Pour ses activités immuno-activatrices, l’Interleukine-15 (IL-15) est actuellement considérée comme un candidat de choix pour le traitement des tumeurs solides, en particulier le carcinome rénal, une tumeur très agressive et résistante aux chimio- et immunothérapies. Bien qu’actuellement testée en essai clinique, les fonctions de la cytokine sur la composante rénale restent peu étudiées. Dans ces travaux, nous avons évalué le rôle de l’IL-15 sur les cellules épithéliales rénales normales et tumorales ainsi que sur une sous-population de cellules souches du cancer (CSC) très résistante aux thérapies conventionnelles. Nos résultats montrent que l’IL-15 induit la différenciation des CSC rénales en cellules épithéliales non tumorigéniques et plus sensibles aux agents cytotoxiques, confortant ainsi l’utilisation de la cytokine dans des stratégies anti-tumorales. Nos travaux révèlent cependant que l’IL-15 favorise la transition épithélio-mésenchymateuse des cellules du carcinome rénal, une action pro-tumorale à considérer dans le développement de nouvelles approches thérapeutiques. / The ability of Interleukin-15 (IL-15) to activate many immune antitumor mechanisms makes it a good candidate for application in solid tumors therapy, particularly renal cell carcinoma which is a highly aggressive and resistant cancer. Although IL-15 is being currently used in clinical trials, the function of the cytokine on the kidney’s components is poorly described. In this work, we evaluated the role of IL-15 on renal normal and tumor epithelial cells as well as a subpopulation of cancer stem cells (CSC) highly resistant to conventional therapies. Our results show that IL-15 induces the differentiation of renal CSC in non-tumorigenic epithelial cells more sensitive to cytotoxic agents, supporting the use of the cytokine in antitumor strategies. Our experiments show, however, that IL-15 promotes epithelial-mesenchymal transition of renal cell carcinoma cells, a pro-tumor action to be highly considered in the development of new therapeutic approaches.

Carcinoma mucoepidermóide (CME) é o tumor maligno de glândulas salivares mais comum, representando cerca de 30% dos tumores malignos. O tratamento do CME é a ressecção cirúrgica com eventual radioterapia. Assim, o tratamento do CME pode levar a varias complicações estéticas e funcionais. A quimioterapia tem sido utilizadas apenas em casos recorrentes ou com metástases à distancia. Vários relatos na literatura tem mostrado que o tratamento com drogas isoladas ou combinadas possuem uma resposta insatisfatória e de curta duração em grande parte devido a aquisição de resistência a quimioterapia. Recentemente, a quimiorresistência tem sido relacionada com a presença de Células-Tronco Tumorais (CTT). Essa resistência tem sido associada ao fato de que as essa células são quiescentes e possuem altos níveis de proteínas associadas ao reparo do DNA e baixos níveis das proteínas que levam a apoptose. Recentemente mostrou-se que a resistência a quimioterapia tem sido relacionada com modificações de histonas, uma vez que as células quimiorresistentes possuem núcleo pequeno e baixos níveis de acetilação de histonas, adicionalmente as células sensíveis são relacionadas com núcleo aumentado. O objetivo desse estudo foi avaliar os efeitos do tratamento com IHDAC e cisplatina sobre a população de CTT de CME. Inicialmente analisamos os níveis de acetilação do histona através da expressão imuno-histoquímica de acetil histona H3 em casos de CME, sendo encontrado altos níveis de acetilação de histona principalmente nas células epiteliais do ducto excretor. Adicionalmente, demonstramos que o tratamento com SAHA (inibidor de histona deacetilase) impacta diretamente a população de CTT, de uma maneira mais eficiente do que a cisplatina ou da combinação de SAHA e cisplatina. É interessante que o tratamento com cisplatina resultou no acúmulo de uma subpopulação especifica de CTT em um processo que inclui o aumento na expressão da via de sinalização do mTOR. Estes achados sugerem que o uso de IHDAC constitui uma forma eficiente de tratamento de CME através da depleção da população de CTT , porém mais estudos são necessários para validar estes achados para uso clinico. / Mucoepidermoid carcinoma (MEC) is the most common malignant salivary tumor compromising about 30% of all salivary malignances. Managing MEC patients remain challenging especially due to the heterogeneous response of tumor cells to available therapy. For this reason clinical outcome remains unpredictable. Current treatment of MEC encompasses surgical resection with eventual adjuvant radiotherapy, which frequently leads to functional and aesthetic complications. The use of chemotherapy is often reserved for recurrent and metastatic tumors. Administration of single-agent or combination therapy has showed activity, however overall response rates are unsatisfactory and of short duration. Emerging evidences suggest that the modest response of tumor cells to therapy resulting in high recurrence rates and poor survival, are associated with the presence of cancer stem cells (CSC). Quiescence of CSC is achieved by the reduced levels of transcription in a process that requires tight folding of DNA driven by core histone proteins. Changes in DNA folding are responsible for different cellular phenotypes mediated by a cell type-specific chromatin organization. Of interest, we also found that acetylation of HNSCC tumor histones driven by histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitors abrogate tumor resistance to chemotherapy. We investigate the effects of HDACi and cisplatin in the population of CSCs of MEC. Initially, we found that MEC tumors are composed by a heterogeneous population of squamous-like and mucous-like cells presenting distinct acetylation levels of histone 3 (Lys9). Tumor cells where treated with cisplatin and SAHA, a Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved histone deacetylase inhibitor. Surprisingly, we found that administration of SAHA resulted in complete depletion of MEC CSCs. In facts, SAHA alone surpassed the inhibitory therapeutic effects of cisplatin and the combined therapy using SAHA and cisplatin over the population of CSCs. We also found that administration of cisplatin to MEC tumor cells result in unexpected accumulation of a sub population of CSC (paraclones), suggesting a correlation between the administration of intercalating agents such as cisplatin to the development of resistance of MEC cells to chemotherapy.

Introdução: DAX1 (NR0B1), SF1 (NR5A1) e a via Wnt controlam o desenvolvimento de células progenitoras/tronco adrenais. NANOG, OCT4, SOX2 e STAT3 estão envolvidos na manutenção de células-tronco e têm papel em vários cânceres de diferentes tecidos. Ainda não está claro se esses fatores de transcrição interagem para promover a tumorigênese adrenocortical. Objetivo: Nos tumores adrenocorticais (TAC): avaliar o ganho de material genômico e a expressão de RNAm e proteica de DAX1 e SF1; avaliar a expressão de RNAm e proteica de marcadores de células-tronco (NANOG, OCT4, SOX2 e STAT3). No desenvolvimento do córtex adrenal: avaliar a expressão proteica desses genes. In vitro: avaliar a interação entre a via Wnt/Beta-catenina e a expressão de NANOG. Pacientes e Métodos: Painel de 30 córtices adrenais fetais humanos (20-38 semanas de gestação) e 14 pós-natais. Pacientes com TAC: 96 crianças/adolescentes (81% do sexo feminino, idade mediana de 1,6 anos [0,4 a 15,6 anos]) e 18 adultos (10 adenomas e 8 carcinomas, 89% do sexo feminino e idade mediana de 42,5 anos [21-66 anos]). Tecidos adrenais normais (controles para qPCR e MLPA): 13 crianças (idade mediana de 3 anos) e 13 adultos (mediana de idade de 48 anos). A expressão proteica de SF1, DAX1, STAT3, NANOG e OCT4 foi avaliada por imunohistoquímica nos TAC e nos córtices adrenais fetais e pós-natais. A expressão de RNAm de NR0B1, NR5A1, STAT3, NANOG e POU5F1 (OCT4) foi avaliada por qPCR nos TAC. Ganho ou perda de material genômico de NR0B1 e NR5A1 foi avaliada por MLPA nos TAC. In vitro, a expressão de NANOG (qPCR) foi avaliada em células adrenais H295 antes e após inibição da via Wnt/Beta-catenina com a substância PNU-74654. Resultados: Em adrenais fetais com 20 e 25 semanas de gestação detectou-se marcação intensa de SF1, DAX1, SOX2 e OCT4 na região subcapsular e marcação leve a moderada e difusa de STAT3 e NANOG. Após as 31 semanas e no período pós-natal, a marcação intensa de SF1 persistiu, porém a marcação de DAX1, STAT3, NANOG e OCT4 diminuiu ou desapareceu. Nos TAC, a marcação nuclear de SF1 foi positiva em 67% das amostras pediátricas e em 19% das amostras de adultos. Ganho de material genômico do NR5A1 foi observado em 71% dos TAC pediátricos e 33% de TAC adultos. Porém observou-se hipoexpressão do RNAm do NR5A1 em 84% dos TAC pediátricos. Nenhum ganho de material genômico ou aumento da expressão do RNAm do NR0B1 foi observado nos TAC pediátricos. Porém em 45% desses tumores detectou-se marcação nuclear. Nos TAC de pacientes adultos, houve aumento da expressão de RNAm de NR0B1 em 89% das amostras. Não se observou marcação de STAT3 nos TAC pediátricos e adultos. Porém nos pacientes adultos, a expressão do RNAm de STAT3 foi significativamente maior nos adenomas do que nos carcinomas. Por sua vez, a marcação nuclear do OCT4 associou-se significativamente com a ocorrência de metástases nos pacientes pediátricos. Nos TAC com a mutação p.S45P no gene da Beta-catenina detectou-se expressão significativamente aumentada do RNAm do NANOG. Além disso, após a inibição in vitro da via Wnt/Beta-catenina nas células tumorais adrenais houve redução significativa na expressão do RNAm de NANOG. Conclusão: Existe um padrão temporal na expressão de SF1, DAX1, STAT3, NANOG e OCT4 durante o desenvolvimento do córtex adrenal fetal, porém apenas a expressão de SF1 permanece no final da gestação e após o nascimento. TAC pediátricos exibem ganho de material gênico, aumento da expressão proteica e aparentemente redução paradoxal do RNAm do SF1 (NR5A1). Marcação nuclear de OCT4 se associa a fenótipo tumoral mais agressivo nos pacientes pediátricos. Parece exisitir interação entre a via Wnt/Beta-catenina e células-tronco, por meio do fator de transcrição NANOG, na tumorigênese adrenocortical. / Background: DAX1 (NR0B1), SF1 (NR5A1) and the Wnt pathway control adrenal stem/progenitor cells development. NANOG, OCT4, SOX2 and STAT3 are involved in the maintenance of stem cells and have role in various types of cancers in different tissues. It is still unclear whether these transcription factors interact to promote adrenocortical tumorigenesis. Objective: In adrenocortical tumors (ACT): to evaluate the gain of genomic material and the expression of mRNA and protein of DAX1 and SF1; to evaluate the mRNA and protein expression of stem cell markers (NANOG, OCT4, SOX2 and STAT3). In the development of the adrenal cortex: to evaluate the protein expression of these genes. In vitro: to evaluate the interaction between the Wnt/Beta-catenin pathway and NANOG expression. Patients & Methods: Panel of 30 fetal human adrenal cortices (20-38 gestational weeks) and 14 postnatal human adrenal cortices. ACT Patients: 96 children/ teenagers (81% female; median age of 1.6 years; 0.4-15.6 years) and 18 adults (10 adenomas and 8 carcinomas; 89% female; median age of 42.5 years; 21-66 years). Normal adrenal tissues (qPCR and MLPA controls): 13 children (median age of 3 years) and 13 adults (median age of 48 years). Protein expression of SF1, DAX1, STAT3, NANOG and OCT4 was assessed by immunohistochemistry in ACT, fetal and postnatal adrenal cortices. The mRNA expression of NR0B1, NR5A1, STAT3, NANOG and POU5F1 (OCT4) was assessed by qPCR in ACT. Gain or loss of NR0B1 and NR5A1 genomic material was assessed by MLPA in ACT. In vitro, NANOG expression (qPCR) was evaluated in H295 adrenal cells before and after inhibition of the Wnt/Beta-catenin pathway with PNU-74654. Results: In the adrenal glands at 20 and 25 gestational weeks, intense staining of SF1, DAX1, SOX2 and OCT4 was detected in the subcapsular region and a diffuse pattern mild to moderate staining of STAT3 and NANOG. After 31 weeks and in the postnatal period, intense SF1 staining persisted, but the staining of DAX1, STAT3, NANOG and OCT4 decreased or disappeared. In the ACT, the nuclear staining of SF1 was positive in 67% of pediatric samples and in 19% of adult samples. Gain of NR5A1 genomic material was observed in 71% of pediatric ACT and 33% of adult ACT. However, hypoexpression of NR5A1 mRNA was observed in 84% of pediatric ACT. No gain of genomic material or increase in mRNA expression of NR0B1 was observed in pediatric ACT. However, in 45% of these tumors nuclear staining was detected. In adult ACT, there was an increase in NR0B1 mRNA expression in 89% of the samples. No STAT3 staining was found in pediatric and adult ACT. However, in adult ACT, the STAT3 mRNA expression was significantly higher in adenomas than in carcinomas. In turn, the nuclear marking of OCT4 was significantly associated with the occurrence of metastases in pediatric patients. In the TACs with the p.S45P mutation in the Beta-catenin gene significantly increased NANOG mRNA expression was detected. In addition, after in vitro inhibition of the Wnt / Beta-catenin pathway in adrenal tumor cells there was a significant reduction in NANOG mRNA expression. Conclusion: There is a temporal pattern in the expression of SF1, DAX1, STAT3, NANOG and OCT4 during the development of the fetal adrenal cortex, but only SF1 expression remains at the end of gestation and after birth. Pediatric ACT show gain in NR5A1 gene material, increase in its protein expression but an apparent paradoxical reduction of mRNA. Nuclear staining of OCT4 is associated with more aggressive tumor phenotype in pediatric patients. There appears to be an interaction between the Wnt/Beta-catenin pathway and stem cells via NANOG, in adrenocortical tumorigenesis.

Introdução: DAX1 (NR0B1), SF1 (NR5A1) e a via Wnt controlam o desenvolvimento de células progenitoras/tronco adrenais. NANOG, OCT4, SOX2 e STAT3 estão envolvidos na manutenção de células-tronco e têm papel em vários cânceres de diferentes tecidos. Ainda não está claro se esses fatores de transcrição interagem para promover a tumorigênese adrenocortical. Objetivo: Nos tumores adrenocorticais (TAC): avaliar o ganho de material genômico e a expressão de RNAm e proteica de DAX1 e SF1; avaliar a expressão de RNAm e proteica de marcadores de células-tronco (NANOG, OCT4, SOX2 e STAT3). No desenvolvimento do córtex adrenal: avaliar a expressão proteica desses genes. In vitro: avaliar a interação entre a via Wnt/Beta-catenina e a expressão de NANOG. Pacientes e Métodos: Painel de 30 córtices adrenais fetais humanos (20-38 semanas de gestação) e 14 pós-natais. Pacientes com TAC: 96 crianças/adolescentes (81% do sexo feminino, idade mediana de 1,6 anos [0,4 a 15,6 anos]) e 18 adultos (10 adenomas e 8 carcinomas, 89% do sexo feminino e idade mediana de 42,5 anos [21-66 anos]). Tecidos adrenais normais (controles para qPCR e MLPA): 13 crianças (idade mediana de 3 anos) e 13 adultos (mediana de idade de 48 anos). A expressão proteica de SF1, DAX1, STAT3, NANOG e OCT4 foi avaliada por imunohistoquímica nos TAC e nos córtices adrenais fetais e pós-natais. A expressão de RNAm de NR0B1, NR5A1, STAT3, NANOG e POU5F1 (OCT4) foi avaliada por qPCR nos TAC. Ganho ou perda de material genômico de NR0B1 e NR5A1 foi avaliada por MLPA nos TAC. In vitro, a expressão de NANOG (qPCR) foi avaliada em células adrenais H295 antes e após inibição da via Wnt/Beta-catenina com a substância PNU-74654. Resultados: Em adrenais fetais com 20 e 25 semanas de gestação detectou-se marcação intensa de SF1, DAX1, SOX2 e OCT4 na região subcapsular e marcação leve a moderada e difusa de STAT3 e NANOG. Após as 31 semanas e no período pós-natal, a marcação intensa de SF1 persistiu, porém a marcação de DAX1, STAT3, NANOG e OCT4 diminuiu ou desapareceu. Nos TAC, a marcação nuclear de SF1 foi positiva em 67% das amostras pediátricas e em 19% das amostras de adultos. Ganho de material genômico do NR5A1 foi observado em 71% dos TAC pediátricos e 33% de TAC adultos. Porém observou-se hipoexpressão do RNAm do NR5A1 em 84% dos TAC pediátricos. Nenhum ganho de material genômico ou aumento da expressão do RNAm do NR0B1 foi observado nos TAC pediátricos. Porém em 45% desses tumores detectou-se marcação nuclear. Nos TAC de pacientes adultos, houve aumento da expressão de RNAm de NR0B1 em 89% das amostras. Não se observou marcação de STAT3 nos TAC pediátricos e adultos. Porém nos pacientes adultos, a expressão do RNAm de STAT3 foi significativamente maior nos adenomas do que nos carcinomas. Por sua vez, a marcação nuclear do OCT4 associou-se significativamente com a ocorrência de metástases nos pacientes pediátricos. Nos TAC com a mutação p.S45P no gene da Beta-catenina detectou-se expressão significativamente aumentada do RNAm do NANOG. Além disso, após a inibição in vitro da via Wnt/Beta-catenina nas células tumorais adrenais houve redução significativa na expressão do RNAm de NANOG. Conclusão: Existe um padrão temporal na expressão de SF1, DAX1, STAT3, NANOG e OCT4 durante o desenvolvimento do córtex adrenal fetal, porém apenas a expressão de SF1 permanece no final da gestação e após o nascimento. TAC pediátricos exibem ganho de material gênico, aumento da expressão proteica e aparentemente redução paradoxal do RNAm do SF1 (NR5A1). Marcação nuclear de OCT4 se associa a fenótipo tumoral mais agressivo nos pacientes pediátricos. Parece exisitir interação entre a via Wnt/Beta-catenina e células-tronco, por meio do fator de transcrição NANOG, na tumorigênese adrenocortical. / Background: DAX1 (NR0B1), SF1 (NR5A1) and the Wnt pathway control adrenal stem/progenitor cells development. NANOG, OCT4, SOX2 and STAT3 are involved in the maintenance of stem cells and have role in various types of cancers in different tissues. It is still unclear whether these transcription factors interact to promote adrenocortical tumorigenesis. Objective: In adrenocortical tumors (ACT): to evaluate the gain of genomic material and the expression of mRNA and protein of DAX1 and SF1; to evaluate the mRNA and protein expression of stem cell markers (NANOG, OCT4, SOX2 and STAT3). In the development of the adrenal cortex: to evaluate the protein expression of these genes. In vitro: to evaluate the interaction between the Wnt/Beta-catenin pathway and NANOG expression. Patients & Methods: Panel of 30 fetal human adrenal cortices (20-38 gestational weeks) and 14 postnatal human adrenal cortices. ACT Patients: 96 children/ teenagers (81% female; median age of 1.6 years; 0.4-15.6 years) and 18 adults (10 adenomas and 8 carcinomas; 89% female; median age of 42.5 years; 21-66 years). Normal adrenal tissues (qPCR and MLPA controls): 13 children (median age of 3 years) and 13 adults (median age of 48 years). Protein expression of SF1, DAX1, STAT3, NANOG and OCT4 was assessed by immunohistochemistry in ACT, fetal and postnatal adrenal cortices. The mRNA expression of NR0B1, NR5A1, STAT3, NANOG and POU5F1 (OCT4) was assessed by qPCR in ACT. Gain or loss of NR0B1 and NR5A1 genomic material was assessed by MLPA in ACT. In vitro, NANOG expression (qPCR) was evaluated in H295 adrenal cells before and after inhibition of the Wnt/Beta-catenin pathway with PNU-74654. Results: In the adrenal glands at 20 and 25 gestational weeks, intense staining of SF1, DAX1, SOX2 and OCT4 was detected in the subcapsular region and a diffuse pattern mild to moderate staining of STAT3 and NANOG. After 31 weeks and in the postnatal period, intense SF1 staining persisted, but the staining of DAX1, STAT3, NANOG and OCT4 decreased or disappeared. In the ACT, the nuclear staining of SF1 was positive in 67% of pediatric samples and in 19% of adult samples. Gain of NR5A1 genomic material was observed in 71% of pediatric ACT and 33% of adult ACT. However, hypoexpression of NR5A1 mRNA was observed in 84% of pediatric ACT. No gain of genomic material or increase in mRNA expression of NR0B1 was observed in pediatric ACT. However, in 45% of these tumors nuclear staining was detected. In adult ACT, there was an increase in NR0B1 mRNA expression in 89% of the samples. No STAT3 staining was found in pediatric and adult ACT. However, in adult ACT, the STAT3 mRNA expression was significantly higher in adenomas than in carcinomas. In turn, the nuclear marking of OCT4 was significantly associated with the occurrence of metastases in pediatric patients. In the TACs with the p.S45P mutation in the Beta-catenin gene significantly increased NANOG mRNA expression was detected. In addition, after in vitro inhibition of the Wnt / Beta-catenin pathway in adrenal tumor cells there was a significant reduction in NANOG mRNA expression. Conclusion: There is a temporal pattern in the expression of SF1, DAX1, STAT3, NANOG and OCT4 during the development of the fetal adrenal cortex, but only SF1 expression remains at the end of gestation and after birth. Pediatric ACT show gain in NR5A1 gene material, increase in its protein expression but an apparent paradoxical reduction of mRNA. Nuclear staining of OCT4 is associated with more aggressive tumor phenotype in pediatric patients. There appears to be an interaction between the Wnt/Beta-catenin pathway and stem cells via NANOG, in adrenocortical tumorigenesis.

Carcinoma mucoepidermóide (CME) é o tumor maligno de glândulas salivares mais comum, representando cerca de 30% dos tumores malignos. O tratamento do CME é a ressecção cirúrgica com eventual radioterapia. Assim, o tratamento do CME pode levar a varias complicações estéticas e funcionais. A quimioterapia tem sido utilizadas apenas em casos recorrentes ou com metástases à distancia. Vários relatos na literatura tem mostrado que o tratamento com drogas isoladas ou combinadas possuem uma resposta insatisfatória e de curta duração em grande parte devido a aquisição de resistência a quimioterapia. Recentemente, a quimiorresistência tem sido relacionada com a presença de Células-Tronco Tumorais (CTT). Essa resistência tem sido associada ao fato de que as essa células são quiescentes e possuem altos níveis de proteínas associadas ao reparo do DNA e baixos níveis das proteínas que levam a apoptose. Recentemente mostrou-se que a resistência a quimioterapia tem sido relacionada com modificações de histonas, uma vez que as células quimiorresistentes possuem núcleo pequeno e baixos níveis de acetilação de histonas, adicionalmente as células sensíveis são relacionadas com núcleo aumentado. O objetivo desse estudo foi avaliar os efeitos do tratamento com IHDAC e cisplatina sobre a população de CTT de CME. Inicialmente analisamos os níveis de acetilação do histona através da expressão imuno-histoquímica de acetil histona H3 em casos de CME, sendo encontrado altos níveis de acetilação de histona principalmente nas células epiteliais do ducto excretor. Adicionalmente, demonstramos que o tratamento com SAHA (inibidor de histona deacetilase) impacta diretamente a população de CTT, de uma maneira mais eficiente do que a cisplatina ou da combinação de SAHA e cisplatina. É interessante que o tratamento com cisplatina resultou no acúmulo de uma subpopulação especifica de CTT em um processo que inclui o aumento na expressão da via de sinalização do mTOR. Estes achados sugerem que o uso de IHDAC constitui uma forma eficiente de tratamento de CME através da depleção da população de CTT , porém mais estudos são necessários para validar estes achados para uso clinico. / Mucoepidermoid carcinoma (MEC) is the most common malignant salivary tumor compromising about 30% of all salivary malignances. Managing MEC patients remain challenging especially due to the heterogeneous response of tumor cells to available therapy. For this reason clinical outcome remains unpredictable. Current treatment of MEC encompasses surgical resection with eventual adjuvant radiotherapy, which frequently leads to functional and aesthetic complications. The use of chemotherapy is often reserved for recurrent and metastatic tumors. Administration of single-agent or combination therapy has showed activity, however overall response rates are unsatisfactory and of short duration. Emerging evidences suggest that the modest response of tumor cells to therapy resulting in high recurrence rates and poor survival, are associated with the presence of cancer stem cells (CSC). Quiescence of CSC is achieved by the reduced levels of transcription in a process that requires tight folding of DNA driven by core histone proteins. Changes in DNA folding are responsible for different cellular phenotypes mediated by a cell type-specific chromatin organization. Of interest, we also found that acetylation of HNSCC tumor histones driven by histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitors abrogate tumor resistance to chemotherapy. We investigate the effects of HDACi and cisplatin in the population of CSCs of MEC. Initially, we found that MEC tumors are composed by a heterogeneous population of squamous-like and mucous-like cells presenting distinct acetylation levels of histone 3 (Lys9). Tumor cells where treated with cisplatin and SAHA, a Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved histone deacetylase inhibitor. Surprisingly, we found that administration of SAHA resulted in complete depletion of MEC CSCs. In facts, SAHA alone surpassed the inhibitory therapeutic effects of cisplatin and the combined therapy using SAHA and cisplatin over the population of CSCs. We also found that administration of cisplatin to MEC tumor cells result in unexpected accumulation of a sub population of CSC (paraclones), suggesting a correlation between the administration of intercalating agents such as cisplatin to the development of resistance of MEC cells to chemotherapy.

O câncer de mama é o tipo mais freqüente e o segundo mais letal no mundo. Embora ass taxas de sobrevida dos pacientes tenham aumentado consideravelmente nas últimas décadas, indicadores prognósticos desfavoráveis são associados a pacientes com diagnóstico em fase avançada e presença de metástases, frequentemente associadas à existência de células-tronco tumorais (CTT). As CTT são indiferenciadas e capazes de autorrenovação e diferenciação, o que as torna fundamentais para a manutenção da heterogeneidade celular intratumoral. As CTTs são altamente invasivas, tumorigênicas e resistentes a tratamentos convencionais, sendo frequentemente associadas ao surgimento de metástase e recidiva após tratamento. O microambiente tumoral modula as CTT por meio de células e da matriz extracelular (MEC), uma estrutura biologicamente dinâmica, complexa e que regula processos celulares como migração, invasão e diferenciação. A MEC é composta por uma grande variedade de moléculas, peptídeos e macromoléculas, sendo o colágeno seu componente mais abundante. A alta densidade mamográfica é frequentemente associada a elevada rigidez da MEC e deposição aumentada de colágeno fibrilar, principalmente colágeno tipo I (Col I), e é um dos maiores fatores de risco independentes para o desenvolvimento do câncer de mama. A alta densidade de Col I e rigidez da MEC também está associada à maior agressividade tumoral e metástase. Col I também induz o fenótipo tronco tumoral em diversos tipos celulares tumorais, embora o papel da densidade sobre este efeito seja pouco esclarecido. Nosso estudo avaliou a hipótese de a alta densidade de Col I induzir o fenótipo tronco tumoral. Cultivamos linhagens normais (MCF-10A) e tumorais (MDA-MB-231 e MCF-7) de mama em géis de baixa, média e alta densidade de Col I. Também cultivamos células em superfície bidimensional (2D) e em suspensão para geração de mamoesferas (ME), representando o cultivo tradicional e de enriquecimento de CTTs, respectivamente. Avaliamos os níveis do imunofenótipo tronco (CD44+CD24-), expressão gênica e proteica de marcadores de CTTs e de resposta mecânica ao substrato (mecanotransdução), bem como potencial clonogênico, autorrenovação celular e alinhamento fibrilar de géis de Col I. Alta densidade de Col I elevou os níveis da subpopulação CD44+CD24- e inibiu o alongamento celular da linhagem MDA-MB-231, porém não modulou a expressão de marcadores de CTT, bem como potencial clonogênico, autorrenovação celular e alinhamento fibrilar de géis de Col I. A alta densidade de Col I induziu aumento dos níveis totais da isoforma variante da glicoproteína CD44 (CD44v), receptor de estrógeno (RE &#945) e do fator de pluripotência Sox2 em linhagem MCF-7 derivada de ME. Entretanto, os níveis nucleares dos fatores de transcrição (RE &#945 e Sox2) permaneceram inalterados. Em comum, a alta densidade de Col I não elevou os níveis nucleares do mecanotransdutor YAP em linhagens MDAMB-231 e MCF-7 derivada de ME. Concluímos que a alta densidade de Col I induz parcialmente o fenótipo molecular, mas não o funcional, de células tumorais mamárias. / Breast cancer is the most frequent and second deadliest cancer type worldwide. Although patient survival rates have increased considerably in recent decades, unfavorable prognostic indicators are associated with patients with advanced disease stage at diagnosis and presence of metastases, frequently associated with the existence of cancer stem cells (CSC). CSC are undifferentiated and capable of self renewal and differentiation, making them fundamental for the maintenance of intratumoral cellular heterogeneity. CTTs are highly invasive, tumorigenic and resistant to conventional treatments, and are frequently associated with the onset of metastasis and relapse after treatment. The tumor microenvironment modulates CTT by means of cells and the extracellular matrix (ECM), a biologically complex and dynamic structure that regulates cell processes such as migration, invasion and differentiation. ECM is composed of a large variety of molecules, peptides and macromolecules, with collagen being its most abundant component. High mammographic density is often associated with high MEC stiffness and increased deposition of fibrillar collagen, mainly type I collagen (Coll I), and is one of the main independent risk factors for breast câncer development. High Coll I density and ECM stifness are also associated with increased tumor aggressiveness and metastasis. Coll I also induces tumor stemness in several tumor cell types, although the role of its density on this effect is unclear. Our study evaluated the hypothesis that high Coll I density induces the tumor stemness. We cultured normal-like- (MCF-10A) and tumoral (MDA-MB-231 and MCF-7) breast cell lines in low-, medium- and high-density Coll I gels. We also cultured cells in twodimensional (2D) surface and in suspension for the generation of mammospheres (MS), representing the traditional cell culture and CSC enrichment, respectively. We evaluated the levels of the CSC immunophenotype (CD44+CD24), gene/protein expression of CSC markers and mechanical response to the substrate (mechanotransduction), as well as the clonogenic potential, cell self-renewal and fibrillar alignment of Col I gels. High Coll I density increased the levels of the CD44+CD24- subpopulation and inhibited cell elongation of the MDA-MB-231 cell line, but did not modulate the expression of CSC markers as well as clonogenic potential, cell self-renewal and fibrillar alignment of Col I gels. High Coll I density increased total levels of the variant CD44 glycoprotein (CD44v), estrogen receptor (ER) and the pluripotency factor Sox2 in MS-derived MCF-7. However, the nuclear levels of the transcription factors (ER &#945 and Sox2) remained unchanged. In common, high Coll I density did not increase nuclear levels of the mechanotransducer YAP in MDA-MB- 231 and MS-derived cell lines. We conclude that high Coll I density partially induces the molecular stemness, but not the functional, phenotype of mammary tumor cells.

Emerging evidence has shown that the capacity of a tumor to grow and propagate is dependent on a small subset of cells, termed “cancer stem cells“. Conventional treatments, however, may miss the cancer stem cells, which have been shown in several tumor types to be more resistant to standard chemotherapeutic agents, because the cancer stem cell survives and regenerates the neoplasm. The aim of this study was to investigate the applicability of quantum dots in detection and eradication of cancer stem cells. The properties of stem cells were inestigated in breast, pancreatic, ovarian cancer and melanoma cells. The accumulation and distribution of quantum dots was assessed by the means of laser scanning confocal and fluorescence lifetime imaging microscopy. It was shown, that anti-CD44 and quantum dot conjugates are internalized selectively inside CD44+ cells, while anti-CD44 and organic dye FITC conjugates remained attached to cell membrane for at least 24 hours. Moreover, the complex of quantum dot (QD) and photosensitizer chlorin e6 (Ce6) accumulates inside cells and initiate cell death upon QD-directed exposure of 470 nm irradiation. These results show the capability of quantum dots not only to detect and internalize stem-like cells but also to carry the therapeutic agent inside cells without losing its activity. / Pastaruoju metu vis gausėja įrodymų apie vėžyje esančią nedidelę subpopuliaciją, pavadintą „vėžio kamieninėmis ląstelėmis“. Teigiama, jog būtent vėžio kamieninės ląstelės yra atsakingos už naviko formavimą, atsparumą taikomai terapijai bei metastazių formavimą. Šio darbo tyrimo tikslas – ištirti nanodarinių pritaikymo galimybes vėžinių kamieninių ląstelių aptikimui ir sunaikinimui. Darbe buvo ištirtos krūties, kasos, kiaušidžių vėžio ir melanomos ląstelių savybės, pagal literatūroje nurodytą vėžio kamieninių ląstelių aptikimo metodiką. Panaudojant lazerinę skenuojančią konfokalinę ir gyvavimo trukmių vaizdinimo mikroskopiją buvo įvertintas kvantinių taškų, kaip galimų diagnostiką ir terapiją atliekančių nanodarinių kaupimosi ir lokalizacijos ląstelėse tyrimai. Buvo parodyta, jog antikūnais prieš paviršiaus antigeną CD44 padengti kvantiniai taškai selektyviai pateko tik į CD44+ fenotipo ląstelių vidų. Anti-CD44-FITC konjugatai taip pat selektyviai žymėjo norimas ląsteles, tačiau net po 24 valandų nepateko į ląstelių vidų. Taip pat buvo parodyta, jog kvantinio taško (KT) ir sensibilizatoriaus chlorino e6 (Ce6) nanodarinys lokalizuojasi ląstelių viduje pūslelėse ir sukelia ląstelių žūtį tik toms ląstelėms, kurioms pritaikytas apjungtas KT-Ce6 komplekso ir 470 nm spinduliuotės poveikis. Tokie rezultatai parodo, jog galima kvantinį tašką ne tik selektyviai nukreipti į norimas ląsteles, bet taip pat ir įnešti į jų vidų, neprarandant terapinės molekulės aktyvumo.

Pastaruoju metu vis gausėja įrodymų apie vėžyje esančią nedidelę subpopuliaciją, pavadintą „vėžio kamieninėmis ląstelėmis“. Teigiama, jog būtent vėžio kamieninės ląstelės yra atsakingos už naviko formavimą, atsparumą taikomai terapijai bei metastazių formavimą. Šio darbo tyrimo tikslas – ištirti nanodarinių pritaikymo galimybes vėžinių kamieninių ląstelių aptikimui ir sunaikinimui. Darbe buvo ištirtos krūties, kasos, kiaušidžių vėžio ir melanomos ląstelių savybės, pagal literatūroje nurodytą vėžio kamieninių ląstelių aptikimo metodiką. Panaudojant lazerinę skenuojančią konfokalinę ir gyvavimo trukmių vaizdinimo mikroskopiją buvo įvertintas kvantinių taškų, kaip galimų diagnostiką ir terapiją atliekančių nanodarinių kaupimosi ir lokalizacijos ląstelėse tyrimai. Buvo parodyta, jog antikūnais prieš paviršiaus antigeną CD44 padengti kvantiniai taškai selektyviai pateko tik į CD44+ fenotipo ląstelių vidų. Anti-CD44-FITC konjugatai taip pat selektyviai žymėjo norimas ląsteles, tačiau net po 24 valandų nepateko į ląstelių vidų. Taip pat buvo parodyta, jog kvantinio taško (KT) ir sensibilizatoriaus chlorino e6 (Ce6) nanodarinys lokalizuojasi ląstelių viduje pūslelėse ir sukelia ląstelių žūtį tik toms ląstelėms, kurioms pritaikytas apjungtas KT-Ce6 komplekso ir 470 nm spinduliuotės poveikis. Tokie rezultatai parodo, jog galima kvantinį tašką ne tik selektyviai nukreipti į norimas ląsteles, bet taip pat ir įnešti į jų vidų, neprarandant terapinės molekulės aktyvumo. / Emerging evidence has shown that the capacity of a tumor to grow and propagate is dependent on a small subset of cells, termed “cancer stem cells“. Conventional treatments, however, may miss the cancer stem cells, which have been shown in several tumor types to be more resistant to standard chemotherapeutic agents, because the cancer stem cell survives and regenerates the neoplasm. The aim of this study was to investigate the applicability of quantum dots in detection and eradication of cancer stem cells. The properties of stem cells were inestigated in breast, pancreatic, ovarian cancer and melanoma cells. The accumulation and distribution of quantum dots was assessed by the means of laser scanning confocal and fluorescence lifetime imaging microscopy. It was shown, that anti-CD44 and quantum dot conjugates are internalized selectively inside CD44+ cells, while anti-CD44 and organic dye FITC conjugates remained attached to cell membrane for at least 24 hours. Moreover, the complex of quantum dot (QD) and photosensitizer chlorin e6 (Ce6) accumulates inside cells and initiate cell death upon QD-directed exposure of 470 nm irradiation. These results show the capability of quantum dots not only to detect and internalize stem-like cells but also to carry the therapeutic agent inside cells without losing its activity.

Le neuroblastome (NB) est la tumeur solide extracranienne la plus fréquente chez le jeune enfant. En dépit de plusieurs avancements thérapeutiques, seulement 60% survivront à long terme. Cette résistance aux traitements est possiblement due, en partie, à la présence des cellules souches cancéreuses (CSC). PARP-1 joue un rôle important dans la chimiorésistance de certaines tumeurs et son inhibition a montré une potentialisation des agents anticancéreux conventionnels. De plus, Bcl-2 est surexprimé dans le NB et son expression accrue contribuerait à la résistance à la chimiothérapie. Le but de notre travail était de déterminer les effets in vitro d’un PARP inhibiteur, AG-014699 (AG), et d’un inhibiteur de Bcl-2, Obatoclax (Obx), in vitro et in vivo, en monothérapie ou en combinaison avec de la Doxorubicine (Doxo) ou du Cisplatin (Cis), deux agents anticancéreux classiquement utilisés dans le traitement du NB. Afin de déterminer l’expression de PARP-1 dans les tumeurs de NB, nous avons analysé une cohorte de 132 tumeurs. Nous avons utilisé le test MTT afin d’évaluer la sensibilité de 6 lignées cellulaires de NB et des CSC à un traitement avec AG seul ou en combinaison avec de la Doxo ou du Cis. Nous avons déterminé l’étendue de la mort cellulaire par Annexin-V et caractérisé les dommages à l’ADN à l’aide d’un marquage γH2aX. De plus, les modulations des voies de signalisation intracellulaire ont été analysées par Western Blot. La sensibilité des cellules à l’Obx a été analysée par MTT sur 6 lignées cellulaires de NB et sa combinaison avec le Cis a également été déterminée dans 2 lignées cellulaires. Le marquage Annexin-V et des combinaisons avec ZVAD-FMK ont aussi été utilisés pour caractériser les effets d’Obx sur l’apoptose. Des expériences in vivo ont également été faites. Nos résultats démontrent que l’expression de PARP-1 est associée aux tumeurs moins agressives. AG n’a peu ou pas effet sur la croissance tumorale et ne potentialise pas significativement les effets de la Doxo ou de Cis. AG combiné à la Doxo semble sensibiliser les CSC dans une lignée cellulaire. L’Annexin-V et le marquage γH2aX ne révèlent pas d’effets synergiques de cette combinaison et les dommages à l’ADN et la mort cellulaire observés sont attribués à la Doxo. Cependant, on observe une augmentation d’apoptose et de bris d’ADN dans une lignée cellulaire (SK-N-FI) lorsqu’AG est utilisé en monothérapie. On observe une surexpression de pAKT et pERK suite à la combinaison Doxo et AG. Les cellules de NB sont sensibles à l’Obx à des concentrations à l’échelle nanomolaire. De plus, Obx active la mort cellulaire par apoptose. Aussi, Obx a un effet synergique avec le Cis in vitro. In vivo, l’Obx diminue significativement la taille tumorale. Nous concluons que l’Obx présente une avenue thérapeutique prometteuse dans le traitement du NB alors que l’utilisation d’AG ne semble pas être aussi encourageante. / Neuroblastoma (NB) is the most common extracranial solid tumour of childhood. In spite of many therapeutic improvements, only 60% survive long term. Presence of cancer stem cell (CSCs) is thought to mediate such resistance. PARP-1 plays an important role in the chemoresistance of certain tumours and its inhibition is shown to potentiate cells to routinely used anticancer agents. Moreover, Bcl-2 is over-expressed in NB and that its increased expression would contribute to chemotherapy resistance. Our goal was to determine the efficacy in vitro of a PARP inhibitor, AG-014699 (AG), and a Bcl-2 inhibitor, Obatoclax (Obx), in vitro and in vivo, in monotherapy or in combination to Doxorubicine (Doxo) and Cisplatine (Cis), classical chemotherapeutic agents used in NB treatment. In order to determine PARP-1 expression in NB tumours, 132 tumours were analyzed. We used an MTT test to evaluate 6 NB cell line and CSC sensitivity to AG alone or in combination to Doxo and Cis. We investigated the extent of cell death by Annexin-V and determined the degree of DNA damage by γH2aX staining. Also, signalling pathway modulations were analyzed by Western Blots. Obx sensitivity was determined by MTT test on 6 NB cell lines and its combination to Cis was also examined in 2 NB cell lines. Annexin-V and combinations to ZVAD-FMK also evaluated its effect on apoptosis. In vivo experiments were also done. Our results show that PARP-1 is associated to less aggressive tumors. AG has little to no effect on tumour growth when used alone and does not potentiate the effects of Doxo and Cis although more experiments will be needed. AG combined to Doxo seems to sensitize CSC in one cell line. Annexin-V and γH2aX staining reveal no effects of AG combination and Doxo mostly confers all cell damage and death. However, we do observe an increase in DNA damage and apoptosis in one cell line (SK-N-FI) when AG is used in monotherapy. pAKT and pERK are upregulated by Doxo and AG combination. NB cells are sensitized to Obx at nanomolar concentrations. Also, Obx activates apoptotic cell death. Moreover, Obx synergizes with Cis in vitro. In vivo, Obx significantly decreases tumor size. We conclude that Obx seems like a promising therapeutic approach in NB treatment whilst AG does not look so encouraging.

Τα stem κύτταρα είναι ένας υποπληθυσμός κυττάρων με δύο κύριες ιδιότητες: αυτοανανέωση και διαφοροποίηση. Τα stem κύτταρα διαμένουν σε ένα εξειδικευμένο μικροπεριβάλλον, την φωλεά, η οποία παίζει σημαντικό ρόλο στη διατήρηση της ισορροπίας μεταξύ της αυτοανανέωσης και της διαφοροποίησης. Τελευταία δεδομένα εισηγούνται ότι ο καρκίνος αναπτύσσεται από ένα υποσύνολο κυττάρων με ιδιότητες ανάλογες αυτών των φυσιολογικών stem κυττάρων. Τα κύτταρα αυτά αποκαλούνται καρκινικά stem κύτταρα. Η θεωρία των καρκίνικών stem κυττάρων υποστηρίζει ότι τα καρκινικά stem κύτταρα εγκαινιάζουν και συντηρούν την ανάπτυξη και εξέλιξη του όγκου, ευθύνονται για την κυτταρική ετερογένεια των καρκίνικών κυττάρων του όγκου, είναι υπεύθυνα για τις μεταστάσεις και παραμένουν στους ασθενείς παρά τη χρήση των συμβατικών χημειοθεραπευτικών παραγόντων. Πρόσφατα δεδομένα πιστοποιούν την ύπαρξη καρκινικών stem κυττάρων στην ωοθήκη. / Stem cells are a subpopulation of cells with two key properties: self-renewal and differentiation. Stem cells reside in a specialized microenvironment, i.e. niche, which plays an important role in the balance between self-renewal and differentiation. Recent data suggest that cancer develops from a subset of cells with properties similar to those of normal stem cells. These cells are called cancer stem cells. Cancer stem cell hypothesis suggest that cancer stem cells initiate and preserve the growth of tumor, they are responsible for cellular heterogeneity and metastasis of tumor and they are, finally, drug-resistant.Latest data suggest the presence of cancer stem cells in the ovary.