This dissertation contributes to the fields of Canadian literature and black cultural studies in Canada a new regional archive of literature, the black prairie archive. It unearths and brings critical attention, for the first time, to the unknown history and cultural production of late nineteenth- and early twentieth-century black pioneer writers on the Canadian prairies, and connects this historical literature to the work of contemporary black prairie authors. The black prairie archive thus brings together one hundred and thirty five years of black writing on the prairies, from 1873-2008. Theorized in terms of what Pierre Nora calls a lieu de mémoire, or a site of memory, the black prairie archive operates as a site of collective black-inflected memory on the prairies. It retrieves memory of a repressed but important black history and culture and brings it into consciousness of the present historical moment. In its ability to remember what has been repressed and forgotten, the archive functions as a literary counterhistory, calling attention to the aggressive exclusions and erasures involved in the historical, social, critical, and legal construction of the prairies as an ideological—not a geographic—space in relation to race. In addition to bringing a new regional black literature to light, this study offers the black prairie archive as a discursive formation that points to a new methodology, a methodology capable of addressing the limits of certain critical debates in Canada. Specifically, it offers a strategy for theorizing black belonging and territoriality in terms other than the problematic metaphors of black indigeneity; for reading the regional particularities of black prairie literature and subjectivity; and for overcoming the impasse at the centre of black Canadian cultural studies, represented by the debate between Rinaldo Walcott and George Elliott Clarke, regarding which model, the archival or diasporic, best articulates the space of black Canada. The black prairie archive demonstrates how the archive can become a critical, activist, anti-national strategy for recovering repressed black histories, literatures, and presences.

In this thesis I explore neoliberalism and resistance to neoliberalism by focusing on the relatively recent rise of radical, local anti-poverty organizations in Canada, particularly on the Ontario Coalition Against Poverty (OCAP) in Toronto. To accomplish this exploration, I present a brief history of neoliberalization in two ways: first in theory, exploring the phenomenon in general, and then in a more specific context, through the study of neoliberalization in Ontario. Special emphasis is given to the ways in which contemporary processes of neoliberalization tend to discourage collective action and movement formation, and encourage the ideological, discursive, and practical depoliticization of issues and communities. In addition, I suggest that Ontario’s neoliberalization has led mainstream left forces to retreat to a more moderate support base in the middle class, leaving poor people and anti-poverty activists with little potential for meaningful participation in political processes. The lack of avenues for participation, I argue, discourages the development the development of a sense of agency for poor people and anti-poverty activists. This agency is framed here as political dignity. After presenting a history OCAP, I conclude by suggesting that radical, local anti-poverty organizations make an important contribution to combating some of the outcomes of neoliberalization presented here. By using a broad range of scholarship (including working-class focused sociology, post-colonial theory, and others), I argue that OCAP’s key contribution to antineoliberal struggles is the way in which the organization encourages political dignity building through engaged, confrontational participation.

xiv, 143 p. / The amplified effects of climate change in the Arctic are well known and, according to many commentators, endanger Inuit cultural integrity. However, the specific connections between climate change and cultural change are understudied. This thesis explores the relationship between climatic shifts and culture in the Inuit community of Salluit, Quebec, Canada. Although residents of Salluit are acutely aware of climate change in their region and have developed causal explanations for the phenomenon, most Salluit residents do not characterize climate change as a threat to Inuit culture. Instead, they highlight the damaging impacts of globalization and internal colonialism as a more serious problem. This counter-narrative suggests that focusing narrowly on climate change can obscure the broader and more immediate challenges facing Inuit communities. Such a realization demonstrates the need for researchers to locate climate change within a matrix of non-climatic challenges in order to mitigate threats to indigenous cultures. / Committee in charge: Susan W. Hardwick, Chairperson; Alexander B. Murphy, Chairperson; Michael Hibbard, Member

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / A escolha de contrapor neste estudo os autores Dany Laferrière e Vladimir Nabokov a partir do exílio e da memória, respectivamente em Pays sans chapeau, romance de 1997, e Speak, memory, autobiografia que data de 1947, é feita com o intuito de contribuir para as discussões em Literatura Comparada e participar das novas tendências nos estudos canadenses, levantando, diante das respectivas obras destes autores, questões de tradução entre seus velhos e novos mundos, fronteiras, línguas e a narração sobre eles. Contrapor escritos de autores tão diferentes em suas especificidades, mas que se encontram por conta de uma perspectiva dos estudos culturais, parece-me fazer parte deste processo de quebrar hegemonias e relativizar as hierarquias, conforme seguimos os efeitos das narrativas destes autores, quando o país sonhado força sua presença: à medida em que eliminam-se distâncias e remarcam-se fronteiras, no ato de ler e narrar a realidade. O presente estudo consistiu de um romance e um ensaio, assim como um Prelúdio, apresentado em forma entre a teoria e a ficção / Focusing on memory and exile within Dany Laferièrres novel Pays sans chapeau (1997) and Vladimir Nabokovs autobiography Speak, memory (1947), the aim of this study is to observe the relation of each of these authors with his respective old and new worlds, borders, languages and the narration of them, contributing to the discussion within Comparative Literature and to the new trends in the Canadian studies. Through the concepts of carnivalization and of the act of reading, we follow the rupture of hierarchies in the narratives, to see how memory reinvents reality in new, simple effects. Between fiction and authobiography, between text and reader, the strength of renewed images. The dream country forces its presence, as far as distances are eliminated in the act of reading and narrating reality. The present study consists of a novel and an essay, and a part in-between called Prelude, a form crossing from theory into fiction

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / A escolha de contrapor neste estudo os autores Dany Laferrière e Vladimir Nabokov a partir do exílio e da memória, respectivamente em Pays sans chapeau, romance de 1997, e Speak, memory, autobiografia que data de 1947, é feita com o intuito de contribuir para as discussões em Literatura Comparada e participar das novas tendências nos estudos canadenses, levantando, diante das respectivas obras destes autores, questões de tradução entre seus velhos e novos mundos, fronteiras, línguas e a narração sobre eles. Contrapor escritos de autores tão diferentes em suas especificidades, mas que se encontram por conta de uma perspectiva dos estudos culturais, parece-me fazer parte deste processo de quebrar hegemonias e relativizar as hierarquias, conforme seguimos os efeitos das narrativas destes autores, quando o país sonhado força sua presença: à medida em que eliminam-se distâncias e remarcam-se fronteiras, no ato de ler e narrar a realidade. O presente estudo consistiu de um romance e um ensaio, assim como um Prelúdio, apresentado em forma entre a teoria e a ficção / Focusing on memory and exile within Dany Laferièrres novel Pays sans chapeau (1997) and Vladimir Nabokovs autobiography Speak, memory (1947), the aim of this study is to observe the relation of each of these authors with his respective old and new worlds, borders, languages and the narration of them, contributing to the discussion within Comparative Literature and to the new trends in the Canadian studies. Through the concepts of carnivalization and of the act of reading, we follow the rupture of hierarchies in the narratives, to see how memory reinvents reality in new, simple effects. Between fiction and authobiography, between text and reader, the strength of renewed images. The dream country forces its presence, as far as distances are eliminated in the act of reading and narrating reality. The present study consists of a novel and an essay, and a part in-between called Prelude, a form crossing from theory into fiction

Depuis la création de la première loi criminelle pour mineurs en 1908, celle-ci vécu de nombreuses modifications. La vision du Canada au sujet des jeunes délinquants a beaucoup évolué entre la Loi sur les jeunes délinquants (LJD) de 1908, la Loi sur les jeunes contrevenants (LJC) de 1984 et la Loi sur le système de justice pénale pour les adolescents (LSJPA) de 2003. Ceci a résulté en une modification de la prise en charge des jeunes par l’État. D’abord perçu comme des victimes de leur environnement durant la majeure partie du XXe siècle, la société accorda aux mineurs une plus grande responsabilité vis-à-vis leurs comportements criminels au fil du temps. Aujourd’hui, les discours politiques portent principalement sur la protection de la société et la gestion du risque des délinquants. Cette étude vise à comprendre les représentations sociales des acteurs judiciaires par rapport à leurs propres rôles dans le système, aux délinquants mineurs et à leur prise en charge par le système. L’objectif est par la suite de pouvoir situer ces représentations dans un paradigme de la gestion du crime et comprendre dans quelles mesures les changements apportés à la Loi peuvent influencer voire modifier les représentations sociales de ceux qui travaillent à son application. Les vingt entrevues effectuées auprès de juges et de procureurs de la Chambre de la jeunesse ont permis de constater qu’il existe toujours une vision duale des jeunes qui va influencer leur prise en charge dont l’objectif final est toujours la protection de la société. Ensuite, le concept de responsabilisation natif des philosophies néolibérales teinte leur discours que ce soit par rapport à leur propre responsabilité, à celle du jeune face à sa propre réhabilitation ou celle de son environnement. Puis, il en ressort que de nombreux éléments viennent structurer les pratiques professionnelles juridiques, mais les modifications apportées aux lois n’ont eu que peu d’impact sur les représentations sociales des participants. / Since the creation of the first youth criminal law in 1908, it has been modified several time. Canada’s vision about youth delinquents has evolved a lot between the Juvenile Delinquents Act (1908-1984), the Young Offenders Act (1984-2003) and the Youth Criminal Justice Act (2003 - present). As a result, we can observe a modification in the way the government takes the youth in charge. Seen at first as victim of their environment during most of the XX century, the minor received most of the accountability for their criminal behaviors afterwards. Nowadays, the political speeches are mainly oriented towards the protection of society and the risk management of criminals. This study wants to understand the social representations of the judicial actors about their own role in the justice system, the young criminals and the way they are supported by the system. The purpose of the thesis is also to understand the crime control paradigm present in the social representations of the judicial actors and how the changes in the law have influence or modified the social representations of the people who are in charge of applying the law. The twenty interviews done with the judges and the prosecutors allowed us to note a recurring tandem about the vision of the youth which will affect the way they will be supported. In any case, the protection of society is always the goal. Then, the concept of accountability, from the neoliberal philosophy, influences most of the discourse. Said discourse comes from the accountability of the professionals to the one of the young and their environment about the youth’s reeducation. At last, several elements influence the practice of the judicial actors, but the legislation’s modification is not the main one.

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Pendant les opérations de vol, les pilotes sont exposés à une variété de conditions émotionnelles, mentales et physiques qui peuvent affecter leurs performances et leur attention. Par conséquent, il est crucial de surveiller leur charge de travail et leurs niveaux d'attention pour maintenir la sécurité et l'efficacité de l'aviation, notamment dans les situations d'urgence. La charge de travail fait référence aux exigences cognitives et physiques imposées aux pilotes lors d'un vol. Des niveaux élevés de charge de travail peuvent entraîner une fatigue mentale, une attention réduite et une surcharge cognitive, ce qui peut entraver leur capacité à effectuer leurs tâches de manière efficace et efficiente. L'attention est un processus cognitif complexe qui limite la capacité de se concentrer et de comprendre tout en même temps. Dans les tâches de traitement de l'information visuelle, la vision humaine est la principale source du mécanisme d'attention visuelle. Le mode de distribution de l'attention d'un pilote a un impact significatif sur la quantité d'informations qu'il acquiert, car la vision est le canal le plus critique pour l'acquisition d'informations. Une mauvaise allocation des ressources attentionnelles peut amener les pilotes à négliger ou à oublier des paramètres spécifiques, ce qui entraîne des risques graves pour la sécurité des aéronefs. Ainsi, cette étude vise à étudier les niveaux d'attention des pilotes lors d'une procédure de décollage simulée, en mettant l'accent particulièrement sur les périodes critiques telles que les pannes de moteur. Pour ce faire, l'étude examine s'il existe une corrélation entre la dilatation de la pupille, mesurée à l'aide de la technologie de suivi oculaire, et les niveaux d'engagement, mesurés à l'aide de l'EEG. Les résultats indiquent que les changements de taille de la pupille sont effectivement corrélés aux changements d'activité de l'EEG, suggérant que la dilatation de la pupille peut être utilisée comme un indicateur fiable de l'engagement et de l'attention. Sur la base de ces résultats, la dilatation de la pupille et l'EEG peuvent être utilisés en combinaison pour examiner de manière globale le comportement des pilotes, car les deux mesures sont des indicateurs valides de l'engagement et de la charge cognitive. De plus, l'utilisation de ces mesures peut aider à identifier les périodes critiques où les niveaux d'attention des pilotes nécessitent une surveillance étroite pour garantir la sécurité et l'efficacité de l'aviation. Cette étude met en évidence l'importance de surveiller la charge de travail et les niveaux d'attention des pilotes et recommande d'utiliser les mesures de dilatation de la pupille et d'EEG pour évaluer la charge cognitive et l'engagement d'un pilote pendant les opérations de vol, améliorant ainsi la sécurité et l'efficacité de l'aviation. / During flight operations, pilots are exposed to a variety of emotional, mental, and physical conditions that can affect their performance and attention. Therefore, it is crucial to monitor their workload and attention levels to maintain aviation safety and efficiency, particularly in emergency situations. Workload refers to the cognitive and physical demands placed on pilots during a flight. High levels of workload can lead to mental fatigue, reduced attention, and cognitive overload, which can hinder their ability to perform their tasks effectively and efficiently. Attention is a complex cognitive process that limits the ability to focus and comprehend everything simultaneously. In visual information processing tasks, human vision is the primary source of the visual attention mechanism. A pilot's attention distribution mode significantly impacts the amount of information they acquire, as vision is the most critical channel for information acquisition. Improper allocation of attention resources can cause pilots to overlook or forget specific parameters, resulting in severe risks to aircraft safety. Thus, this study aims to investigate pilots' attention levels during a simulated takeoff procedure, with a specific focus on critical periods such as engine failures. To achieve this, the study examines whether there is a correlation between pupil dilation, measured using eye-tracking technology, and engagement levels, measured using EEG. The results indicate that changes in pupil size are indeed correlated with changes in EEG activity, suggesting that pupil dilation can be used as a reliable indicator of engagement and attention. Based on these findings, pupil dilation and EEG can be used in combination to comprehensively examine pilot behavior since both measures are valid indicators of engagement and cognitive workload. Furthermore, using these measures can help identify critical periods where pilots' attention levels require close monitoring to ensure aviation safety and efficiency. This study emphasizes the significance of monitoring pilots' workload and attention levels and recommends using pupil dilation and EEG measures to assess a pilot's cognitive workload and engagement during flight operations, ultimately enhancing aviation safety and efficiency.

Contexte : La gentrification, en transformant les environnements de vie, peut avoir un impact sur le bien-être des populations. Cependant, l’exposition à la gentrification peut être vécue et mesurée de plusieurs manières. À ce jour, les mesures existantes de ladite exposition sont uniquement fondées sur des critères objectifs déterminés à l’échelle populationnelle. Pourtant, la mesure de ce phénomène au niveau individuel incluant une dimension subjective à travers notamment la perception que l’on peut en ressentir pourrait permettre de mieux rendre compte de son impact sur le bien-être subjectif. Ce mémoire vise à faire progresser la recherche dans ce domaine, en considérant trois mesures d'exposition individuelle à la gentrification à base spatio-temporelle : l’exposition ponctuelle au domicile actuel, l’exposition moyenne aux lieux d’activités non résidentiels et l’exposition historique cumulée basée sur l’historique résidentiel. Méthode : Les données de 848 participants provenant de la première vague de la branche montréalaise de l’étude longitudinale INTERACT ont été analysées. Six modèles de régression linéaire multiple ont examiné la relation entre ces trois mesures et deux indicateurs de bien-être subjectif : l’Indice de Satisfaction de la Vie (ISV) et l’Indice du Bonheur Subjectif (IBS). Résultats : L’exposition historique à la gentrification (GentriHist) était la seule mesure d’exposition à la gentrification qui était positivement corrélée à la fois à la satisfaction de la vie (B ajusté =0,825; IC à 95% = [0,779 ; 0,836]) et au bonheur subjectif (B ajusté = 0,136; IC à 95% = [0,121 à 0,140]). Par ailleurs, l’effet d’interaction du niveau de revenu dans la relation entre la gentrification historique et la satisfaction de la vie montre que dans un contexte où les personnes à revenu suffisant (ISV moyen = 7,7) ont un niveau de satisfaction supérieur aux personnes à faible revenu (ISV moyen = 6,5), l’effet positif de l’exposition prolongée à la gentrification (plus de 3ans) est plus prononcé pour les populations défavorisées (ΔISV = 0,6) que chez les plus riches (ΔISV = 0,2). Conclusion : Nos résultats suggèrent l’intérêt de faire de la GentriHist un indicateur de référence en matière de mesure d’exposition individuelle à la gentrification ; afin de mieux en apprécier le lien avec le bien-être subjectif. / Context: Gentrification, by transforming living environments, can have an impact on people's wellbeing. However, exposure to gentrification can be experienced and measured in several ways. To date, existing measures of exposure to gentrification are solely based on population criteria, ignoring the fact that measuring this phenomenon at the individual level including its perception may better demonstrate its impact on subjective well-being. We advance the field by considering three spatiotemporal-based individual gentrification exposure measures: current home, non-residential activity places and historical gentrification. Method: Survey data from 848 adults in the Montreal-arm of the INTERACT longitudinal study were analyzed. Six multiple linear regression models examined the relationship between those three measures of gentrification exposure and two subjective well-being measures: the Life Satisfaction Index (LSI) and the Subjective Happiness Index (SHI). Results: Neither current home exposure nor site exposure were associated with the two subjective well-being indexes. Historical gentrification was positively associated with both life satisfaction (adjusted B =0,825; IC 95% = [0,779; 0,836]) and subjective happiness (adjusted B = 0,136; IC 95% = [0,121; 0,140]). Moreover, the interaction effect of income level in the relationship between historical gentrification and life satisfaction shows that in a context where people with sufficient income (average ISV = 7.7) have a level of satisfaction superior to low-income people (average ISV = 6.5), the positive effect of prolonged exposure to gentrification (more than 3 years) is more pronounced in disadvantaged populations (ΔISV = 0.6) than in the richest (ΔISV = 0 ,2). Conclusion: Our results suggest the interest of making the GentriHist a reference indicator for measuring individual exposure to gentrification, in order to better appreciate the link between gentrification and subjective well-being.