This thesis has as its main goal the objective analysis of the potential for captive insurance risk management in specific situations and market analysis of captive insurance. It uses a description of the history and development of this sector, addressing the advantages and disadvantages, which helps to reflect on the usefulness of this tool. Furthermore, the analysis of that market, location options of captive insurance companies and types of captives are described here as well. A large part of this work is the concept of the life cycle of captive insurance companies. It contains general conditions that are necessary for the creation of captive insurance companies. Finally, the thesis deals with trends, provides a view of the future and present regulation of the sector.

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Between the years of 1991 and 1995, two different chimpanzee nursery rearing strategies were employed by caregivers and research staff at the Yerkes National Primate Research Center. One of these strategies included, in addition to the basic care provided by both nurseries, an additional 4 hours of human contact for 5 days each week. This human contact was provided by caregivers instructed in the behavior of chimpanzee mothers toward their offspring and instructed to emulate that behavior as much as possible. Various measures of cognitive and motor development were taken during the first year of the nursery-reared chimpanzees' lives; additionally, a modified version of the Strange Situation Test, used to measure attachment, was used to assess the chimpanzees' attachment style to their primary human caregiver. Based on these measures, chimpanzees reared in the standard care nursery (without the additional human contact) were significantly more likely to exhibit disorganized attachment styles towards their human caregiver; additionally, the standard care chimpanzees displayed less advanced motor and cognitive development. The responsive care chimpanzees (reared with the additional human contact) developed cognitively and in terms of motor function at a faster rate than the standard care chimpanzees; they also exhibited less coping skills. After one year of rearing in these two nurseries, all the chimpanzees were reared in conspecific social groups and the differential nurseries were terminated. In 2011-2012, 22 out of 49 of the original chimpanzee subjects were reassessed in an attempt to determine of long term effects of these differential rearing styles could still be detected. Chimpanzees that were identified as exhibiting disorganized attachment at one year of age exhibited significantly higher rates of abnormal behavior as compared to those that did not exhibit a disorganized attachment style at one year of age. Chimpanzees reared in both nurseries exhibited significantly higher rates of abnormal behavior, solicitation of, and attendance to humans as compared to chimpanzees that were mother-reared. Additionally, chimpanzees reared in either nursery were rated by survey respondents as exhibiting significantly higher human orientation and significantly lower subjective well-being as compared to mother-reared chimpanzees. Finally, trends found in the data consistently indicated that chimpanzees reared with more extensive human contact (responsive care) exhibited higher rates of abnormal behavior, solicitation of, and attendance toward humans as compared to standard care chimpanzees. Trends also indicated consistently that responsive care subjects were scored higher on human orientation and lower on subjective well-being by survey respondents. Sign tests were conducted to explore these differences and consistent support was found for these trends as significant. Further research should be conducted to explore welfare-related issues as related to differential nursery rearing strategies for chimpanzees.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of North Texas, 2002. / Title from PDF title page (viewed on Dec. 9, 2004). Includes bibliographical references (p. 350-356).

Thesis (M.E. Des.)--University of Calgary, 2000. / Includes bibliographical references.

Compromised welfare and wellbeing of elephants (Loxodonta africana and Elephas maximus) in captive facilities are significant and global problems. The period between birth and two years old is crucial for calf survival and social and environmental learning. Behaviour and developmental processes among captive elephant calves in these first years were compared with those seen in wild calves. Wild elephants calves develop within a complex, varied social context and provide one reference for normal patterns of development. Such comparisons enable insights into welfare at captive facilities. Eleven captive elephant calves born at three UK facilities were studied from birth to 18 months (AsianN=6; AfricanN=5). Older calves (AsianN=2; AfricanN=2) were also sampled up to 3.5 years; making a total of 15 calves studied from 2009 to 2014. Due to the small sample size, the 11 younger calves were also discussed as individual case studies. By 2017, only two of these case study calves were both alive and not orphaned. Three additional calves (AsianN=1; AfricanN=2) died on their day of birth and were not sampled. This small sample highlights the ongoing lack of self-sustaining populations of captive elephants. This thesis collated systematic behavioural observations on captive calves across 373 days (483.5hrs). Calf maintenance activities (feeding, resting, moving), associations with mother and others, interactions and calf play were compared with behavioural observations of wild AsianN=101 (74hrs, Uda Walawe, Sri Lanka) and wild AfricanN=130 (252hrs, Amboseli, Kenya) calves from ~birth to five yrs. Mothers’ (captive: AsianN=4; AfricanN=4; wild: AsianN=90; AfricanN=105) activities were also recorded to explore synchrony with calves. Captive calves raised by their mothers had similar activity budgets to those seen in the wild. Expected age-related declines in suckling were found in captivity. However, captive calves were more independent than wild calves for their age in distance from mother and spent significantly more time in play. A Decision Tree for whether to breed elephants in captivity was developed; benefits that a calf potentially brings to companions, e.g. multi-generational matrilineal groups, enabling social bonding and reducing abnormal behaviours, were considered against space required for families to grow and divide naturally over time, as well as ensuring that captive-bred males are socially sustained. It was recommended that facilities invest in future enclosure/housing designs which permit: free-access to other elephants; 24hr trickle feeding; juvenile males allowed to stay with their maternal group for longer, encouraging learning opportunities and further retaining age-structure/composition. Conversely, facilities unwilling to house a male or provide appropriate group size/composition are recommended to cease breeding.

Thesis (MComm)--Stellenbosch University, 2003. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Much research has been done on risk coverage within the field of the traditional insurance market, but the concept of alternative risk transfer is fairly new to the world of risk management. The need for more innovative, multi-faceted approaches to meet possible losses, together with the growing resistance to the cross-subsidisation inherent in traditional insurance, has initiated the development of the captive insurance industry as an alternative risk transfer mechanism. The objective of this research was to study the application of captive insurance as a risk management mechanism for managers. The objective comprised a modelling approach for managers to handle the strategic implications of establishing and operating a captive insurer. The tasks that were required for this assignment were as follows: • The completion of a literature study of the basic theory available on captive insurance as an internal risk financing mechanism for management; • The collection of relevant empirical information on the subject by means of questionnaires, which had to be based on the literature study; • The critical analysis of the collected data; and • The development of a decision-making model based on the outcome of the available information, that could provide a practical guideline for management to decide on the establishment and operation of a captive insurer. Twenty-five questionnaires were sent out during February 2003 to cover all the registered onshore and cell captive insurance companies in South Africa. Offshore insurance companies could not be included in this study due to article 33 of the Reserve Bank's Act no. 90 of 1989 regarding confidential information. Of the 25 captive insurance companies, 21 companies completed the questionnaires, and three respondents declared that they did not perform captive insurance activities anymore. A response rate of over 95 per cent is therefore achieved. The information obtained from the questionnaires was summarised on a SPSS spreadsheet and subjected to a statistical analysis to form the bases for the empirical investigation. The results of the empirical study for onshore and cell captive insurers leads to conclusions regarding the importance of the objectives needed for establishing and operating the captive Insurer. The three most importantfactors which should determine the decision of a holding company to establish an onshore captive insurer were identified as the financial commitment of the holding company, the spreading of the risks of the holding company, and the retention capacity of the holding company. The three most importantfactors which should determine the decision of a holding company to operate an onshore captive insurer are the retention capacity of the holding company, the financial commitment of the holding company, and the management commitment of the holding company. The three most importantfactors which should determine the decision of a holding company to establish a cell captive insurer were identified as the spreading of the risks of the holding company, the retention capacity of the holding company, and the financial commitment of the holding company. The three most importantfactors which should determine the decision of a holding company to operate a cell captive insurer are the financial commitment of the holding company, the spreading of the risks of the holding company, and the management commitment of the holding company. A decision-making model for both onshore and cell captive insurers was developed as a tool for risk managers when deciding on the establishment and operation of a captive insurer as part of their risk management programme. The resulting conclusions and recommendations of this assignment are largely based on the personal viewpoints of the captive insurers active in the South African captive insurance industry. It is therefore recommended that future research also includes the role and views of the holding companies. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Heelwat navorsing is alreeds oor die tradisionele versekeringsmark ten opsigte van risikodekking gedoen, maar die konsep van alternatiewe risiko-oordrag is nog redelik nuut in die vakgebied van die risikobestuur. Die behoefte aan meer innoverende multivlak benaderinge om moontlike verliese te beperk, tesame met die toenemende weerstand teen kruissubsidiëring inherent aan tradisionele versekering, het tot die ontwikkeling van die gebonde (gevange) versekeringsbedryf as 'n wyse van alternatiewe risiko-oordrag gelei. Die doelstelling van hierdie navorsing was om die toepaslikheid van gebonde versekeraars as 'n risikobestuursmeganisme vir bestuurders te bestudeer. Die doelstelling omsluit 'n modelboubenadering vir bestuurders om die strategiese implikasies van die stigting en bedryf van 'n gebonde versekeraar te beheer. Die voortvloeiende take van die werkstuk is soos volg: • Die voltooiing van 'n literatuurstudie van die basiese teorie wat oor gebonde versekering, as 'n wyse van interne risikofinansiering vir bestuur beskikbaar is; • Die versameling van relevante empiriese inligting oor die onderwerp deur middel van vraelyste wat op die literatuurstudie gebaseer is; • 'n Kritiese ontleding van die versamelde inligting; en • Die ontwikkeling van 'n besluitnemingsmodelop grond van die resultate van die beskikbare inligting wat as 'n praktiese gids vir bestuur kan dien met betrekking tot besluitingneming oor die stigting en bedryfvan 'n gebonde versekeraar. Vyf en twintig vraelyste is gedurende Februarie 2003 gepos om al die geregistreerde binnelandse gebonde versekeringsmaatskappye, asook gebonde versekeringsmaatskappye wat uit verskillende selle bestaan ("cell captive insurance companies"), in Suid-Afrika te bereik. Buitelandse gebonde versekeringsmaatskappye kon nie deel van hierdie studie vorm nie vanweë artikel 33 van die Reserwebank se Wet nr. 90 van 1989 insake vertroulike inligting. Van die 25 gebonde versekeringsmaatskappye het 21 maatskappye die vraelyste voltooi en drie respondente het aangedui dat hulle nie meer by die aktiwiteite van gebonde versekering betrokke was nie. 'n Reaksiekoers van meer as 95 persent is gevolglik behaal. Stellenbosch University http://scholar.sun.ac.za Die inligting vanuit die vraelyste is opgesom deur middel van 'n SPSS-sigblad en 'n aantal statistiese ontledings is gedoen, wat die basis van die empiriese studie gevorm het. Die resultate van die empiriese studie ten opsigte van binnelandse gebonde versekeraars, asook gebonde versekeraars wat uit verskillende selle bestaan, het tot gevolgtrekkings gelei met betrekking tot die belangrikheid van die verlangde doelstellings vir die stigting en bedryf van gebonde versekeraars. Die drie belangrikste faktore wat die besluitneming van 'n houermaatskappy behoort te beïnvloed om 'n binnelandse gebonde versekeraar te stig, is geïdentifiseer as die finansiële verbintenis van die houermaatskappy, die spreiding van die risiko's van die houermaatskappy en die retensiekapasiteit van die houermaatskappy. Die drie belangrikste faktore wat die besluitneming van 'n houermaatskappy behoort te beïnvloed om 'n binnelandse gebonde versekeraar te bedryf, is geïdentifiseer as die retensiekapasiteit van die houermaatskappy, die finansiële verbintenis van die houermaatskappy en die bestuursverbintenis van die houermaatskappy. Die drie belangrikste faktore wat die besluitneming van 'n houermaatskappy behoort te beïnvloed om 'n gebonde versekeraar wat uit verskillende selle bestaan, te stig, is geïdentifiseer as die spreiding van die risiko's van die houermaatskappy, die retensiekapasiteit van die houermaatskappy en die finansiële verbintenis van die houermaatskappy. Die drie belangrikste faktore wat die besluitneming van 'n houermaatskappy behoort te beïnvloed om 'n gebonde versekeraar wat uit verskillende selle bestaan, te bedryf, is geïdentifiseer as die finansiële verbintenis van die houermaatskappy, die spreiding van die risiko's van die houermaatskappy en die bestuursverbintenis van die houermaatskappy . 'n Besluitnemingsmodel is as hulpmiddel vir risikobestuurders ontwikkel, vrr beide binnelandse gebonde versekeraars asook gebonde versekeraars wat uit veskillende selle bestaan, om met besluitneming ten opsigte van die stigting en bedryf van 'n gebonde versekeraar as deel van hul risikobestuursprogram te help. Die voortvloeiende gevolgtrekkings en aanbevelings van die werkstuk was grootliks gebaseer op die persoonlike menings van die gebonde versekeraars wat aktief in die Suid-Afrikaanse gebonde versekeringsbedryf is. Dit word gevolglik aanbeveel dat toekomstige navorsing ook die rol en menings van die houermaatskappye insluit.

Genetic analyses of increasing power are now regularly incorporated into wildlife management assessments of threatened and endangered species. Genetic data provide valuable information regarding taxonomy, kinship, and population size and structure. Recently transformed by the advent of powerful technologies that expand our view from single genes to the entire genome, the field of conservation may be on the verge of another revolution with the emergence of epigenetics as a promising means of surveying environmental response in natural populations. In this dissertation, I present my doctoral research upon population genetics and epigenetics of pronghorn (Antilocapra americana). Considerable effort has been undertaken to conserve pronghorn, particularly in the periphery of its range in the southwestern United States and northwestern Mexico. Translocation is regularly used to supplement and re-establish populations of the wide-ranging A. a. americana subspecies while captive breeding has been established for two endangered pronghorn subspecies, A. a. sonoriensis found in Arizona and Sonora, Mexico and A. a. peninsularis of the Baja Peninsula. The primary goal of my doctoral work was to provide pronghorn managers with current estimates of genetic diversity, relatedness, and structure within and between pronghorn subspecies in the desert southwest. My work shows that conservation measures for A. a. sonoriensis have successfully maintained genetic diversity within this endangered subspecies. My estimates of population structure within A. a. americana in northern Arizona reveal the influence of translocation and habitat fragmentation and demonstrate the successful reestablishment of gene flow following the removal of highway fences. With the purpose of guiding future release of captive pronghorn, I explored the subspecies status of pronghorn extirpated from a portion of their range in southern California and northern Baja California. My analyses of museum specimens indicate that the historical range of A. a. peninsularis may have extended as far north as the international border while specimens collected just north of the border share more genetic identity with A. a. sonoriensis. To follow my interests in epigenetics, I also conducted the first ever conservation epigenetics study with Arizona pronghorn. I found that pronghorn are more epigenetically than genetically diverse and this is an indicator that further epigenetic study will reveal the signature of response to environmental factors, as it has with other species demonstrating this pattern.