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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
1

Towards the Synthesis of Novel Glycomimetics of <i>N</i>-Acetyl-2-amino-2-deoxy-D-mannopyranose uronic acid (D-ManNAcA) and Derivatives

Buabeng, Emmnauel Ramsey 23 August 2016 (has links)
No description available.
2

Characterization of carbohydrate based vaccines / Caractérisation de vaccin à base glucides

Tontini, Marta 26 October 2012 (has links)
CARACTERISATION DE VACCINS A BASE DE GLUCIDESVariables influençant l'immunogénicité et propriétés physico-chimiques des vaccins glycoconjuguésDe nombreux aspects peuvent influer sur l'immunogénicité des vaccins conjugués et les principales variables étudiées jusqu'ici sont la taille du fragment saccharide et la nature des glycosides: taux de protéine dans le conjugué purifié, la stratégie de conjugaison, nature de l’espaceur et la protéine porteuse.La taille de la partie saccharidique et le ratio de cette partie / protéine a été étudiée dans différents travaux de Seppälä et Mäkelä,.Dans l'une des premières études sur l'effet de la taille sur l'immunogénicité de la protéine conjuguées à des dextrans, il a été montré que des dextrans de faible poids moléculaire conjugué à l’albumine sérique de poluet induit des réponses anti-dextran fortes chez la souris. L’augmentation de la taille du dextran, a abouti à une réduction de l’immunogénicité. Peeters et al. a montré qu’un tétramère synthétique de Hib unité capsulaire polysaccharide, conjuguée à un support protéique, induit chez des souris adultes, des niveaux d'anticorps primates non humains comparables à un conjugué Hib commercial. Ces niveaux sont plus élevées que ceux induits par un trimère répété, ce qui indique que pour le Hib un minimum de huit sucres est nécessaire pour une bonne réponse immunologique. Laferrière et al. a trouvé peu d'influence de la longueur de la chaîne glucidique sur l'immunogénicité des vaccins antipneumococciques conjugués chez la souris. Pozsgay et al. a étudié chez la souris, l'immunogénicité de l’oligosaccharides du LPS de Shigella dysenteriae de type 1 conjugué à l'albumine sérique humaine (HSA). Les auteurs ont constaté que les octa-, dodéca-, et des fragments de hexadécasaccharides induit des niveaux élevés d'anticorps IgG après trois injections. Ces niveaux sont supérieurs à ceux obtenus avec un conjugué tétrasaccharidique. L'influence du ratio glucides / protéine est différente pour les trois conjugués. Le conjugué octasaccharide-HSA avec la plus forte densité provoque une bonne réponse immunitaire, tandis que dans le cas des conjugués dodéca- et hexadécasaccharides, la densité médiane est optimal. Ces études suggèrent que la longueur de la chaîne d'oligosaccharides et le chargement de l’haptène peuvent être liés entre eux pour déterminer l'immunogénicité des vaccins glycoconjugués.L'espaceur est une molécule linéaire courte qui est généralement liée à la chaîne polysaccharidique et la protéine ou de fragments. Il ya des évidences dans la littérature qui suggèrent que les espaceurs rigides, contraints comme le maléimide cyclohexyle, provoquent une importante quantité d'anticorps indésirables, avec le risque de conduire à une réponse immunitaire éloignée de l'épitope ciblé sur la haptène. L'utilisation d'un alkyle souple type maleimido a été rapporté comme un moyen de surmonter l'immunogénicité observée précédemment. Un certain nombre de transporteurs protéiques ont été utilisés jusqu'ici dans l'évaluation préclinique et clinique de vaccins conjugués. Des protéines telles que les anatoxines diphtériques et tétaniques, qui dérivent des toxines respectives, après la décontamination chimique avec le formaldéhyde, ont été initialement choisies comme transporteur en raison de inocuité (tétanos et la vaccination contre la diphtérie). CRM 197, un mutant non toxique de la toxine 61 de la diphtérie a été largement utilisé comme support pour Hib. Un complexe protéique de la membrane externe de méningocoque du sérogroupe B a été utilisé par Merck comme support pour leur vaccin conjugué Hib. GSK dans leur vaccin antipneumococcique, conjugué multivalent, introduit la protéine D Hib liée à la plupart des polysaccharides inclus dans le vaccin. L'équipe de John Robbins fait un large usage de la forme recombinante non toxique de l’exo-toxine de Pseudomonas aeruginosa comme support contre Staphylococcus aureus de type 5 et 8 ainsi que pour Salmonella. / CHARACTERIZATION OF CARBOHYDRATE BASED VACCINES Variables influencing the immunogenicity and physicochemical properties of glycoconjugate vaccinesMany aspects can influence the immunogenicity of conjugate vaccines and the main variables investigated so far are the size of the saccharide moiety, the saccharide:protein ratio in the purified conjugate, the conjugation strategy, the nature of the spacer and the protein carrier. The size of the saccharide moiety and saccharide/protein ratio were investigated in different works such as Seppälä and Mäkelä in one of the first studies on the effect of size and chemistry on the immunogenicity of dextrans-protein conjugates found that dextrans of low molecular weight conjugated to chicken serum albumin, induced strong anti-dextran responses in mice, while increasing the dextrans' size resulted in reduced immunogenicity.47 Peeters et al. showed that a synthetic tetramer of Hib capsular polysaccharide repeating unit, conjugated to a protein carrier, induced in adult mice and non-human primates antibody levels comparable to a commercial Hib conjugate and higher than those induced by a trimer, indicating that for Hib a minimum of eight sugars is needed for a proper immunological response.48 Laferriere et al. found little influence of the carbohydrate chain length on the immunogenicity of pneumococcal conjugate vaccines in mice.49 Pozsgay et al. studied the immunogenicity in mice of synthetic Shigella dysenteriae type 1 LPS oligosaccharides conjugated to human serum albumin (HSA). The authors found that octa-, dodeca-, and hexadecasaccharide fragments induced high levels of lipopolysaccharide binding IgG antibodies in mice after three injections and were superior to a tetrasaccharide conjugate. The influence of the carbohydrate/protein ratio was different for the three conjugates. The octasaccharide-HSA conjugate with the highest density evoked a good immune response, while in the case of dodeca- and hexadecasaccharide conjugates, the median density was optimal.50 These studies suggest that oligosaccharide chain length and hapten loading might be interconnected in determining the immunogenicity of glycoconjugate vaccines. The spacer is a short linear molecule that is generally linked to the polysaccharide chain or to the protein or to both moieties, depending on the chemistry, used to facilitate the coupling between the protein and sugar. There are evidences in the literature which suggest that rigid, constrained spacers like cyclohexyl maleimide, elicit a significant amount of undesirable antibodies, with the risk of driving the immune response away from the targeted epitope on the hapten.51 52 The use of a flexible alkyl type maleimido spacer has been reported as a way to overcome the previous observed immunogenicity of cyclic maleimide linkers.53 A number of protein carriers have been used so far in preclinical and clinical evaluation of conjugate vaccines. 54 55 56 57 58 59 60Proteins such as diphtheria and tetanus toxoids, which derive from the respective toxins after chemical detoxification with formaldehyde, were initially selected as carrier because of the safety track record accumulated with tetanus and diphtheria vaccination. CRM197, a non-toxic mutant of diphtheria toxin61 which instead does not need chemical detoxification, has been extensively used as carrier for licensed Hib, pneumococcal, meningococcal conjugate vaccines and for other vaccines being developed. An outer membrane protein complex of serogroup B meningococcus has been used by Merck as carrier for their Hib conjugate vaccine.62 GSK in their multivalent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine introduced the use of the Hib-related protein D as carrier for most of the polysaccharides included into the vaccine.63 64 The team of John Robbins made extensive use of the recombinant non toxic form of Pseudomonas aeruginosa exo-toxin as carrier for Staphylococcus aureus type 5 and 8 as well as for Salmonella
3

Characterization of carbohydrate based vaccines

Tontini, Marta 26 October 2012 (has links) (PDF)
CHARACTERIZATION OF CARBOHYDRATE BASED VACCINES Variables influencing the immunogenicity and physicochemical properties of glycoconjugate vaccinesMany aspects can influence the immunogenicity of conjugate vaccines and the main variables investigated so far are the size of the saccharide moiety, the saccharide:protein ratio in the purified conjugate, the conjugation strategy, the nature of the spacer and the protein carrier. The size of the saccharide moiety and saccharide/protein ratio were investigated in different works such as Seppälä and Mäkelä in one of the first studies on the effect of size and chemistry on the immunogenicity of dextrans-protein conjugates found that dextrans of low molecular weight conjugated to chicken serum albumin, induced strong anti-dextran responses in mice, while increasing the dextrans' size resulted in reduced immunogenicity.47 Peeters et al. showed that a synthetic tetramer of Hib capsular polysaccharide repeating unit, conjugated to a protein carrier, induced in adult mice and non-human primates antibody levels comparable to a commercial Hib conjugate and higher than those induced by a trimer, indicating that for Hib a minimum of eight sugars is needed for a proper immunological response.48 Laferriere et al. found little influence of the carbohydrate chain length on the immunogenicity of pneumococcal conjugate vaccines in mice.49 Pozsgay et al. studied the immunogenicity in mice of synthetic Shigella dysenteriae type 1 LPS oligosaccharides conjugated to human serum albumin (HSA). The authors found that octa-, dodeca-, and hexadecasaccharide fragments induced high levels of lipopolysaccharide binding IgG antibodies in mice after three injections and were superior to a tetrasaccharide conjugate. The influence of the carbohydrate/protein ratio was different for the three conjugates. The octasaccharide-HSA conjugate with the highest density evoked a good immune response, while in the case of dodeca- and hexadecasaccharide conjugates, the median density was optimal.50 These studies suggest that oligosaccharide chain length and hapten loading might be interconnected in determining the immunogenicity of glycoconjugate vaccines. The spacer is a short linear molecule that is generally linked to the polysaccharide chain or to the protein or to both moieties, depending on the chemistry, used to facilitate the coupling between the protein and sugar. There are evidences in the literature which suggest that rigid, constrained spacers like cyclohexyl maleimide, elicit a significant amount of undesirable antibodies, with the risk of driving the immune response away from the targeted epitope on the hapten.51 52 The use of a flexible alkyl type maleimido spacer has been reported as a way to overcome the previous observed immunogenicity of cyclic maleimide linkers.53 A number of protein carriers have been used so far in preclinical and clinical evaluation of conjugate vaccines. 54 55 56 57 58 59 60Proteins such as diphtheria and tetanus toxoids, which derive from the respective toxins after chemical detoxification with formaldehyde, were initially selected as carrier because of the safety track record accumulated with tetanus and diphtheria vaccination. CRM197, a non-toxic mutant of diphtheria toxin61 which instead does not need chemical detoxification, has been extensively used as carrier for licensed Hib, pneumococcal, meningococcal conjugate vaccines and for other vaccines being developed. An outer membrane protein complex of serogroup B meningococcus has been used by Merck as carrier for their Hib conjugate vaccine.62 GSK in their multivalent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine introduced the use of the Hib-related protein D as carrier for most of the polysaccharides included into the vaccine.63 64 The team of John Robbins made extensive use of the recombinant non toxic form of Pseudomonas aeruginosa exo-toxin as carrier for Staphylococcus aureus type 5 and 8 as well as for Salmonella
4

Effet de Streptococcus Suis sur la capacité de présentation antigénique de cellules dendritiques

Letendre, Corinne 04 1900 (has links)
Streptococcus suis est un important pathogène porcin et humain, causant méningites et septicémies. Des études suggèrent que S. suis dispose de facteurs de virulence, notamment sa capsule polysaccharidique (CPS), qui lui permettent de moduler les fonctions des cellules dendritiques (DCs), situées à l’interface entre l’immunité innée et adaptative. Les difficultés à développer un vaccin efficace suggèrent aussi une altération de la voie T dépendante. L’objectif général du projet était d’évaluer l’effet de S. suis sur l’activation des cellules T CD4+ ainsi que sur la capacité de présentation antigénique des DCs. Nous avons étudié dans un modèle murin in vivo la réponse T CD4+ mémoire lors d’infections primaire et secondaire. Une faible réponse mémoire centrale a été obtenue, suggérant que la réponse adaptative générée contre S. suis est limitée. Étant donné l’importance du complexe majeur d’histocompatibilité (MHC) de classe II dans la présentation antigénique, nous avons évalué in vitro et in vivo l’expression de ces molécules chez les DCs. Une modulation de l’expression du MHC-II par S. suis a été observée. L’analyse de la transcription de gènes impliqués dans la régulation transcriptionnelle et post-transcriptionnelle du MHC-II nous permet de suggérer que S. suis régule à la baisse la synthèse de nouvelles molécules et favorise leur dégradation lysosomale. Cette stratégie, dans laquelle la CPS ne jouerait qu’un rôle partiel, permettrait à S. suis d’échapper à la réponse adaptative T dépendante. Les résultats de cette étude fourniront de nouvelles perspectives dans la compréhension de la réponse adaptative lors de l’infection par S. suis. / Streptococcus suis is an important swine and human pathogen causing meningitis and septicemia. Recent studies suggest that S. suis possesses several virulence factors, including the capsular polysaccharide, which enable this pathogen to modulate dendritic cell (DCs) functions. DCs are key immune cells that bridge innate and adaptive immunity. Moreover, the difficulties in developing an effective vaccine suggest that S. suis interferes with the T-cell dependent response. The main objective of the project was to evaluate the effect of S. suis on CD4+ T-cell activation, as well as on the antigen presentation ability of DCs. We investigated the CD4+ T-cell memory response in an in vivo mouse model. A poor central memory response was obtained following primary and secondary infections with S. suis, thus suggesting that the adaptive immune response against this pathogen is limited. The major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II is central to the antigen presentation pathway. We thus investigated in vitro and in vivo the expression of these molecules on DCs. We observed a modulation in the expression of MHC-II by S. suis. Transcriptional analysis of genes involved in transcriptional and post-transcriptional regulation of MHC-II suggests that S. suis downregulates synthesis of MHC-II molecules and promotes their lysosomal degradation. This strategy, in which the CPS would play only a partial role, might allow S. suis to evade the T-cell dependent adaptive response. Overall, these results provide new insights into the comprehension of the adaptive immune response during the infection by S. suis.

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