This thesis examines the decision by the government of Prime Minister Paul Martin in March of 2005 to deploy Canadian troops to the Kandahar region of Afghanistan a region that is considered to be one of the most perilous in the country. Indeed, the Kandahar mission has produced the highest number of deaths of Canadians in combat since the Korean War. Prior to this engagement, the Chretien government had sent Canadian troops on other missions in Afghanistan, which neither were as dangerous nor involved combat against insurgents. This thesis will seek to provide an explanation for the change in policy under the Martin government. It will argue that the decision to engage Canada in combat in Afghanistan can be understood as an expression of internationalism, whose meaning had been altered by the forces of globalization growing out of the 9/11 attacks. The methodological approach that will be used in the thesis is a case study, which draws upon established theories regarding Canadian foreign policy.

A series of presumed or confirmed Cryptococcus gattii cases diagnosed between 1999 and 2003 was compiled through review of records from veterinary laboratories and human diagnostic services. There was a continual increase in the annual number of animal, but not human, cases diagnosed; no seasonality was observed. Animal cases exceeded human cases by almost 75% even though it was hypothesized that animal cases are more likely to go undiagnosed or unreported when compared to humans. Animal cryptococcosis cases were identified on Vancouver Island prior to 1999 suggesting the organism may have emerged in the region prior to its identification as a causative agent for human disease; therefore animals may serve as a good sentinel for human cryptococcosis infection. <p> There were 50% more feline than canine cases and disease appeared more commonly in middle aged cats and younger dogs. There was no sex predilection for either species. The primary system involved was most commonly respiratory, followed by central nervous system (CNS) in both cats and dogs. There was a higher proportion of CNS disease in dogs relative to cats, and cats were much more likely to have subcutaneous or dermal masses relative to dogs. Multivariate survival analysis identified only the presence of neurological symptoms as a statistically significant predictor of mortality; those animals exhibiting CNS symptoms were over four times more likely to die than those never showing neural signs. A case-control study identified host and environmental risk factors for clinical C. gattii infection in dogs and cats suggesting that where an infectious agent is not uniformly distributed, individual risk increases when the organism is re-distributed through large scale environmental disturbance, or when the animal has increased opportunities for exposure through travel or activity level. <p> Serum samples and material for fungal culture were collected from dogs, cats, horses and terrestrial mammal species residing within the region where clinical cases had been diagnosed. Nasal colonization was identified in squirrels (<i> Sciurus carolinensis</i>), horses, dogs and cats. Most of the animals sampled had no signs of systemic infection however asymptomatic infection, defined as the presence of cryptococcal antigen in the bloodstream in the absence of clinical symptoms, was identified in a small number of dogs and cats. Fourteen months of follow-up testing of asymptomatic animals revealed that animals can progress to clinical disease, remain sub-clinically infected, or clear the organism.

This thesis addresses the complex relationship between the federal and provincial governments with regard to the creation and implementation of economic migration policies and programs. As immigration is subject to shared jurisdiction under the Constitution, provinces have begun to take up an important and ever-increasing role in immigration policy and have used it as an effective tool to reach regional economic and demographic objectives. However, devolving responsibilities for economic migration policy to the provinces raises questions about the proper balance between federal and provincial immigration powers. The thesis will address this issue by giving an overview of the current mechanisms in place that govern the division of immigration powers between the two levels of government, the main critiques on it and the theoretical framework that supports the choices made. It then tries to provide the reader with alternative approaches to the division of powers for specific elements of the immigration process.

This thesis addresses the complex relationship between the federal and provincial governments with regard to the creation and implementation of economic migration policies and programs. As immigration is subject to shared jurisdiction under the Constitution, provinces have begun to take up an important and ever-increasing role in immigration policy and have used it as an effective tool to reach regional economic and demographic objectives. However, devolving responsibilities for economic migration policy to the provinces raises questions about the proper balance between federal and provincial immigration powers. The thesis will address this issue by giving an overview of the current mechanisms in place that govern the division of immigration powers between the two levels of government, the main critiques on it and the theoretical framework that supports the choices made. It then tries to provide the reader with alternative approaches to the division of powers for specific elements of the immigration process.

This paper examines the relationship between immigrant-composition and wages of different occupations and different industries in Canada. It reports the effects of change in proportion of immigrants on the wage level in 1996 for both male and female Canadians and immigrants. First all immigrants are considered homogeneous and thereafter they are distinguished according to a wide array of criterion and a full spectrum of results are presented. These results suggest that for immigrants the aggregate relationship of income with immigrant composition is fairly small, unless they are subcategorised into specific groups (e.g. non-white immigrants, immigration after 1990). The corresponding wage penalties for Canadians are more uniform across the different subgroup specifications and decomposition of the data.

Far from simply playing music, the turntable has, in recent decades, been transformed into a musical instrument. Those that play these new instruments, called Turntablists, alter existing sounds to produce new sonic arrangements, exceeding the assumed use value of the turntable. The turntable’s transformation from record player to instrument captures one of the ways in which Afrosonic sound making activities refuse to conform to existing paradigms of music making in the western world. Throughout the African diaspora, it has been the musics from various regions and nations that continually capture the attention of the world’s music connoisseurs. This dissertation examines the ways in which careful consideration of the sonic innovations in Afrodiasporic cultures produce alternative paradigms through which we might analyze contemporary life. The following chapters interrogate turntablism, remix culture and hip hop music as subtexts that elaborate a foundational narrative of Afrodiasporic life. These subtexts are used as tools to examine the various ethnoscapes of Black Canadian life, official multiculturalism and notions of home within the African diaspora in Canada. The dominant narrative of the African diaspora explored in this work, housed within the sonic, elaborates a relational conception of freedom and modernity born out of the particularities of Afrodiasporic life in the west. In this sonic narrative, participation becomes the key index by which freedom is understood, embodied and enacted. Consequently, a notion of relationality, deeply indebted to the Afrodiasporic experience, is utilized throughout this dissertation to access a conception of the human that lay outside of western Europe’s enlightenment definition.

The decade between the release of Canada’s 1994 Defence White Paper and its 2005 International Policy Statement was a period of crisis within the Canadian Forces (CF). The CF’s operational tempo increased significantly even as the defence budget was cut by a quarter. Defence issues were perceived to have very little profile in Ottawa., and military officers felt their concerns were not being heard. Despite rapid changes in the global security environment, dramatic budget cuts and frequent deployments, the CF was given no overarching policy direction from government. However, as one officer remarked, the CF gradually learned to survive in the absence of political guidance -- Indeed, “we have provided our own guidance.” This paper will examine how the CF adapted in the absence of strategic direction from government. It will focus particular attention on the adoption of capabilities-based planning as a decisional methodology for resource allocation and mitigating risk. This paper is based on a series of interviews with senior military officers and civilian officials at the Department of National Defence (conducted by Dr. Cohn Campbell in 2004 and 2005), and a reading of the relevant literature on Canadian defence policy and strategic planning.

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