Work, especially that in complex, dynamic workplaces, often requires subtle, local judgment with regard to timing of subtasks, relevance, importance, prioritization and so forth. Still, people in Nuclear Industry seem to think safety results from people just following procedures. In the wake of failure it can be tempting to introduce new procedures and an even stricter "rule following culture". None, or at least very little, attention is given to tacit knowledge and individual skills. I am aiming to highlight the inadequacy of putting too much trust in formalization and that reporting and trending of events will contribute to increased learning, an increased nuclear safety and an efficient operational experience. The ability to interpret a situation concrete depends on proven experience in similar situations, analogical thinking and tacit knowledge. In this essay I intend to problematize the introduction and use of so-called Corrective Action Program (CAP) and computerized reporting systems linked to CAP in the Nuclear Industry. What I found out is that the whole industry, from regulators to licensees, seems to be stuck in the idea that the scientific perspective on knowledge is the only "true" perspective. This leads to an exaggerated belief in that technology and formalized work processes and routines will create a safer business. The computerized reporting system will not, as the idea was from the beginning, contribute to increased nuclear safety since the reports is based on the trigger and not the underlying causes and in-depth analysis. Managing safety by numbers (incidents, error counts, safety threats, and safety culture indicators) is very practical but has its limitations. Error counts only uphold an illusion of rationality and control, but may offer neither real insight nor productive routes for progress on safety. The question is why the CAP, error counts and computerized reporting systems have had such a big impact in the nuclear industry? It rests after all, on too weak foundations. The answer is that the scientific perspective on knowledge is the dominating perspective. What people do not understand is that an excessive use of computerized systems and an increased formalization actually will create new risks when people lose their skills and ability to reflect and put more trust in the system than in themselves.

Glacier facies represent distinct regions of a glacier surface characterized by near surface structure and density that develop as a function of spatial variations in surface melt and accumulation. In post freeze-up (autumn) synthetic aperture radar (SAR) satellite imagery, the glacier ice zone and dry snow zone have a relatively low backscatter due to the greater penetration of the radar signal into the surface. Conversely, the saturation and percolation zones are identifiable based on their high backscatter due to the presence of ice lenses and pipes acting as efficient scatterers. In this study, EnviSat ASAR imagery is used to monitor the progression of facies zones across Devon Ice Cap (DIC) from 2004 to 2011. This data is validated against in situ surface temperatures, mass balance data, and ground penetrating radar surveys from the northwest sector of DIC. Based on calibrated (sigma nought) EnviSat ASAR backscatter values, imagery from autumn 2004 to 2011 shows the disappearance of the ‘pseudo’ dry snow zone at high elevations, the migration of the glacier and superimposed ice zones to higher elevations, and reduction in area of the saturation/percolation zone. In 2011, the glacier and superimposed ice zone were at their largest extent, occupying 92% of the ice cap, leaving the saturation/percolation zone at 8% of the total area. This is indicative of anomalously high summer melt and strongly negative mass balance conditions on DIC, which results in the infilling of pore space in the exposed firn and consequent densification of the ice cap at higher elevations.

The National Football League’s salary cap constrains the available resources each franchise is allotted to spend on player personnel. I examine the effects of executive management’s compensation allocation strategies on team performance from 2006 to 2013. The findings suggest that spending more than the league-average on offensive lineman hurts overall team performance. Spending above the league average on both the offensive line and quarterback positions negatively affects offensive performance as well. This supports previous research stating that taking a superstar-approach to cap distribution negatively affects team performance. Furthermore, I find evidence of increased compensation inequality among players under the Collective Bargaining Agreement of 2011 compared to that of 1993.

El objetivo general de este trabajo es medir el impacto económico de las enfermedades y pacientes atendidos en un Centro de Atención Primaria, así como describir el comportamiento y la adaptación de un sistema de clasificación de pacientes por iso-consumo de recursos (ACGs) en nuestro ámbito. Se efectúa un diseño observacional descriptivo de carácter exploratorio. El emplazamiento es en el Área básica de Salud Apenins-Montigalà de Badalona (centro urbano reformado y concertado), que atiende a una población adulta de referencia de unos 20.000 habitantes (10,8% mayores de 65 años). Inició su actividad en diciembre de 1997 y está constituido por un equipo de 7 médicos y 6 enfermeras. Participantes: todos los pacientes atendidos por el EAP durante el período de estudio (1999 para los episodios y 2000 para los pacientes). Se detalla la definición y la medida de cada variable: episodio (a partir de la clasificación CIAP), contacto de atención, visitas, órdenes médicas, campos relacionados con la casuística, la edad y el sexo. Se realizó una conversión de la clasificación CIAP a la ICD-9-MC. Los indicadores económicos fueron obtenidos a partir de la cuenta de pérdidas y ganancias; los costes se clasificaron, diferenciando aquellos propios del centro (personal, limpieza, mantenimiento, amortizaciones, etc.) y aquellos gastos variables en función de la actividad desarrollada (laboratorio, radiología, pruebas complementarias, derivaciones a especialistas, ambulancias y prescripción farmacéutica). El registro de la información se realizó con el sistema informatizado OMI-AP y el análisis de los datos a partir de Microsoft Access y el programa SPSSW.En general, la investigación muestra que el comportamiento de los grupos es aceptable, y no muy diferente a los obtenidos en otros estudios. Se remarca la importancia de que en futuras investigaciones se contemple la depuración de los datos en cada categoría para conseguir una mayor homogeneidad.

Zugl.: Dortmund, Univ., Diss., 2005

Zugl.: Karlsruhe, Univ., Diss., 2004

Universiẗat, Diss., 2004--Karlsruhe.

Zugl.: Duisburg, Essen, Univ., Diss., 2008

Zugl.: Lübeck, Univ., Diss., 2007

Zugl.: Aachen, Techn. Hochsch., Diss., 2009