published_or_final_version / abstract / Linguistics / Master / Master of Arts

published_or_final_version / abstract / Linguistics / Master / Master of Philosophy

published_or_final_version / abstract / Linguistics / Master / Master of Arts

published_or_final_version / abstract / Linguistics / Master / Master of Arts

published_or_final_version / abstract / Linguistics / Master / Master of Arts

曾綺雲. / "2005年10月" / 論文(哲學碩士)--香港中文大學, 2005. / 參考文獻(leaves 143-148). / "2005 nian 10 yue" / Abstracts also in English. / Zeng Qiyun. / Lun wen (zhe xue shuo shi)--Xianggang Zhong wen da xue, 2005. / Can kao wen xian (leaves 143-148). / Chapter 第一章 --- 引言 --- p.1 / Chapter 第二章 --- 硏究方法 --- p.4 / Chapter 第三章 --- 《唯一趣報有所謂》簡介 --- p.21 / Chapter 3.1 --- 《唯一趣報有所謂》的創辦人 --- p.23 / Chapter 3.2 --- 《唯一趣報有所謂》的特色 --- p.24 / Chapter 3.3 --- 《唯一趣報有所謂》的版面分佈 --- p.25 / Chapter 第四章 --- 《唯一趣報有所謂》的二十世紀初香港粤語詞匯 --- p.28 / Chapter 4.1 --- 已消失的詞語 --- p.29 / Chapter 4.1.1 --- 定義 --- p.30 / Chapter 4.1.2 --- 與商業活動有關的詞語 --- p.30 / Chapter 4.1.3 --- 與交通工具有關的詞語 --- p.33 / Chapter 4.1.4 --- 與妓女行業有關的詞語 --- p.35 / Chapter 4.1.5 --- 與賭博有關的詞語 --- p.39 / Chapter 4.1.6 --- 人物稱呼 --- p.43 / Chapter 4.2 --- 舊式的方言詞 --- p.45 / Chapter 4.2.1 --- 定義 --- p.46 / Chapter 4.2.2 --- 趨向消失的方言詞 --- p.46 / Chapter 4.2.3 --- 漸被取代的方言詞 --- p.48 / Chapter 4.3 --- 仍然活躍的方言詞 --- p.53 / Chapter 4.3.1 --- 定義 --- p.54 / Chapter 4.3.2 --- 詞義沒有大變化的粤方言詞 --- p.54 / Chapter 4.3.2.1 --- 名詞 --- p.55 / Chapter 4.3.2.2 --- 動言司 --- p.59 / Chapter 4.3.2.3 --- 形容詞 --- p.66 / Chapter 4.3.2.4 --- 代詞 --- p.68 / Chapter 4.3.2.5 --- 副詞 --- p.73 / Chapter 4.3.2.6 --- 介詞 --- p.81 / Chapter 4.3.2.7 --- 連詞 --- p.85 / Chapter 4.3.2.8 --- 嘆詞 --- p.87 / Chapter 4.3.2.9 --- 語氣詞 --- p.88 / Chapter 4.3.3 --- 詞義有所轉化的粤方言詞 --- p.90 / Chapter 4.4 --- 小結 --- p.100 / Chapter 第五章 --- 《唯一趣報有所謂》書寫方言詞的形式 --- p.102 / Chapter 5.1 --- 借用 --- p.103 / Chapter 5.2 --- 註音 --- p.113 / Chapter 5.3 --- 註聲調 --- p.116 / Chapter 5.4 --- 註平仄 --- p.119 / Chapter 5.5 --- 註釋 --- p.121 / Chapter 5.6 --- 小結 --- p.122 / Chapter 第六章 --- 《唯一趣報有所謂》反映的語言現象 --- p.126 / Chapter 6.1 --- 詞語字數減少 --- p.126 / Chapter 6.2 --- 不同寫法合倂 --- p.129 / Chapter 6.3 --- 用字筆劃簡化 --- p.133 / Chapter 6.4 --- 與字音演變有關 --- p.135 / Chapter 6.5 --- 小結 --- p.138 / Chapter 第七章 --- 結語 --- p.140 / 參考書目 --- p.143 / 附錄 --- p.149

本論文從語言使用者的心理層面及對實體存現的預設兩方面來考察“實指/虛指“(specific/non-specific)這一組概念，並研究它們在香港粤語語法中的表現方式。實指/虛指與名詞短語的指稱狀態有關：在使用一個名詞短語時，如果說話人心裡存在特定的指稱對象，這個名詞短語即為實指名詞短語；如果說話人心裡不存在特定的指稱對象，這個名詞短語即為虛指（非實指）名詞短語。 / 為能從跨語言的視角把握實指/虛指的本質，本文探討了實指名詞短語的兩個定義性特徵，以及與實指/虛指現象有關的因素，並且系統地回顧了前人對該現象的幾個具代表性的分析方法。本文認為應從語用學的角度分析實指/虛指現象，才能更充份地說明實証語料，即基於聽話人是否有某種理由假設說話人在使用某一名詞短語時心裡存在特定的指稱對象。這一觀點從具體分析土耳其語及普通話中與實指/虛指相關的語言結構可得到印證。 / 本文進一步研究了實指/虛指概念在香港粤語語法中的語言表現形式，對影響實指/虛指的有關因素進行分析，例如名詞形式、句法位置及語境。我們對幾種名詞短語在已然及未然語境下的實指/虛指理解提出了一個系統分析。然後，我們深入分析了粤語中一般被認為是實指標記的名詞成分"某"。我們認為“某“能在已然語境中實指，也可在某些未然語境中虛指。本文揭示粤語中的“某“是一個具有某種預設性的特指性定詞（趙元任1968；張洪年2007），具有預設性，包含“特定性這一語義成分，並受某種“數量限制“所約束。我們把“某“分析為一個能把某一個集合由另一個集合中區別出來的函數，其函數值按會話語境而定。我們認為這個函數分析能夠解釋為甚麼帶“某“的名詞短語既能實指亦可虛指。本文進一步提出人類語言中實指虛指的語法化，可能通過把某種現存性融入到語法來實現。 / This thesis investigates the notion of 'specificity' with reference to the psychological state of language users, existential presupposition of entities, and the relation between these notions and their potential linguistic encoding in the grammar of Hong Kong Cantonese. Specificity concerns the referential status of noun phrases; a specific noun phrase is generally taken to be one used when the speaker has a particular referent in mind for it, whereas a non-specific noun phrase is one used when the speaker does not have any particular referent in mind. / In an effort to grasp the essence of specificity encoding in the grammar of human languages, we critically review the defining characteristics of specific nominals, factors relevant to specificity, and the representative major approaches to the study of this phenomenon. It will be argued that an empirically adequate treatment should look at specificity from a pragmatic perspective, based on whether the hearer has some reason(s) to assume that the speaker has the ability to identify the referent s/he has in mind for the noun phrase s/he uses. This view coincides with concrete analyses of selected specificity-related linguistic structures in languages such as Turkish and Mandarin Chinese. / The rest of the study examines how specificity may be encoded in the grammar of Cantonese. The distribution of specific nominals in Cantonese is found to be the result of the interplay between noun form, syntactic position, and context. Cantonese nominals containing the element mau5, which is putatively a marker of specific reference, are shown to be specific in the realis and the soeng "want" contexts in general, but potentially non-specific in certain irrealis contexts. A lexicographic scrutiny of Cantonese mau5 reveals that mau5 is a "specifying determiner" (Chao 1968; Cheung 2007) encoded with presuppositionality, the meaning of "particularity", and is constrained by a "quantity restriction". We analyze mau5 as a function with a context-dependent value differentiating a set of entity/entities out of a superset, explaining the chameleon behavior of nominals containing mau5. We further argue for the possibility that grammaticalization of specificity is through the encoding of some sort of existentiality in the grammar of human languages. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Tse, Ming San Crono. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2012. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 119-122). / Electronic reproduction. Hong Kong : Chinese University of Hong Kong, [2012] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web. / Abstracts also in Chinese. / Acknowledgements --- p.i / Abstract --- p.iii / 摘要 --- p.iv / Chapter Chapter One --- Introduction --- p.1 / Chapter 1.1 --- Some Characteristics of Specific Noun Phrases --- p.1 / Chapter 1.2 --- Specificity and its Linguistic Encoding in Cantonese --- p.4 / Chapter 1.3 --- Goals of Research --- p.9 / Chapter Chapter Two --- Factors Relevant to Specificity and Approaches to Specificity --- p.11 / Chapter 2.1 --- Factors Relevant to Specificity --- p.11 / Chapter 2.1.1 --- The Ability to Establish Discourse Referents --- p.11 / Chapter 2.1.2 --- Non-restrictive Relative Clause Modification --- p.12 / Chapter 2.1.3 --- Verb Type --- p.13 / Chapter 2.1.4 --- The Length of Descriptive Modifiers --- p.14 / Chapter 2.1.5 --- Mass Terms --- p.15 / Chapter 2.1.6 --- Assumptions about Entities Held by Interlocutors --- p.15 / Chapter 2.2 --- Major Approaches to Specificity --- p.16 / Chapter 2.2.1 --- Interpreting Specificity in Terms of Logical Scope --- p.17 / Chapter 2.2.2 --- Lexical Ambiguity Approach --- p.20 / Chapter 2.2.3 --- Pragmatic Approach --- p.26 / Chapter 2.3 --- The Nature of Specificity --- p.31 / Chapter 2.4 --- Language-particular Analyses of Specificity --- p.39 / Chapter 2.4.1 --- Object-case Marking in Turkish --- p.39 / Chapter 2.4.2 --- The Subject Constraint and OMN in Mandarin Chinese --- p.42 / Chapter 2.4.3 --- Secondary Predication in Mandarin Chinese --- p.48 / Chapter 2.5 --- An Eclectic View on Specificity in the Grammar --- p.49 / Chapter Chapter Three --- An Investigation of Specificity Encoding in Cantonese --- p.53 / Chapter 3.1 --- Reasons for Studying Various Nominal Forms in --- p.53 / Chapter 3.2 --- Nominal Forms Relevant to the Specificity Phenomenon --- p.59 / Chapter 3.3 --- Nominals in Realis Contexts --- p.60 / Chapter 3.3.1 --- Nominals in the Subject Position --- p.60 / Chapter 3.3.2 --- Nominals in the Object Position --- p.63 / Chapter 3.3.3 --- Interim Discussion --- p.64 / Chapter 3.4 --- Nominals in the Soeng "want" Context --- p.67 / Chapter 3.5 --- Nominals in the Jyugwo "if and the Muidong" whenever Contexts --- p.69 / Chapter 3.6 --- Conclusions --- p.75 / Chapter Chapter Four --- On Mau5 in Cantonese --- p.77 / Chapter 4.1 --- The Categorial Status of Mau5 --- p.78 / Chapter 4.2 --- The Semantics of Mau5 --- p.82 / Chapter 4.2.1 --- Previous Analyses of Mau5 in the Literature --- p.82 / Chapter 4.2.2 --- The Presuppositionality of Mau5 --- p.84 / Chapter 4.2.3 --- The Quantity Aspect of Mau5 --- p.98 / Chapter Chapter Five --- Conclusions --- p.104 / Chapter 5.1 --- Summary --- p.104 / Chapter 5.2 --- Implications and Residual Questions --- p.107 / Chapter 5.2.1 --- The Semantic Complexities of Quantification --- p.107 / Chapter 5.2.2 --- On the Referentiality of Non-specific Nominals --- p.107 / Chapter 5.2.3 --- The "Quantity Restriction" --- p.109 / Chapter 5.2.4 --- Potential Limitations on the Value of the Function --- p.110 / Chapter 5.2.5 --- Semantics-Phonology Interface --- p.112 / Chapter Appendix: --- Other Uses of Mau5 --- p.113 / References --- p.119

袁立宜. / "2003年7月". / 論文(哲學碩士)--香港中文大學, 2003. / 參考文獻 (leaves 128-131). / 附中英文摘要. / "2003 nian 7 yue". / Yuan Liyi. / Lun wen (zhe xue shuo shi)--Xianggang Zhong wen da xue, 2003. / Can kao wen xian (leaves 128-131). / Fu Zhong Ying wen zhai yao. / 中文摘要 --- p.i / 英文摘要 --- p.ii / 致謝 --- p.in / 圖表 --- p.vii / Chapter 第一章 --- 導論 / 硏究動機 --- p.1 / 硏究方向 --- p.3 / 粗口是甚麼？ --- p.5 / 理論背景回顧 --- p.8 / 硏究方法 --- p.18 / 問卷調查 --- p.20 / 參與觀察及深入訪談 --- p.23 / 訪問 --- p.23 / 專題小組討論 --- p.25 / 出版刊物資料收集 --- p.26 / 觀察記錄 --- p.27 / 本文章節內容 --- p.28 / Chapter 第二章 --- 廣東話髒話的本質 --- p.29 / 香港的語言和方言 --- p.29 / 香港廣東話與大陸廣東話的細分 --- p.30 / 香港的廣東話粗口詞彙 --- p.32 / 廣東話粗口的使用方式.》 --- p.36 / 五個主要粗口詞及其用法 --- p.36 / 髒話的使用和避用 --- p.50 / “講粗口´ح情況 --- p.51 / 粗口的咒罵性 --- p.53 / 結語 --- p.64 / Chapter 第三章 --- 兩性在說髒話方面的差異 --- p.66 / 社會結構：男性與女性和男性化與女性化 --- p.67 / 社會語言的行爲差異 --- p.71 / 深入訪談一 --- p.76 / 深入訪談二 --- p.76 / 深入訪談三 --- p.77 / 漫畫資料 --- p.77 / 訪談觀察一 --- p.79 / 訪談觀察二 --- p.81 / 髒話在兩性之間引起的問題 / 語言中的權力 --- p.84 / 語言強勢對比語言暴力 --- p.85 / 結語 --- p.87 / Chapter 第四章 --- 髒話的非攻擊和非侮辱使用 --- p.89 / 粗口字有娛樂性 --- p.89 / 觀察訪談 --- p.90 / 粗口字歇後語 --- p.94 / 粗口字笑話 --- p.95 / 笑話一 --- p.96 / 笑話二 --- p.96 / 笑話三 --- p.97 / 粗口歌曲 --- p.97 / 粗口時裝 --- p.100 / 粗口打招呼 --- p.102 / 結語 --- p.104 / Chapter 第五章 --- 講粗口 ´Ø是耶？非耶？ --- p.106 / 公共空間及私人空間 --- p.106 / 公共空間的髒話 --- p.106 / 粗口與運動 --- p.109 / 粗口與賭博 --- p.109 / 私人空間的髒話 --- p.110 / 個人形象 --- p.112 / 說髒話犯法 --- p.113 / 正規道德教化 --- p.115 / 如何去分辨社會公認的對錯標準？ --- p.116 / 粗口字詞咒罵性所表現的中國親屬關係 --- p.117 / 禽獸不如？ --- p.119 / 敬神罵鬼 --- p.120 / 粗口與創作 --- p.120 / 結語 --- p.122 / Chapter 第六章 --- 後結 --- p.123 / 髒話的演變 --- p.123 / 髒話的使用界線 --- p.124 / 髒話的價値 --- p.125 / “粗口´ح會消失嗎？ --- p.126 / 參考書目 --- p.127

本文重點在於提出框式結構理論的增補原則，指出語義「冗餘」性體現在語義內涵的大小差異，針對同一對象的兩個成份，較具體成份層級高於較抽象成份，這稱為框式結構的「『冗餘』成份假設」。在粤語實際情況中，後置成份是較抽象成份，有較寬廣的語義指稱，前置成份是較具體成份，指稱比較直接。 語例方面，後置的「嚟、住、咋、啫、咁滯」比對應的前置成份更抽象。「嚟」表示過去時，對應的「正話、啱啱」表示一個過去時間點；「住」表示靜態的時間間隔，「暫時」是提供靜態間隔的時段；「咋 、啫 」表示各種限制，「淨係」表示指義限制，「咁滯」約量動態、靜態謂語的狀態，「差唔多」約量動態謂語的達成階段。本文認為以上假設的句法意義在於前置成份層級高於後置成份，前後置成份不一定組成一個狹義的短語，但在展現局部性的孤島內，兩者保持固定層階關係。較具體成份的指稱未定，較抽象成份指稱也不能定下來，這是兩者層階固定的原因。前後置成份的內涵差異跟兩者句法性質有關，前置成份是修飾語。根據傳統方案，後置成份是功能詞短語的中心語，是表示關係的成份 ，而根據最新理論，後置成份是廣義的謂語。按照新近的方案，粤語後置成份的大量出現有其類型學依據，反映更廣泛的語際差異。前後置成份的語義差異，可視為修飾語與中心語或謂語的差異所致。本文最終目標是指出互補作用是上述關係的必然結果，後置成份補充前置成份沒有的語義，前置成份使後置成份未明確的指稱明確化，如「正話、暫時」指出後置成份的時間，「齋、淨係、差唔多」指出後置成份的焦點。粤語前後置成份的共現讓互補作用減少聽話者從語言外推斷語義的需要。從信息角度看，框式結構減輕了理解的負擔。 / The major focus of this thesis is to offer supplementary principles for the theory of discontinuous constructions. It indicates that semantic "redundancy" is embodied in the intensional variation. For the two elements acting upon the same target, the more specific one is at a higher hierarchy level than the more abstract one. This is known as the "Hypothesis for 'Redundant' Elements" with regard to the theory of discontinuous constructions. In the case of Cantonese, the postverbal elements are more abstract and have a wider scope of reference, whereas the preverbal elements are more specific and their reference is more direct. For example, postverbal lai4, zyu6, zaa3, ze1 and gam3zai6 are more abstract than their preverbal counterparts: lai4 indicates the past time, and the corresponding zing3waa6 and ngaam1ngaam1 indicate a past time point; zyu6 indicates a stative time interval, and zaam6si4 offers a duration for this stative interval; zaa3 and ze1 are restrictive in various dimensions, and zing6hai6 indicates restriction in the denotative sense; gam3zai6 approximates on the state of dynamic and stative predicates, and caa1m4do1 approximates on the stage of achievement of dynamic predicates. As for the syntactic implications, it is argued that the preverbal elements are hierarchically higher than the postverbal elements, but they do not necessarily form a phrase in the strict sense. However, within an island exhibiting locality, they have a fixed hierarchical relation. This is because the reference of the more abstract element cannot be determined before the reference of the more specific one is determined. Intensional variation between the preverbal and postverbal elements relates to their syntactic nature. The preverbal element is an adjunct. In accordance with traditional accounts, the postverbal element is the head of a functional phrase indicating relations. In line with the recent theories, the postverbal element is a predicate in the broad sense. The recent proposals explain from the typological perspective the emergence of extensive postverbal elements in Cantonese, which is a reflection of the broader cross-linguistic variation. Semantic differences between preverbal and postverbal elements can be translated as the differences between adjuncts and heads or predicates. The ultimate goal of this thesis is to highlight the certainty of the resulting complementation effect. The postverbal elements offer the missing sense for the preverbal ones, and the preverbal elements specify the underspecified reference of the postverbal ones: zing3waa6 and zaam6si4 indicate the time, whereas zaai1, zing6hai6 and caa1m4do1 indicate the focus. The co-occurrence of Cantonese preverbal and postverbal elements alleviates the necessity for the listeners to infer from outside the language. From the informational point of view, the discontinuous constructions reduce the burden of interpretation. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / 鄭兆邦. / Parallel title from added title page. / Thesis (Ph.D.) Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2015. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 327-346). / Abstracts also in English. / Zheng Zhaobang.

published_or_final_version / Linguistics / Master / Master of Philosophy