No abstract included. / Arts, Faculty of / History, Department of / Graduate

Thesis (Ph. D.)--Carleton University, 1984. / Also available in electronic format on the Internet.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--Carleton University, 1992. / Also available in electronic format on the Internet.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Pennsylvania, 1939. / Bibliography: p. 227-242.

No description available.

Since the completion of the CPR, the railway has held an important place in the Canadian imagination as a symbol of national unity, industry, and cooperation. It would seem to follow, given the widely held belief that national literatures help to engender national self-recognition in their readers, that Canadian literature would make incessant use of the railway to address themes of national community and identity. This assumption is false. With a few notable exceptions, Canadian literature has in fact made very little deliberate effort to propagate the idea that the railway is a vital symbol of Canadian unity and identity. / Literary depictions of the railway do, however, exhibit a tension between communitarian and individualist values that may itself lie at the heart of the Canadian character. Some of the earliest representations of the railway, in travel narratives of the late nineteenth century, make explicit reference to the notion that the railway was a sign and a product of a common national imagination. But poets of this period virtually ignored the railway for fear that its presence would disturb the peaceful contemplation, and thus the identity, of the individuals who populated the pastoral spaces of their verse. Modern poets did eventually manage to include the train in their work, but used it most often as a vehicle to continue the private musings of their individual lyric speakers rather than to explore the terrain of the national consciousness. One prominent exception to this tendency is E. J. Pratt's Towards the Last Spike, in which imposing individuals such as Sir John A. Macdonald and William Van Horne and thousands of unnamed rail workers combine their efforts in order to construct the railway, which stands as a symbol of how individuals and communities can work together in the national interest. Canadian fiction demonstrates the same impulses as Canadian poetry by using the railway as a means of depicting the thoughts, feelings, and experiences of individuals, but it also challenges the myth of the railway's creation of a unitary national culture by showing how diverse communities---of race, class, and region---imagine their relationship to the railway in very different ways. / The varied character of Canada's literary treatment of one of the country's central national symbols suggests that a tension between individualism and communitarianism also informs Canadian literature itself, whose writers have used the railway to fulfill their goals in individual texts but have rarely employed it as a symbol of national community.

No description available.

Since the 1970s, historians of British Columbia representing various ideological schools and methodological approaches have debated the role of race in the provinces history. Many of the earlier works discussed whether race or class was the primary determinant in social relations while more recent works have argued that factors such as race, class, and gender combined in different ways and in different situations to inform group interactions. However, the application of these terms in describing aspects of the thoughts and actions of non-Western peoples can be problematic. This thesis attempts to approach the question of race and its role in British Columbias past from the perspective of the Indigenous population of the Lower Fraser River watershed from 1828 (the establishment of the first Hudsons Bay Company post on the Fraser River) to the 1920s, examining shifting notions of the way Aboriginal epistemologies have conceived of otherness through contact between Stó:lõ people and Euro-Canadian and -American, Hawaiian, Chinese, and Japanese immigrants. The main contention is that, contrary to the historiographys depictions of unified and static interactions with newcomers, Stó:lõ people held complex and dynamic notions of otherness when newcomers arrived with the fur trade, and that such concepts informed interactions with people from throughout the Pacific. Numerous factors informed the ways in which Stó:lõ people approached and engaged in relationships with newcomers, but the strongest ones originated in Stó:lõ cultural and historical understanding of others rather than in the racial ideas of Euro-Canadians. <p>Following a discussion of the historiography of race relations and Native-Newcomer interactions in British Columbia, this thesis examines relationships during the fur trade between Hawaiian men employed at Fort Langley and Kwantlen people; the ways in which Stó:lõ people grouped the miners who came to the Fraser Canyon in 1858; Stó:lõ peoples interactions with Chinese immigrants from the 1860s through the 1880s; and the ways in which the presence of Japanese and Chinese Canadians influenced how Stó:lõ leaders articulated their claims to rights and title in the first decades of the twentieth century. It concludes that Aboriginal relations with non-Europeans took a different path than relations with Europeans. Several factors contributed to the branching of paths, including pre-contact views of <i> outsiders</i>, kinship ties in the fur trade, economic competition, and the unsettled Indian Land Question. Moreover, the different relationships must be seen as affecting the other, making understanding the nature of Aboriginal associations with non-Europeans an important part of making sense of aspects of Aboriginal relations with Europeans.

Since the 1970s, historians of British Columbia representing various ideological schools and methodological approaches have debated the role of race in the provinces history. Many of the earlier works discussed whether race or class was the primary determinant in social relations while more recent works have argued that factors such as race, class, and gender combined in different ways and in different situations to inform group interactions. However, the application of these terms in describing aspects of the thoughts and actions of non-Western peoples can be problematic. This thesis attempts to approach the question of race and its role in British Columbias past from the perspective of the Indigenous population of the Lower Fraser River watershed from 1828 (the establishment of the first Hudsons Bay Company post on the Fraser River) to the 1920s, examining shifting notions of the way Aboriginal epistemologies have conceived of otherness through contact between Stó:lõ people and Euro-Canadian and -American, Hawaiian, Chinese, and Japanese immigrants. The main contention is that, contrary to the historiographys depictions of unified and static interactions with newcomers, Stó:lõ people held complex and dynamic notions of otherness when newcomers arrived with the fur trade, and that such concepts informed interactions with people from throughout the Pacific. Numerous factors informed the ways in which Stó:lõ people approached and engaged in relationships with newcomers, but the strongest ones originated in Stó:lõ cultural and historical understanding of others rather than in the racial ideas of Euro-Canadians. <p>Following a discussion of the historiography of race relations and Native-Newcomer interactions in British Columbia, this thesis examines relationships during the fur trade between Hawaiian men employed at Fort Langley and Kwantlen people; the ways in which Stó:lõ people grouped the miners who came to the Fraser Canyon in 1858; Stó:lõ peoples interactions with Chinese immigrants from the 1860s through the 1880s; and the ways in which the presence of Japanese and Chinese Canadians influenced how Stó:lõ leaders articulated their claims to rights and title in the first decades of the twentieth century. It concludes that Aboriginal relations with non-Europeans took a different path than relations with Europeans. Several factors contributed to the branching of paths, including pre-contact views of <i> outsiders</i>, kinship ties in the fur trade, economic competition, and the unsettled Indian Land Question. Moreover, the different relationships must be seen as affecting the other, making understanding the nature of Aboriginal associations with non-Europeans an important part of making sense of aspects of Aboriginal relations with Europeans.

This thesis examines the role of photography in making the Canadian Pacific Railway company (CPR) an integral part of Canadian mythology. It focuses on the company's photographic advertising in the 1920s, and the ways in which its increasingly nationalistic transcontinental brochures framed the country, and equated the act of travelling with nation-building and national identity. / The CPR's tourist brochures established a visual vocabulary of the travelling experience, which was readily employed by individuals such as Montreal journalist Frank Randall Clarke. Clarke was sponsored by the CPR to travel across the country in the summer of 1929. His journalistic writing and personal photograph album allow for a rich analysis of the visual culture of the period, and they will be used to illustrate the ways in which the CPR represented Canadian progress, immigration, and tourism.