How much information can be transferred over a wireless network and what is the optimal strategy for the operation of such network? This thesis tries to answer some of these questions from an information theoretic approach. A model of wireless network is formulated to capture the main features of the wireless medium as well as topology of the network. The performance metrics are throughput and transport capacity. The throughput is the summation of all reliable communication rates for all source-destination pairs in the network. The transport capacity is a sum rate where each rate is weighted by the distance over which it is transported. Based on the network model, we study the scaling laws for the performance measures as the number of users in the network grows. First, we analyze the performance of multihop wireless network under different criteria for successful reception of packets at the receiver. Then, we consider the problem of information transfer without arbitrary assumptions on the operation of the network. We observe that there is a dichotomy between the cases of relatively high signal attenuation and low attenuation. Moreover, a fundamental relationship between the performance metrics and the total transmitted power of users is discovered. As a result, the optimality of multihop is demonstrated for some scenarios in high attenuation regime, and better strategies than multihop are proposed for the operation in the low attenuation regime. Then, we study the performance of a special class of networks, random networks, where the traffic is uniformly distributed inside the networks. For this special class, the upperbounds on the throughput are presented for both low and high attenuation cases. To achieve the presented upperbounds, a hierarchical cooperation scheme is analyzed and optimized by choosing the number of hierarchical stages and the corresponding cluster sizes that maximize the total throughput. In addition, to apply the hierarchical cooperation scheme to random networks, a clustering algorithm is developed, which divides the whole network into quadrilateral clusters, each with exactly the number of nodes required.

Like many other transportation agencies, the Ministry of Transportation Ontario (MTO) is also using the same work zone closure strategies and standards that it has used for decades. However, the lane closure strategies should incorporate the impacts of construction duration and inconvenience to the road users and find the balance where users face minimal inconvenience while contractors have the appropriate amount of time to finish the work and produce a high quality product. In-order to evaluate and assess the appropriate time for lane closures, it is important to estimate the capacity of the lanes. The capacity estimates can help in determining the optimized time for lane closures to minimize the user delays while providing sufficient time for contractors to achieve the desired productivity and quality of work. There are different models, computer Software and wide variety of studies to evaluate and estimate the Workzone Capacity and associated User Delay Costs at workzones. These costs are primarily affected by traffic flows, vehicle speeds, and work zone capacities. In-view of the above, this study is designed to estimate freeway capacity of construction workzones and discuss the associated user delay costs and economic issues. For this study, the capacity at the work zones was measured as the mean queue discharge flow rate during forced-flow conditions. Forced-flow conditions were defined as congested conditions during which a sustained queue formed. There are several studies and approaches for collecting traffic volume data for estimating workzone capacity. For this study, it was decided to utilize a manual counting method for volume data. This would help provide the visual confirmation of queuing and intensity of work activity at workzones. Six sites located in Southern Ontario, were selected for this study. The data from these sites is used to develop a mathematical model for estimating workzone capacity for Ontario.

How much information can be transferred over a wireless network and what is the optimal strategy for the operation of such network? This thesis tries to answer some of these questions from an information theoretic approach. A model of wireless network is formulated to capture the main features of the wireless medium as well as topology of the network. The performance metrics are throughput and transport capacity. The throughput is the summation of all reliable communication rates for all source-destination pairs in the network. The transport capacity is a sum rate where each rate is weighted by the distance over which it is transported. Based on the network model, we study the scaling laws for the performance measures as the number of users in the network grows. First, we analyze the performance of multihop wireless network under different criteria for successful reception of packets at the receiver. Then, we consider the problem of information transfer without arbitrary assumptions on the operation of the network. We observe that there is a dichotomy between the cases of relatively high signal attenuation and low attenuation. Moreover, a fundamental relationship between the performance metrics and the total transmitted power of users is discovered. As a result, the optimality of multihop is demonstrated for some scenarios in high attenuation regime, and better strategies than multihop are proposed for the operation in the low attenuation regime. Then, we study the performance of a special class of networks, random networks, where the traffic is uniformly distributed inside the networks. For this special class, the upperbounds on the throughput are presented for both low and high attenuation cases. To achieve the presented upperbounds, a hierarchical cooperation scheme is analyzed and optimized by choosing the number of hierarchical stages and the corresponding cluster sizes that maximize the total throughput. In addition, to apply the hierarchical cooperation scheme to random networks, a clustering algorithm is developed, which divides the whole network into quadrilateral clusters, each with exactly the number of nodes required.

Like many other transportation agencies, the Ministry of Transportation Ontario (MTO) is also using the same work zone closure strategies and standards that it has used for decades. However, the lane closure strategies should incorporate the impacts of construction duration and inconvenience to the road users and find the balance where users face minimal inconvenience while contractors have the appropriate amount of time to finish the work and produce a high quality product. In-order to evaluate and assess the appropriate time for lane closures, it is important to estimate the capacity of the lanes. The capacity estimates can help in determining the optimized time for lane closures to minimize the user delays while providing sufficient time for contractors to achieve the desired productivity and quality of work. There are different models, computer Software and wide variety of studies to evaluate and estimate the Workzone Capacity and associated User Delay Costs at workzones. These costs are primarily affected by traffic flows, vehicle speeds, and work zone capacities. In-view of the above, this study is designed to estimate freeway capacity of construction workzones and discuss the associated user delay costs and economic issues. For this study, the capacity at the work zones was measured as the mean queue discharge flow rate during forced-flow conditions. Forced-flow conditions were defined as congested conditions during which a sustained queue formed. There are several studies and approaches for collecting traffic volume data for estimating workzone capacity. For this study, it was decided to utilize a manual counting method for volume data. This would help provide the visual confirmation of queuing and intensity of work activity at workzones. Six sites located in Southern Ontario, were selected for this study. The data from these sites is used to develop a mathematical model for estimating workzone capacity for Ontario.

Waterloo Region (population 470,000) is the eleventh largest urban region in Canada (2006 Census tract). Within this region, in 2007, 2,831 homeless people defined as commonly living or sleeping in indoor or outdoor spaces not intended for inhabitation used emergency shelters (Homelessness and Housing Group, 2008; Regional Municipality of Waterloo Region, 2007). It is expected that individuals who have inadequate or no permanent housing are particularly exposed and sensitive to environmental conditions such as extreme heat, cold events and poor air quality. Under climate change, it can be expected that the frequency of extreme events and days when air quality fails to meet healthy guidelines may increase. A wide survey of literature from environmental issues related to homelessness in first world countries has demonstrated that there is a research gap in understanding how urban citizens experiencing or facing homelessness adapt to environmental change. Therefore, this research addresses this gap by using both the vulnerability approach to local climate change assessments, and participatory action research to better understand the specificities of adaptation, the available services and future institutional strategies that could enhance the lives of this vulnerable population in relation to local environmental change. The conclusion is that people experiencing homelessness in Waterloo Region have a low vulnerability to climate related events as the social service system which they use is well developed and the climate related events are not severe. However, the vulnerability may increase in the future if service provision changes or if there is an increase in the duration, intensity and frequency of precipitation (rain) or extreme heat days.

Since the economic cooperation and relaxation in politic between the Two Coasts, their relationships were getting closer. That included more active in marriage, corporate investment, education, academic discussion and tourism. Especially after the Economic Cooperation Framework Agreement (ECFA) being signed in 2010, the relationships had been developed from politically mutual understanding to legal relationship in administration contract binding. Such model was different from Hong Kong or Macao. Since the relationship had changed from opposing to cooperation for mutual benefits, the economy was receiving more advantages and the political environment was more stable of which the development of economic was highly relying on this. As a result of the active economic cooperation of the Two Coasts, the marriage and residency between the Two Coasts were also increased. The acceptance of students from mainland to study in Taiwan caused mainland student population increased rapidly. The frequent and complex exchanges between the Two Coasts attracted certain parties trying to take illegal benefit by improper acts. They tried to make use on the differences in security and legal policies to avoid from investigation. Typical examples are the crime involved serious injury, fraud and economic offenses that affected the social orders of the Two Coasts. Policing System covered a wide scope from government organization, establishment of police force, residency, transport, communication, port services¡K etc to the investigation of criminal cases. No matter which point of view was taking from, the ¡§Community Policing¡¨ was always the foundation of Police Administration. It represented the ¡§peripheral organization¡¨ and ¡§integrated individual execution unit¡¨ under the huge police structure. The community residents¡¦ impressions on the Police Organisation were mostly coming from the ¡§Community Policing¡¨. Hence, citizen¡¦s understanding on Policing would be started from ¡§Community Policing¡¨. Nowadays the society was built with the city. The society¡¦s security was highly replying on the city¡¦s security. At the same time, the city¡¦s security was dependent on the non-existence of criminal acts from the ¡§Community¡¨. It showed that ¡§Community Policing¡¨ was of high importance to the National Security and the peaceful of the Society. The above statements formed the basic in this research. This research started from literature review in history, definition and the content of Community Policing. That focused in the worldwide Community Policing Policy, in particularly Japan and US, in terms of policy design and administration. In Chapter 3 Research Design Section, a review was conducted which was based on Professor Wang Ming Seng¡¦s Public Affair Management (PAM) and supported by the theory under SDM. This review analyzed the demand and its strength on Community Policing at different stages in history under different conditions. Such conclusion formed the comparison and cooperation basis between the Two Coasts in terms of social economy, legal framework, government policy and organization management. Then the public value of Community Policing was reviewed using public value V.C.S. theory. If the development and exchange between the Two Coasts generate public value, Governments of the Two Coasts can then make decision in cooperation accordingly. When the Governments promoting the cooperation between the Two Coasts in Community Policing, due to a wide consideration range and involved several areas of concern, it was necessary to unify the analysis by cross boundary analysis theory. The root problem could then be identified and decision proposal could be made according to the decision and judgment theory. On the other hand, such decision could be affected by the special non-rational ideology and political election strategy of Southern Taiwan. It tried to lead group behavior of Southern Taiwan so as to achieve personal political benefits. During the cross boundary analysis, the success rating of analysis and suggested proposals could be determined in ten steps with study behind the ideology. After strict theory analysis, the Community Policing practices of Kaohsiung City and Shanghai City were reviewed. Finally, the author summarized the findings from cooperation topics between the Two Coasts and offered suggestions to some queries under the findings. That formed references to interested parties in the production, government and academic organizations.

In this thesis, we construct a mathematical model for Sectorized FFR Networks (SFN). In SFN, frequency allocation adopts FFR (Fractional Frequency Reuse), which divides the frequency into two parts: the super group (Sup-G) and the regular group (Reg-G). Since the frequency allocations of Sup-G and sectors overlaps each other, and the same frequency band is used by two Sup-G in two different BS, when the radius of Sup-G is too large, interferences will occur among the adjacent BS. In our mathematical model, given different environmental parameters (number of sector, number of MS, strength of power), we can compute the system capacity by varying the radius of Sup-G and the various environmental parameters. In practical applications, since the number of MS becomes smaller in the cellular edge and it increases rapidly in the cellular center, Gaussian distribution is more adequate to model the distribution of MS. Thus, in the calculation of interference, we take the integration of the path loss multiplied by the transmission power and the MS density. Finally, through the SINR and Shannon Capacity formula, we can derive the overall system capacity. From the mathematical model, we can achieve a ratio of Sup-G radius and cellular radius. With this radius ratio, an MS can have about the same capacity regardless of the position in the FFR network. Otherwise, an MS may get very different capacity when it moves to the cellular edge or sometimes it appears in the cellular center. Additionally, from the mathematical model, we can analyze the interferences and system capacity for different numbers of sectors.

Abstract The Love River basin is the most important river watershed in Kaohsiung City, Taiwan. It is 16-km long, drains a catchment of more than 50 km2. Figure 1 shows the Love River, its catchment, the sewer system and the manmade water ways for collecting the municipal wastewater from households (D,H,K,Bao-zhu,No.2). The pump stations were settled to pump the domestic waste water to the sewer system . The 16-km river begins as a trickle of runoff in the mountains of Kaoshiung County before flowing through the city and finally emptying into the Taiwan Strait. The drainage area is 5,600 hectares, and the population in the area is around 720,000. Investigation results demonstrate that the main water pollution sources are municipal wastewater, industrial wastewater, non-point source (NPS) pollutants, agricultural wastewater, and livestock wastewater. Investigation results show that the municipal wastewaters contribute more than 90% of the overall pollution loads to Love River, respectively. Currently, the percent of sewer system connection in the Love River watershed is less than 50%. Part of the municipal wastewater is discharged into the river without treatment. Moreover, there are 55 registered industrial factories discharge their wastewater into the Love River. Illegal or expedient discharges are sometimes practiced feeding polluted industrial flows into the river. Therefore, the untreated municipal wastewaters is the major cause of the poor water quality. The major objectives of this study were using the calibrated WASP water quality model (1) to obtain to evaluate the carrying capacity calculations for BOD . (2)to assess the improved effect to water quality by dilution of the river source water (3) to assess the improved effect to water quality by settling the local waste disposal beside the pumping station(4) to evaluate the improved effect to water quality by construction of riverbank natural treatment systems, and (5) to evaluate the improved effect to water quality by raising the popularity rate of hygienic sewers piping for users . Results from this study will provide the predicted remedial effects before bringing all sorts of costly remedial constructions into practice. Due to the construction of the sewer system was time-cosuming and expensively, and if the water quality of Love River was expected to be improved in the short-term , the comprehensive strategies for Love River watershed management could been proposed . Key Words Water quality; watershed; carrying capacity; BOD

The purpose of this study was to analyze the interactions of visitors and Formosan macaques (Macaca cyclopis) at the Mt. Longevity. Data on the attitudes of visitors were collected by using questionnaires covering topics such as purpose, frequency and opinions of visitors. Scan samplings, agonistic behavior samplings and focal samplings were used as observational methods to record the agonistic behaviors of monkeys. The study also analyzed patterns of human-monkey interactions that recorded through ad libitum samplings, including visitor participation that influenced agonistic behaviors among the monkeys. Statistical analyses were used to analyze various factors that influenced agonistic frequency and patterns. The agonistic behaviors in dyads during food provision tests were used to establish their rank relationships and dominance styles. Mt Longevity is a major recreational site in Kaohsiung city; the human pressure on Mt. Longevity was high and the tourist numbers were estimated as 6175 individuals ( ¡Ó 119, n = 10) in holidays and 3490 individuals ( ¡Ó 68, n = 10) in weekdays (between 08:00 to 18:00 hrs). The vegetation cover was apparently reduced above 60% in 16 recreational sites surveyed. The tourist numbers appeared to exceeding the carrying capacity of Mt. Longevity. The frequencies of human-monkey interaction were influenced by the number of monkeys and concentrated during the afternoons; the average frequency was 9.3 times / hr in holiday and 3.3 times / hr in weekday. The average frequency of tourists provisioned for monkeys was 0.59 times / hr ( ¡Ó 17.2, n = 131). An overall ratio of 17.5 : 1 between human-initiated and monkey-initiated interaction behaviors was found. Pass and eye contact accounted for over 67% of these interactions, and adult monkeys participated in human-monkey interaction more than the rest of the age / sex classes. During the conflict between human and macaques, most visitors used sticks or hands / legs to drive adult males away (63.5%). The average daily activities of Formosan macaques were: 37.7% inactive, 24.6% moving, 24.5% affiliation, eating / foraging 9.5% and agonistic behavior 2.6%. Frequencies of monkey aggressive behaviors increased along with increasing individuals of monkeys, and frequencies of their body aggressions and aggressions were higher during provision than without human disturbance. Open mouth threat was the most frequent aggressive behavior expressed by the monkeys (60.0%), while fleeing (37.0%) and squealing (36.0%) were the most common submissive behaviors. Agonistic initiators were mostly adult females (41.9%) and males (40.4%) and agonistic reactors were mostly juveniles (44.6%) and adult females (32.6%). Monkey contest was only 2.8% - 3.9% of total aggressive behaviors and the study revealed that the dominance style of Formosan macaques was despotic social system. The frequency of aggressive behavior of adult males (1.3 ¡Ó 2.1 times / 20min, n = 14) was 2.6 times in average to that of adult females (0.5 ¡Ó 0.9 times / 20min, n = 17). It varied significantly among different adult males and it was higher in mating seasons than the non-mating seasons (p<0.05). However, the frequencies of aggressive behavior of adult females were similar between seasons and among ranks (low, middle and high) but the frequency of submissive behaviors was higher in low rank adult females than that of high rank ones (p<0.05). Adult male and female Formosan macaques had a similar dominance style (aggression, avoidance, ignoring, undecided, AAD pattern and NNI pattern) in food tests; adult males showed more frequent aggression toward adult males than to adult females and juveniles. The individuals who showed open mouth threat had a success rate of getting food for over 50%.

In this thesis, we consider a capacity allocation problem in flexible manufacturing systems. We assume limited time and tool magazine capacities on the Computer Numerically Controlled (CNC) machines. We have a set of operations that have to be assigned to the machines and each operation requires a set of tools to be processed. Our problem is to allocate the available capacity of the CNC machines to operations and their required tools. We consider two problems in this study: maximizing the total weight of operations where there are a limited number of tools of each type available and maximizing total weight minus total tooling cost where the tools can be used or purchased at a cost. We model the problems as Integer Linear Programs and show that they are NP-hard in the strong sense. For the total weight problem, we propose upper bounds, branch and bound algorithm for exact solutions and several heuristics for approximate solutions. For the bicriteria problem, we use Lagrangean relaxation technique to obtain lower and upper bounds. Our computational results have revealed that all solution approaches give satisfactory results in reasonable times.