-Sept Rosado/RN. The raw materials collected were submitted a testes to particle size distribution, fluorescence of X rays, diffraction of X rays. Then were produced 8 formulations and made body-of-test by uniaxial pressing at 36 MPa, and cured for 7 hours at about 18 kgf/cm2 pressing and temperature of approximately 180 ?C. The cure technological properties evaluated were: lineal shrinkage, apparent density, apparent porosity, water absorption, modulus of rupture flexural (3 points), resistance compression, phase analysis (XRD) and micromorphological analysis (SEM). From the results presented the technological properties, was possible say that utilization of hydrated lime becomes more viable its utilization in mass limestone silica, for manufacture of calcium silicate blocks / Os tipos de produtos s?lico-calc?rios fabricados s?o muito diversificados em suas caracter?sticas. Eles incluem tijolos, blocos, produtos acess?rios em material denso, com ou sem refor?os de ferragem, grandes unidades em material celular, e produtos isolantes t?rmicos. Os elementos s?lico-calc?rios s?o de grande utiliza??o na constru??o pr?-fabricada, sendo formados por massas densas e endurecidos em autoclave. Este trabalho teve como objetivo desenvolver formula??es que possibilitem a obten??o de blocos s?lico-calc?rios com caracter?sticas que correspondem ?s especifica??es t?cnicas, no Estado do Rio Grande do Norte, na finalidade de obter viabilidade t?cnica para uso na constru??o civil. O trabalho estudou a disponibilidade de mat?rias-primas convenientes para a produ??o de blocos s?lico-calc?rios, e o efeito das varia??es do processo produtivo sobre os produtos desenvolvidos. As mat?rias-primas estudadas foram: uma areia quartzosa oriunda do munic?pio de S?o Gon?alo do Amarante/RN, e duas cal, uma cal hidratada e uma cal virgem oriundas do munic?pio de Governador Dix-Sept Rosado/RN. As mat?rias-primas coletadas foram submetidas a ensaios de distribui??o de tamanho de part?cula, fluoresc?ncia de raios X, difra??o de raios X. Em seguida foram produzidas 8 formula??es e confeccionados corpos-de-prova por prensagem uniaxial a 36 MPa, e curados durante 7 horas em press?o de aproximadamente 18 kgf/cm2, e temperatura de aproximadamente 180?C. As propriedades tecnol?gicas de cura avaliadas foram: retra??o linear, massa espec?fica aparente, porosidade aparente, absor??o de ?gua, m?dulo de ruptura ? flex?o em 3 pontos, resist?ncia a compress?o, an?lise fases (DRX) e an?lise micromorfol?gica (MEV). A partir dos resultados apresentados das propriedades tecnol?gicas, foi poss?vel afirmar que a utiliza??o da cal hidratada torna-se mais vi?vel sua utiliza??o em massas s?lico-calc?rias, para fabrica??o de blocos s?lico-calc?rios

O silicato de cálcio hidratado (C-S-H) é o componente responsável pela resistência mecânica dos cimentos usados na construção civil. Neste trabalho foi caracterizada a evolução da reação de hidratação e as propriedades estruturais das fases resultantes da hidratação da escória de alto forno granulada (EAF). Este tipo de cimento é um potencial candidato para substituir os materiais convencionais, apresentando vantagens relativas ao menor custo energético de produção e a redução do impacto ambiental. Devido à menor reatividade da EAF com água, é necessário a adição de substâncias ativadoras alcalinas de modo geral em baixa concentração. Neste trabalho foi caracterizado o efeito sobre a sua reatividade e as propriedades estruturais dos produtos da reação (C-S-H e aluminatos de cálcio hidratados) de quatro tipos de misturas ativadoras contendo hidróxido de sódio, silicato de sódio e/ou hidróxido de cálcio (CH). As quantidades alcalinas resultantes das misturas usadas nas pastas foram: 5%Na2O, 5% Na2O-2,5%CH, 5% Na2O -7,5%SiO2 e 5% Na2O -2,5%CH- 7,5% SiO2. A técnica experimental utilizada foi a Ressonância Magnética Nuclear (RMN) de alta resolução no estado sólido de 29Si, 27Al e 23Na. Os resultados indicaram diferenças na cinética da reação no estágio tardio (tempos na faixa de 3 dias até 120 dias), na quantidade e nas características estruturais das fases aluminatos de cálcio e do C-S-H, dependentes da presença de SiO2 na mistura ativadora. A inclusão de Ca(OH)2 tem efeitos de magnitude consideravelmente menor sobre estes parâmetros. Foi observada uma correspondência excelente entre as diferenças estruturais observadas por RMN e o comportamento da resistência mecânica do material. / Calcium Silicate Hydrate (C-S-H) is the component responsible for mechanical resistance of cementitious materials. In this work, a characterization of the evolution of the hydration reaction in granulated blast-furnace slag (bfs) is presented. Also, the structural properties of the reaction products is studied as a function of time, during the late period of the process. This kind of cement is a potential material to replace the conventional Portland in several applications, having several relative advantages regarding to energetic cost and impact on the environment. To overcome the less hydraulic reactivity of gbs respect to Portland, it is generally necessary the addition of small amount of alkaline compounds, called activators, to improve the speed and extension of the reaction. The behavior of four different activator mixtures containing sodium hydroxide, sodium silicate and/or calcium hydroxide (CH) were considered, at fixed amount alkali 5% Na2O, 5% Na2O -2,5% Ca(OH)2, 5% Na2O -7,5% SiO2 and Na2O -2,5% Ca(OH)2- 7,5% SiO2. The hydration kinetics and structural properties of the hydration products, C-S-H and calcium aluminate hydrates, were probed by means of solid-state high resolution Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) of 29Si, 27Al and 23Na nuclei. Results showed differences in hydration evolution and structural properties depending strongly on the presence of SiO2 in the mixture. On the other hand, Ca(OH)2 produced only marginal effects on the reaction. An excellent correlation was observed between the structural differences and the mechanical response of the material as a function of the hydration time.

O objetivo do trabalho foi avaliar a biocompatibilidade em tecido conjuntivo de ratos do NeoMTA Plus (NMP) e comparar com o Agregado Trióxido Mineral (MTA) e Biodentine (BD). Foram utilizados 18 ratos divididos em 3 grupos (n=6) para cada período experimental (7, 30 e 90 dias). Tubos de polietileno contendo os materiais, tendo como controle o tubo vazio foram implantados. Decorridos os períodos experimentais e após processamento histológico, observou-se as características do componente celular inflamatório, da condensação fibrosa e da formação de abscesso. A análise estatística entre os grupos foi realizada através do teste de Friedman, complementado pelo teste de Dunn. As comparações entre os períodos experimentais foram realizadas através do teste de Kruskall-Wallis complementado pelo teste de Dunn (P≤0,05%). Não houve diferença estatística significante quando se avaliou os diferentes materiais no mesmo período experimental para todos os eventos inflamatórios (P>0,05). Em relação à presença de infiltrado inflamatório, foi encontrada diferença significante entre os períodos experimentais de 7 e 90 dias nos grupos NeoMTA Plus, Biodentine e controle, havendo diminuição da inflamação. Foi encontrada predominância de infiltrado linfoplasmocitário em todos materiais no período de 7 dias, havendo diminuição significante desse componente no período de 90 dias. O NeoMTA Plus e o grupo controle apresentaram diminuição de linfócitos e plasmócitos entre os períodos de 30 e 90 dias (P≤0,05). Apenas o Biodentine, aos 7 dias, apresentou escore 2 (leve) de neutrófilo com diminuição do primeiro período para os períodos de 30 e 90 dias (P≤0,05). Com exceção do MTA, houve diminuição do macrófago ao longo do tempo, porém, foi encontrado diferença estatística nos grupos NeoMTA Plus e controle entre os períodos de 7 e 90 dias (P≤0,05). No que diz respeito à presença de célula gigante, não foi constatada diferença entre os períodos em nenhum dos materiais testados (P>0,05). Houve ausência desse componente para os grupos NeoMTA plus e controle, e escore leve para o Biodentine e MTA. Foi encontrada presença de condensação fibrosa e evolução no espessamento estatisticamente significante entre os períodos 7 e 90 dias em todos materiais (P≤0,05). Considerando este resultados, os materiais testados no estudo podem ser considerados biocompatíveis. / The objective of this study was to evaluate the biocompatibility in connective tissue of rats of NeoMTA Plus (NMP) and to compare it to Mineral Trioxide Aggregate (MTA) and Biodentine (BD). Eighteen rats were divided into three groups (n = 6) for each experimental period (7, 30 and 90 days). Polyethylene tubes containing the materials and empty tubes (control) were implanted. After the experimental periods and histological processing, observations were made of the cellular inflammatory component, the fibrous condensation, and the abscess formation. Statistical analysis among groups was performed using the Friedman and Dunn test. The comparisons among experimental periods were performed using the Kruskall-Wallis and Dunn test (P≤0.05%). There was no statistically significant difference when the different materials were evaluated in the same experimental period for all inflammatory events (P> 0.05). In relation to the presence of inflammatory infiltrate, a significant difference was found among 7 and 90 days to NeoMTA Plus, Biodentine and control groups, with a decrease in inflammation. It was found predominance of lymphoplasmacytic infiltrate in all materials in the period of 7 days, with a significant decrease of this component in 90 days. NeoMTA Plus and control group showed decreased lymphocytes and plasmocytes among 30 and 90 days (P≤0.05). Only Biodentine, at 7 days, presented score 2 (light) to neutrophil with a decrease in the first period for the periods of 30 and 90 days (P≤0.05). With the exception of MTA, there was a decrease in macrophage over time, but a statistical difference was found in the NeoMTA Plus and control groups among 7 and 90 days (P≤0.05). Regarding the presence of giant cells, no difference was found among the periods in any of the tested materials (P> 0.05). There was absence of this component for NeoMTA plus and control groups, and light score for Biodentine and MTA. It was found fibrous condensation and evolution in thickening among 7 and 90 days in all materials (P≤0.05). Considering these results, the materials tested in the study can be considered biocompatible.