El proyecto nace de la necesidad de los dueños de perros de tener fácil acceso a clinicas veterinarias autorizadas tanto para los servicios regulares como de emergencias. De esa necesidad identificada, nace el seguro médico integral para perros el cual ofrece diversos paquetes médicos. La principal fuente de ingreso será la venta de los paquetes con precios en un rango de S/ 80.00 a S/ 200.00 según el paquete. La inversión inicial requiere un total de S/.280,049.12 incluidos los S/ 33,900.40 en activos fijos tangibles e intangibles cuyo financiamiento será de 60% capital social y 40% inversionista ; es decir, S/.168,029.47 y S/112,019.65 respectivamente. Por otro lado, la empresa deberá generar ingresos anuales equivalentes a S/ 373,585.339 para poder cubrir sus obligaciones financieras sin generar perdida ni utilidad. Para el 1er año de ventas, se estiman ingresos de hasta S/ 1,022,304.17 sin incluir IGV. La proyección de ventas nace de la estadística obtenida en la cual se obtuvo una tasa de aceptación de más de 50% en el landing page desde el primer momento identificando así la necesidad que tienen los dueños de sus mascotas de afiliar a algún tipo de seguro a fin de sentir tranquilidad. Estas cifras son alentadoras, sobre todo el margen neto proyectado para el primer año, obteniendo el 36% de margen por cada sol que se venderá lo cual afianza la viabilidad del proyecto. / The project arises from the need of dog owners to have easy access to authorized veterinary clinics for both regular and emergency services. From this identified need, comprehensive medical insurance for dogs is born, which offers various medical packages. The main source of income will be the sale of the packages with prices in a range of S / 80.00 to S / 200.00 according to the package. The initial investment requires a total of S / .280,049.12 including S / 33,900.40 in tangible and intangible fixed assets whose financing will be 60% social capital and 40% investor; that is, S / .168,029.47 and S / 112,019.65 respectively. On the other hand, the company must generate annual revenues equivalent to S / 373,585,339 in order to cover its financial obligations without generating loss or profit. For the 1st year of sales, revenues of up to S / 1,022,304.17 are estimated without including IGV. The sales projection is based on the statistics obtained in which an acceptance rate of more than 50% was obtained on the landing page from the first moment, thus identifying the need that the owners of their pets have to affiliate to some type of insurance in order to feel tranquility. These figures are encouraging, especially the net margin projected for the first year, obtaining 36% margin for each "nuevo sol" that will be sold, which strengthens the viability of the project. / Trabajo de investigación

When all available sources on the Viking world are combined, there is a strong sense that the Scandinavians of the late Iron Age (8th-11th centuries AD) recognised no clear distinctions between the profane and the sacred. The latter could manifest itself in different ways, in places, beings or objects, and it often aroused ambivalent feelings of both fear and awe. This thesis explores these entanglements and the notion of ambivalence in relation to a particular group of Viking-Age individuals involved in the practice of magic (e.g. seiðr). Chapters 1-3 form the background for the considerations on ritual specialists' lives, tools of trade and ways of burial. After a detailed review of Viking-Age funerary practices, focus shifts towards the corpus of so-called ‘deviant burials', which in recent years have often been interpreted as belonging to ritual specialists. Chapter 4 compares the written and archaeological evidence for the funerary treatment of ritual specialists. Particular attention is devoted to graves where the deceased are covered with stones, since in the written sources execution by stoning is often employed as a punishment for malevolent magic. Nonetheless, caution is suggested in labeling all of them as belonging to ritual specialists and the necessity of a more individual, contextual approach is proposed. Chapter 5 examines a specific group of Viking-Age artefacts that usually take the form of iron rods, which have recently been interpreted as magic staffs. These items are discussed in the light of Old Norse texts and comparative materials from other areas of the world. Ultimately, the thesis embraces the notion of ambiguity in Viking attitudes to the supernatural, viewing this not as an obstructive problem but as an active component of interpretation. This combines an appropriate caution in approaching a difficult aspect of past societies, with a sensible refusal to introduce more rigid definitions than those used by the Vikings themselves.

The purpose of this study was to determine the extent to which a novel assistive device improved two dimensional base of support (BOS) as compared to unassisted walking. Telescoping walking poles (T poles) are designed to allow a gait pattern more closely resembling unassisted gait and provide enhanced stability. Nine healthy male and female subjects who had no recent lower extremity pathology or surgery and were between the ages of 59 and 78 were recruited from the community to participate. Subjects were instructed to use the T poles in a consistent manner and were monitored through weekly supervised training sessions. At the conclusion of the study, motion analysis was performed using video collected from six cameras. Subjects were adorned with reflective markers on the toe and heel of their shoes as well as the tips of the T poles. These markers were used to define the BOS. Two dimensional analyses revealed a significant increase in base of support, an average of 316% over the entire gait cycle as well as 531% at heel strike and 126 % at toe off with the T poles. These results support the T poles as an effective intervention in enhancing stability in an elderly population of recreational walkers. / School of Physical Education

Les maladies du bois de la vigne, par exemple le syndrome de l’esca et l’eutypiose, sont dues à des champignons qui se développent dans le xylème et dégradent les tissus ligneux. Elles sont en recrudescence depuis une vingtaine d’année dans tous les vignobles du monde. A ce jour, aucun traitement curatif n’est disponible alors que ces maladies engendrent généralement la mort de la plante. L’étude des relations hôte-parasite et notamment celle des réponses de défense de plante, est nécessaire pour la compréhension et le développement de nouvelles stratégies de lutte. Parmi les molécules de défense de la vigne, les stilbènes sont connus pour leur forte activité antifongique.Notre travail, basé sur des approches biochimiques et moléculaires apporte de nouvelles données sur le rôle potentiel des stilbènes en tant que molécules de défense contre les maladies du bois. Nous avons identifié et quantifié les stilbènes majoritaires des tissus ligneux de V. vinifera, évalué la sensibilité des agents de maladie du bois à l’effet antifongique de ces stilbènes et suivi leur éventuelle induction suite à l’inoculation d’agents de maladie du bois. Nous avons souligné l’importance des oligomères de stilbènes dont l’activité antifongique est élevée et montré qu’ils sont fortement induits dans le bois inoculé par un champignon pathogène de la famille des Botryosphaeriaceae. La comparaison des réponses de défenses entre des cépages tolérants et sensible, a montré que les cépages tolérants répondent globalement plus fortement et plus rapidement que le cépage sensible à une élicitation par un filtrat de milieu de culture d’un agent de l’esca. / Grapevine wood diseases, as esca syndrome and eutypiosis, are worldwide afflictions. They are due to xylem inhabiting fungi that cause the decay of woody tissues and finally the death of the plant. No curative treatment has been successfully developed until now. Studying grapevine-wood disease pathogen interaction is a prerequisite to the development of protection strategies. Phenolics, particularly stilbenoids, are antimicrobial molecules involved in the resistance of grapevine to fungal pathogens. Our work, based on biochemical and molecular approaches, reveals new data on the possible role of stilbenoids in grapevine defence against trunk diseases. We identified and quantified major stilbenoids of woody canes from V. vinifera. These compounds, especially stilbenoid oligomers, displayed in vitro antifungal activity against trunk disease agents and were induced in cuttings inoculated with an agent of the Botryosphaeriaceae family. We also compared the defence response of susceptible or tolerant cultivars to wood decay based on an elicitation assay with a culture filtrate of an esca pathogen. Defence responses of tolerant cultivars were more effective than those of the susceptible cultivar.

Ce travail porte sur la valorisation de sarments de vigne comme source de polyphénols bioactifs. Après purification d’oligomères du resvératrol et hémi synthèse d’analogues du resvératrol, l’activité antifongique de ces molécules a été testée. Le 3,5-diméthoxyresvératrol a montré des activités intéressantes sur douze espèces du genre Candida. Pendant le stockage des sarments, une forte augmentation en E-resvératrol et E-picéatannol a lieu de façon thermo dépendante et l’expression des gènes PAL, C4H et STS participent à la biosynthèse de novo du E-resvératrol. Une infection par le mildiou au vignoble pendant la période de croissance modifie à la fois la composition et la répartition spatiale des stilbénoïdes dans les sarments. L’analyse métabolomique ciblée par UPLC-MS couplée à une analyse PLS-DA permet de discriminer les sarments selon leur génotype et de déterminer des métabotypes. La distance biochimique observée correspond à la distance génétique inter cépage. Ces résultats démontrent le potentiel antifongique des stilbènoïdes et permettent d’identifier quelques facteurs clés influençant la composition phytochimique des sarments de vigne. / This work aims at grape cane valorization as a source of bioactive polyphenols. After purifying E-resveratrol oligomers and obtaining E-resveratrol analogues through semi-synthesis, the antifungal activity of the compounds was evaluated. The 3,5-dimethoxyresveratrol exhibited interesting activity against twelves Candida species. During post-pruned grape cane storage, a strong and temperature dependent increase in E-resveratrol and E-piceatannol was observed and the expression of PAL, C4H, 4CL and STS genes contributed to a de novo biosynthesis of E-resveratrol. Downy mildew infection in vineyard during the growing season modified both the composition and the spatial distribution of stilbenoids in grape canes. UPLC-MS-based targeted metabolomics coupled to multivariate statistical analysis discriminates grape canes according to their genotypic origin and determines metabotypes. The observed biochemical distances between genotypes corresponded to genetic distances. Finally, results highlight the antifungal potential of stilbenoids and several key factors affecting the phytochemical composition of grape canes