Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T15:36:36Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 RicardoRS_TESE.pdf: 2272237 bytes, checksum: 5fdd0275f8b13e8d766babd49b8af006 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-05-14 / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient?fico e Tecnol?gico / The present study discusses the geographical distribution and the context on the occupation of mangrove swamp areas by capuchin monkeys. In addition, we assess how the dispersion to the mangrove allowed the exploration of different food items, permitting the development of predation by ambush and the use of cracking tools. From 2004 to 2008 we surveyed the main estuaries of Brazilian Amazon coast, from northeastern state of Par? to the eastern boundary of the state of Maranh?o, and recorded the presence of two species of capuchin monkeys in the mangrove forest areas. Cebus apella has been widely distributed in the mangrove at the estuaries examined (excluding C. libidinosus areas). Its presence is often related to Amazon forest remnants in the neighbourhood of the mangrove swamps and thus it is possible that some groups live in both kinds of habitats. However, we recorded some populations restricted only to mangrove swamp surrounded by open areas. On the other hand, Cebus libidinosus had a distribution more restricted and isolated in mangroves. Its pattern of habitat use is consistent with geographic distribution in mangrove patches. It seems that the possible contact zone previously proposed in the literature for that two species has no evident barriers in the mangrove. Furthermore, we record cracking sites and systematic observations on the tool use, carnivory and predation by ambush in Cebus libidinosus from 2006 to 2008. Cebus libidinosus is the only Neotropical primate species in which the tool use has been systematically recorded in nature. However all previous studies had been obtained is open areas (Cerrado and Caatinga). Thus, the present study is first one to report that behaviour in forested habitats in which the tool use to cracking by capuchin monkeys is associated with the consumption of meat. In the Caatinga and Cerrado, food shortages and terrestriality has been proposed by different authors to explain the evolution of tool use in primates. Here, we analyzed the relative contribution of these two variables as selective pressures for the tool use by capuchin monkeys in the mangrove forests, an ecological scenario in which food resources is available around the year and terrestriality is limited by structural habitat features, as the presence of stilt roots and muddy soil / O presente estudo analisa inicialmente a distribui??o geogr?fica e o contexto de ocupa??o de ?reas de manguezal por macacos-prego. Al?m disso, verificamos que a dispers?o para o manguezal levou ? explora??o de diferentes itens alimentares, tornando poss?vel o desenvolvimento da preda??o por emboscada e o uso de ferramentas de quebra. De 2004 a 2008 examinamos os principais estu?rios da costa Amaz?nica do Brasil, do nordeste do Estado do Par? at? a fronteira oriental do Estado do Maranh?o, sendo registrada a presen?a de duas esp?cies de macacos-prego nas ?reas de florestas de mangue. Cebus apella ? amplamente distribu?do no manguezal dos estu?rios examinados (excluindo as ?reas de C. libidinosus). Sua presen?a est? geralmente relacionada com remanescentes de floresta Amaz?nica adjacentes aos manguezais e, portanto, ? poss?vel que alguns grupos vivam em ambos os tipos de h?bitats. Contudo, registramos algumas popula??es restritas apenas aos manguezais, limitadas por ?reas abertas. Por outro lado, Cebus libidinosus teve distribui??o mais restrita e isolada em manguezais. Seu padr?o de uso de h?bitat ? consistente com a distribui??o fragmentada das florestas de mangue. A poss?vel zona de contato, previamente proposta na literatura para as duas esp?cies, n?o tem barreiras evidentes no manguezal. Al?m disso, registramos s?tios de quebra e realizamos observa??es sistem?ticas sobre o uso de ferramentas, carnivoria e preda??o por emboscada em Cebus libidinosus em ?rea de manguezal, de 2006 a 2008. Cebus libidinosus ? a ?nica esp?cie de primata Neotropical em que o uso de ferramenta foi registrado sistematicamente na natureza. No entanto, todos os estudos anteriores foram obtidos em ?reas abertas (Cerrado e Caatinga). Assim, o presente estudo ? o primeiro registro deste comportamento em h?bitats florestais em que o uso de ferramentas de quebra por macacos-prego est? associado ao consumo de carne. Na Caatinga e Cerrado, a escassez sazonal de alimentos e a terrestrialidade foram propostos por diversos autores para explicar a evolu??o do uso de ferramentas em primatas. Aqui, analisamos a contribui??o relativa dessas duas vari?veis como press?es seletivas para o uso de ferramentas por macacos-prego em florestas de mangue, um cen?rio ecol?gico no qual recursos alimentares est?o dispon?veis ao longo de todo o ano e a terrestrialidade ? limitada pelas caracter?sticas estruturais do habitat, como a presen?a de ra?zes a?reas e solo inconsolidado, de consist?ncia lamosa / 2018-08-01