The work presented here mainly concerns the effects of surface tension on steep gravity waves. These are investigated by extending a numerical program to include surface tension. The work has been influenced by contact with coastal engineers, and as a result the third chapter is devoted to the study of waves near a wall, in particular on shallow water. The two themes are brought together in the final substantial chapter which has significant implications for the extrapolation of results from small scale experiments to prototype scale. Chapter 1 introduces capillary waves. In chapter 2, results from the potential flow solver for nonlinear almost steady waves are compared with the theoretical work of Longuet-Higgins (1963,1995) and experiments Perlin, Ting & Lin (1993) and found generally to be in agreement. Some differences between our numerical results and the work of these authors are highlighted and explained. Chapter 3 relates to coastal engineering applications and considers a different type of surface wave, the gravity waves found in front of coastal structures. The study focuses on the hydrodynamic parameters on the bed under such waves. In particular, trends as the water depth is decreased and the failure of linear theory on shallow depths. Study of the interaction of such waves with coastal structures is continued in chapter 4. The flow of water due to the overtopping of a vertical wall by waves is modelled. Results for overtopping volume per wave are in general agreement with experimental data on overtopping rates. The model is used to investigate the effect of different shapes for bed geometry in front of the wall. The preceding chapters are brought together in the final sections. The inclusion of surface tension allows us to perform overtopping calculations for the small scale waves often used in wave experiments. We find that surface tension can significantly affect the overtopping volumes and run-up heights

<p>The present work deals with some aspects of the fluidmechanics of paper-making,more specifically partial dewateringduring roll forming. The study is mainly experimental. Pressureand wire position measurements have been carried out in anexperimental facility, the KTH-Former,which models the rollforming zone of a paper machine.</p><p>Measurements are carried out with pure water for threedifferent wires (fabrics): A non-permeable,a semi-permeable anda conventional wire. Although not used in paper making,thenon-permeable wire is useful when trying to understand thefundamental mechanics of roll forming.The semi-permeable wirewith finite but low permeability is used to model the effectsof the fibre web on the drainage.</p><p>Tests have mainly been carried out for different wiretensions and different jet speeds. It is shown that the localcurvature of the wire is strongly correlated to the dewateringpressure.</p><p>The conventiona wire shows a single pressure peak causingcomplete de- watering in the first part of the dewateringzone.The pressure distributions for the non-and semi-permeablewires are found to show two consecutive pressure peaks followedby a suction peak where the wire is taken of the roll.Thisoscillating behaviour is due to capillary waves where the wiretension plays the role of surface tension on a free surface.Thewavy behaviour of the wire is recovered from an analyticalmodel and the effect is governed by a dimensionless Webernumber. The measured wave lengths correspond well to thosegiven by the theory.</p><p>When the wire tension is high,i.e.a high dewateringpressure,the flow in the impingement region collapses when thedynamic pressure of the headbox jet is about half of thedewatering pressure. It is shown experimentally that the localdrainage shows a correlation to the dewatering pressure andhence to the wire curvature.</p>

The present work deals with some aspects of the fluidmechanics of paper-making,more specifically partial dewateringduring roll forming. The study is mainly experimental. Pressureand wire position measurements have been carried out in anexperimental facility, the KTH-Former,which models the rollforming zone of a paper machine. Measurements are carried out with pure water for threedifferent wires (fabrics): A non-permeable,a semi-permeable anda conventional wire. Although not used in paper making,thenon-permeable wire is useful when trying to understand thefundamental mechanics of roll forming.The semi-permeable wirewith finite but low permeability is used to model the effectsof the fibre web on the drainage. Tests have mainly been carried out for different wiretensions and different jet speeds. It is shown that the localcurvature of the wire is strongly correlated to the dewateringpressure. The conventiona wire shows a single pressure peak causingcomplete de- watering in the first part of the dewateringzone.The pressure distributions for the non-and semi-permeablewires are found to show two consecutive pressure peaks followedby a suction peak where the wire is taken of the roll.Thisoscillating behaviour is due to capillary waves where the wiretension plays the role of surface tension on a free surface.Thewavy behaviour of the wire is recovered from an analyticalmodel and the effect is governed by a dimensionless Webernumber. The measured wave lengths correspond well to thosegiven by the theory. When the wire tension is high,i.e.a high dewateringpressure,the flow in the impingement region collapses when thedynamic pressure of the headbox jet is about half of thedewatering pressure. It is shown experimentally that the localdrainage shows a correlation to the dewatering pressure andhence to the wire curvature. / NR 20140805

Este trabalho apresenta o desenvolvimento de novas instrumentações baseadas em efeitos fototérmicos para o estudo de interfaces sólido-líquido e líquido-gás, incluindo no último caso o efeito de surfactantes. O trabalho está dividido em capítulos, cada um enfocando o desenvolvimento e/ou aplicação de uma nova técnica. O Capítulo I apresenta uma introdução aos fenômenos fototérmicos e desecreve a construção de instrumentos clássicos de Lente Térmica (LT) nas configurações de simples e duplo feixe. Interfaces sólido-líquido foram estudadas nos capítulos II-IV usando variações da instrumentação clássica de LT. Um novo sinal fototérmico foi caracterizado, indicando a formação de uma lente térmica invertida na interface. Experimentos de varredura-z na configuração por reflexão foram usados para determinar a mudança no índice de refração da interface próximo ao ângulo crítico, e uma metodologia similar foi utilizada para a medida da difusividade térmica de amostras opacas. Nos capítulos V-VII, a deformação de superfícies líquidas foi estudada pelo efeito Marangoni induzido por laser e pela geração de ondas capilares. A transferência de calor pela interface líquido-gás foi monitorada por Deflexão Fototérmica Transversal. Em todos os casos, a influência de surfactantes foi estudada pela formação de uma monocamada na superfície dos líquidos. Observou-se que uma pequena quantidade de surfactante é capaz de cessar a movimentação de líquidos induzida por gradientes de tensão superficial e aumentar significativamente a transferência de calor pela interface. Os resultados indicam uma correlação entre as transições de fase das monocamadas e a atenuação da deformação superficial bem como o aumento na transferência de calor. Finalmente, o capítulo VIII apresenta uma coleção de trabalhos que derivaram dos estudos relacionados com as instrumentações desenvolvidas. / This work presents the development of new instrumentations based on photothermal phenomena to study solid-liquid and liquid-gas interfaces, including in the latter the effect of surfactants. The work is divided into chapters, each one focusing on the development and/or application of a new technique. Chapter I presents an introduction to photothermal phenomena and describes the construction of classical Thermal Lens (TL) instruments in the single and double-beam configurations. Solid-liquid interfaces were studied in chapters II-IV using variations of the classical TL instrumentation. A new photothermal signal was characterized, indicating the formation of an inverted thermal lens at the interface. Z-scan experiments in the reflection configuration were used to determine the change in the refractive index of an interface close to the critical angle, and a similar methodolody was used to measure the thermal diffusivity of opaque samples. In Chapters V-VII, the deformation of liquid surfaces was studied by laser-induced Marangoni effect and the generation of capillary waves. Heat transfer through the liquid-gas interface was monitored by Transverse Photothermal Deflection. In all cases, the influence of surfactants was studied by forming a monolayer on the surface of the liquids. It was observed that a tiny amount of surfactants was able to cease the motion of liquid induced by surface tension gradients and to increase significantly the heat transfer through the interface. The results indicate a correlation between phase transitions of the monolayers and the attenuation of the surface deformation as well as the increase in the heat transfer. Finally, chapter VIII is a collection of other works that derived from the studies related to the instrumentations developed.

La turbulence d'onde faible (TTF) est une théorie statistique appliquée à un ensemble d'ondes aléatoires non cohérentes et dispersives. En supposant un domaine infini et une nonlinéarité infinitésimale, une prédiction sur la cascade d'énergie entre échelles par le biais d'interactions résonantes des échelles d'injection aux échelles dissipatives est alors possible. La théorie semble souvent mise en défaut par la confrontation expérimentale pour les ondes de surface. Une explication potentielle de cette divergence entre expérience et théorie est l'aspect fortement restrictif des hypothèses nécessaires à la validité de la théorie. Nous proposons dans cette thèse d'explorer l'impact du non-respect de certaines de ces hypothèses sur les propriétés statistiques de la turbulence. Des expériences à l'interface de deux liquides non-miscibles ont été entreprises afin d'étudier l'impact de l'augmentation de la dissipation visqueuse et donc de la réduction du temps dissipatif sur la mise en place de la cascade d'énergie. Une expérience à la surface de l'eau avec un confinement progressif de la largeur de la cuve a été effectuée afin d'observer une potentielle coexistence de la turbulence discrète, dans la direction confinée, et continue, dans la direction non confinée. Une analyse expérimentale des ondes gravito-capillaires où la dispersion a été réduite a permis de mettre en lumière une transition d'un régime de TTF vers un régime contenant des structures cohérentes localisées que sont les solitons. Afin de vérifier si une telle transition peut être visible sur un système physique différent, une étude expérimentale et numérique ont été conduites sur les ondes dans une plaque élastique précontrainte. Dans ce milieu l'effet de dispersion des ondes de flexion et en compétition avec le caractère non-dispersif des ondes de tension. Nous nous intéresserons par ailleurs numériquement aux régimes faiblement et fortement non-linéaires des ondes purement non-dispersives dans la membrane. / Weak wave turbulence (WTT) is a statistical theory applied to a large number of incoherent and dispersive waves. Based on the hypothesis of small non-linearity and infinite domain the theory predicts an energy cascade from the forcing scales to the dissipative scales. The confrontation of WTT to experiment for surface waves raises many inconsistencies. The strong hypotheses on which is developed the WWT may be the explanation of such disparity between experiment and theory. The aim of this Thesis is to investigate the impact of the invalidation of some of these conditions on the statistical properties of turbulence. Experiments of interfacial waves between two non-miscible fluids with different viscosities have been carried out to characterize the effect of the increase of viscous dissipation on the energy cascade. An experiment at the surface of water with an increasing confinement of the width of the vessel has been done in order to possibly observe a co-existence between discrete turbulence and classical turbulence. An experimental study of gravity-capillary waves with a decrease of dispersion led us to the observation of a transition to a solitonic regime. In order to verify whether such a transition can be observed in a different physical system, an experimental and numerical study were conducted on the waves in a prestressed elastic plate. In this medium, the effect of dispersion of bending waves is competing with the non-dispersive aspect of stretching waves. We also studied weakly and strongly non-linear regimes of purely stretching waves in a membrane.

Este trabalho apresenta o desenvolvimento de novas instrumentações baseadas em efeitos fototérmicos para o estudo de interfaces sólido-líquido e líquido-gás, incluindo no último caso o efeito de surfactantes. O trabalho está dividido em capítulos, cada um enfocando o desenvolvimento e/ou aplicação de uma nova técnica. O Capítulo I apresenta uma introdução aos fenômenos fototérmicos e desecreve a construção de instrumentos clássicos de Lente Térmica (LT) nas configurações de simples e duplo feixe. Interfaces sólido-líquido foram estudadas nos capítulos II-IV usando variações da instrumentação clássica de LT. Um novo sinal fototérmico foi caracterizado, indicando a formação de uma lente térmica invertida na interface. Experimentos de varredura-z na configuração por reflexão foram usados para determinar a mudança no índice de refração da interface próximo ao ângulo crítico, e uma metodologia similar foi utilizada para a medida da difusividade térmica de amostras opacas. Nos capítulos V-VII, a deformação de superfícies líquidas foi estudada pelo efeito Marangoni induzido por laser e pela geração de ondas capilares. A transferência de calor pela interface líquido-gás foi monitorada por Deflexão Fototérmica Transversal. Em todos os casos, a influência de surfactantes foi estudada pela formação de uma monocamada na superfície dos líquidos. Observou-se que uma pequena quantidade de surfactante é capaz de cessar a movimentação de líquidos induzida por gradientes de tensão superficial e aumentar significativamente a transferência de calor pela interface. Os resultados indicam uma correlação entre as transições de fase das monocamadas e a atenuação da deformação superficial bem como o aumento na transferência de calor. Finalmente, o capítulo VIII apresenta uma coleção de trabalhos que derivaram dos estudos relacionados com as instrumentações desenvolvidas. / This work presents the development of new instrumentations based on photothermal phenomena to study solid-liquid and liquid-gas interfaces, including in the latter the effect of surfactants. The work is divided into chapters, each one focusing on the development and/or application of a new technique. Chapter I presents an introduction to photothermal phenomena and describes the construction of classical Thermal Lens (TL) instruments in the single and double-beam configurations. Solid-liquid interfaces were studied in chapters II-IV using variations of the classical TL instrumentation. A new photothermal signal was characterized, indicating the formation of an inverted thermal lens at the interface. Z-scan experiments in the reflection configuration were used to determine the change in the refractive index of an interface close to the critical angle, and a similar methodolody was used to measure the thermal diffusivity of opaque samples. In Chapters V-VII, the deformation of liquid surfaces was studied by laser-induced Marangoni effect and the generation of capillary waves. Heat transfer through the liquid-gas interface was monitored by Transverse Photothermal Deflection. In all cases, the influence of surfactants was studied by forming a monolayer on the surface of the liquids. It was observed that a tiny amount of surfactants was able to cease the motion of liquid induced by surface tension gradients and to increase significantly the heat transfer through the interface. The results indicate a correlation between phase transitions of the monolayers and the attenuation of the surface deformation as well as the increase in the heat transfer. Finally, chapter VIII is a collection of other works that derived from the studies related to the instrumentations developed.

When traditional linearised theory is used to study free-surface flows past a surface-piercing object or over an obstruction in a stream, the geometry of the object is usually lost, having been assumed small in one or several of its dimensions. In order to preserve the nonlinear nature of the geometry, asymptotic expansions in the low-Froude or low-Bond limits can be derived, but here, the solution invariably predicts a waveless free-surface at every order. This is because the waves are in fact, exponentially small, and thus beyond-all-orders of regular asymptotics; their formation is a consequence of the divergence of the asymptotic series and the associated Stokes Phenomenon. In this thesis, we will apply exponential asymptotics to the study of two new problems involving nonlinear geometries. In the first, we examine the case of free-surface flow over a step including the effects of both gravity and surface tension. Here, we shall see that the availability of multiple singularities in the geometry, coupled with the interplay of gravitational and cohesive effects, leads to the discovery of a remarkable new set of solutions. In the second problem, we study the waves produced by bluff-bodied ships in low-Froude flows. We will derive the analytical form of the exponentially small waves for a wide range of hull geometries, including single-cornered and multi-cornered ships, and then provide comparisons with numerical computations. A particularly significant result is our confirmation of the thirty-year old conjecture by Vanden-Broeck & Tuck (1977) regarding the impossibility of waveless single-cornered ships.

Cette thèse expérimentale porte sur des impacts de gouttes en caléfaction, aussi appelée régime Leidenfrost. Dans ce cas, la goutte est isolée thermiquement et mécaniquement du substrat surchauffé par une fine couche de vapeur. On s'affranchit ainsi de la friction visqueuse. Les substrats présentent des textures micrométriques localisées. On retrouve un régime autosimilaire d'étalement aux temps courts. On caractérise des régimes de recouvrement d'un défaut ponctuel par la goutte. Ces régimes sont dictés par l'épaisseur de lamelle par rapport à celle du défaut. Les défauts génèrent des excroissances dans leur sillage dont la dynamique peut être approchée selon deux modèles inertio-capillaires ; l'un valable aux temps courts, l'autre aux temps plus longs. En présence de plusieurs défauts, on fragmente la lamelle depuis plusieurs sites selon le ratio entre largeur des défauts et épaisseur de la lamelle. On simule par un algorithme de pavage le motif final sur lequel le fluide se concentre à la fin de la fragmentation. Grâce à des rugosités plus complexes on peut canaliser l'étalement de la goutte. On exacerbe alors l'étalement maximal dans l'axe des canaux. On peut aussi inhiber l'étalement par des textures circulaires. Les rugosités affectent le temps avant rebond de la goutte. On exhibe une dépendance générale unique entre temps avant rebond et étalement maximal. La dépendance est valable lorsque les textures exacerbent l’étalement, aussi bien que lorsqu’elles l’inhibent / The presented work deals with drop impacts in Leidenfrost regime. In such a case, the drop is thermally and mechanically isolated from the overheated substrate by a thin vapor layer. Viscous friction can therefore be neglected. The substrates are shaped with localized micrometric textures. We rediscover a self-similar spreading regime at short times. We characterize covering regimes of a single defect by the drop. Those regimes are driven by the ratio between lamella thickness and defect thickness. Defects give rise to excrescences in their wake, whose dynamic can be approached by two inertial-capillary recoil models. One is valid at short times and the other at longer times. In the case of several defects, we break up the lamella from different sites according to the ratio between defect width and lamella thickness. We numerically predict, with a tessellation algorithm, the pattern on which the fluid is localized at the end of the fragmentation. Through more complex textures, we can channel the drop spreading. The spreading is increased in the directions of the channels. One can also inhibit the spreading with circular textures. The textures affect the time before drop rebound. We exhibit a general and unique dependency between time before rebound and maximal spreading. This dependency is valid when textures increase the spreading as well as when they inhibit it

No description available.