付記する学位プログラム名: 霊長類学・ワイルドライフサイエンス・リーディング大学院 / 京都大学 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(理学) / 甲第23746号 / 理博第4836号 / 新制||理||1691(附属図書館) / 京都大学大学院理学研究科生物科学専攻 / (主査)教授 平田 聡, 教授 伊谷 原一, 教授 村山 美穂 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Science / Kyoto University / DFAM

Yes / Background: Social restriction measures imposed to curb the spread of COVID-19 in the United Kingdom impacted on carers of people with dementia, limiting access to support services and increasing perceived burden of caring. Few studies have compared data collected both during and before the pandemic to examine the effect of these changes. Objective: To explore whether the COVID-19 pandemic affected the well-being of carers of people with dementia living in the community, and their ability to cope with their caring responsibilities. Methods: Analysis was conducted on two groups of carers who were enrolled in the IDEAL programme; the ‘pre-pandemic group’ (n = 312), assessed at two time points prior to the pandemic, and the ‘pandemic group’, assessed prior to and several months into the pandemic (n = 156). For the pre-pandemic group, carers were matched 2:1 to carers in the pandemic group on certain characteristics. Differences in change over time between the two groups on self-reported well-being, quality of life, coping, perceived competence, and role captivity, were investigated using mixed effect modelling. Results: Compared to the pre-pandemic group, those in the pandemic group appeared to cope better and had more stable self-rated competency and role captivity. They did not differ in terms of well-being or quality of life. Conclusion: Despite reports of negative impacts on carers early in the pandemic, the findings suggest the pandemic had little negative longer-term impact on carers of people with dementia, and in fact they appeared to have a more positive attitude towards coping several months into the pandemic. / We acknowledge the support of NIHR Dementias and Neurodegeneration Specialty (DeNDRoN) and Health and Care Research Wales with IDEAL cohort recruitment and data collection. We gratefully acknowledge the local principal investigators and researchers involved in participant recruitment and assessment within these networks. We are grateful to the IDEAL study participants for their participation in the IDEAL and INCLUDE studies, to the wider group of IDEAL programme researchers, and to members of the ALWAYs group and the Project Advisory Group for their support. ‘Identifying and mitigating the individual and dyadic impact of COVID19 and life under physical distancing on people with dementia and carers (INCLUDE)’ was funded by the Economic and Social Research Council (ESRC) through grant ES/V004964/1. Investigators: L. Clare, C. Victor, F.E. Matthews, C. Quinn, A. Hillman, A. Burns, L. Allan, R. Litherland, A. Martyr, R. Collins, & C. Pentecost. ESRC is part of UK Research and Innovation (UKRI). ‘Improving the experience of Dementia and Enhancing Active Life: living well with dementia. The IDEAL study’ was funded jointly by the Economic and Social Research Council (ESRC) and the National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) through grant ES/L001853/2. Investigators: L. Clare, I.R. Jones, C. Victor, J.V. Hindle, R.W. Jones, M. Knapp, M. Kopelman, R. Litherland, A. Martyr, F.E. Matthews, R.G. Morris, S.M. Nelis, J.A. Pickett, C. Quinn, J. Rusted, J. Thom. ‘Improving the experience of Dementia and Enhancing Active Life: a longitudinal perspective on living well with dementia. The IDEAL-2 study’ is funded by Alzheimer’s Society, grant number 348, AS-PR2-16-001. Investigators: L. Clare, I.R. Jones, C. Victor, C. Ballard, A. Hillman, J.V. Hindle, J. Hughes, R.W. Jones, M. Knapp, R. Litherland, A. Martyr, F.E. Matthews, R.G. Morris, S.M. Nelis, C. Quinn, J. Rusted. L. Clare and L. Allan acknowledge support from the NIHR Applied Research Collaboration SouthWest Peninsula. This report is independent research supported by the National Institute for Health and Care Research Applied Research Collaboration South West Peninsula. The views expressed in this publication are those of the author(s) and not necessarily those of the ESRC, UKRI, NIHR, the Department of Health and Social Care, the National Health Service, or Alzheimer’s Society. The support of ESRC, NIHR and Alzheimer’s Society is gratefully acknowledged. Authors’ disclosures available online (https:// www.j-alz.com/manuscript-disclosures/22-0221r1).

Due to the increasing need to provide refugia for freshwater mussels impacted by anthropogenic activities and exotic species, facilities should be identified and protocols developed for holding mussels in captivity. White Sulphur Springs National Fish Hatchery (WSSNFH), White Sulphur Springs, WV, has held freshwater mussels for nearly eight years, and has the potential to become an important refugium and propagation facility for conservation of mussels in the Ohio River Basin and elsewhere. The goal of this study was to determine the feasibility of holding adult freshwater mussels in long-term captivity at WSSNFH by evaluating survival, energy reserves, and gametogenesis of captive mussels in a recirculating pond system. I relocated three mussel species in the summer of 2001 and 10 mussel species in the summer of 2002 to a recirculating pond system (reservoir and raceway) at the hatchery. Water quality parameters of pH, alkalinity, hardness, temperature, and dissolved oxygen; and algal concentrations were measured periodically from summer 2001 to summer 2003. Annual survival rates of 10 species were estimated (August 2002 to August 2003) using the program MARK. Glycogen, protein, and lipid concentrations in mantle tissue of three captive species (Actinonaias ligamentina, Cyclonaias tuberculata, and Tritogonia verrucosa) were compared to those of wild mussels in the New River. Gametogenic activity and synchrony in A. ligamentina and C. tuberculata were compared between captive and wild mussels. Water quality parameters, with the exception of temperature, were within desirable ranges for most of the study. Temperatures of > 28° C were observed for several days during summers 2002 and 2003. Algal concentrations averaged 1903 cells ml-1 in the raceway (range: 300 to 4658 cells ml-1), which is comparable to algal concentrations reported for nearby rivers. The overall survival rate for 10 freshwater mussel species held in the raceway for one year was 77%. Villosa vanuxemensis had the highest survival rate (96%), and Lampsilis cardium had the lowest survival rate (31%). Although there were fluctuations in glycogen, protein, and lipid levels over 2 yr, there were no overall differences in energy substrates between captive and wild mussels at the end of the study. Captivity did not appear to have a negative affect on gametogenesis. Captive C. tuberculata spawned within the expected time frame between January and June, but slightly earlier than their wild counterparts in the New River. Due to the infestation of the gonads of both captive and wild A. ligamentina by digenean trematodes, little gametogenesis was observed. However, captive holding did not appear to have an effect on trematode infestation rates. From these results, I conclude that captive holding conditions in the recirculating pond system at WSSNFH were adequate for long-term holding of a wide range of mussel taxa. I recommend that WSSNFH continue to be used as an adult holding facility. Further research should be conducted to determine food and habitat preferences of freshwater mussel species in captivity so that optimal holding conditions can be provided for each species. / Master of Science

The decline of many freshwater mussel populations in the United States has brought about the need for facilities in which mussels can be held for purposes of relocation, research, and propagation. The Aquatic Wildlife Conservation Center (AWCC) of the Virginia Department of Game and Inland Fisheries (VDGIF) serves as a freshwater mussel conservation facility in southwest Virginia. The goals of this study were: (1) to determine whether adult freshwater mussels could maintain energy reserves at AWCC (2) to determine whether adults could produce mature gametes at AWCC and (3) to establish suitable rearing conditions for juvenile mussels at the AWCC. In fall 2002, four species of mussels, Villosa iris, V. vanuxemensis, Amblema plicata, and Pleurobema oviforme, served as surrogates for endangered species and were relocated to the AWCC. Three energy reserves (glycogen, protein, and lipid) were measured seasonally (fall 2002 to summer 2004) from mantle tissue and compared between AWCC specimens and those from their wild source populations. The gametogenic stage of each species was also compared to determine whether gametogenesis was occurring in captivity. In summer 2003, the first of two juvenile experiments tested the effects of three rates of water flow (1 L/min, 3 L/min, and 7 L/min) on the survival and growth of V. iris and Epioblasma capsaeformis reared in flow-through troughs. In summer 2004, round flow-through tanks were used to assess the effects of three sizes of substrate (fine sediment, fine sand, and coarse sand) and sampling frequency on the survival and growth of V. iris. Gut content analyses also were conducted at the end of each experiment to determine which algal species were being consumed. Overall survival rates were as follows: A. plicata, 100 %; V. vanuxemensis, 86 %; V. iris, 79 %; P. oviforme (2002 collection), 53 %; and P. oviforme (2003 collection), 50 %. All energy reserves varied among seasons, but every species except P. oviforme (2003 collection) had levels higher than those in source populations at the end of this experiment. Glycogen appeared to be the best indicator of condition in these species, with protein also being important in the 2003 collection of P. oviforme. Mature gametes were found in all four captive species in 2003 and 2004, with lipids appearing to fuel gametogenesis. Additionally, gametogenesis was occurring earlier in captive long-term brooders than in the wild, possibly due to warmer water temperatures at AWCC. The first juvenile experiment resulted in 15 % overall survival, with 1 L/min having the greatest survival (18 %), and the 3 L/min having the greatest growth (656 μm). In the second experiment, dishes left unsampled had significantly greater survival (40 %) (P<0.05) of juveniles than those which were sampled (27 %). The unsampled fine sand treatment had significantly greater survival than the other two unsampled treatments (52 %) (P<0.001). Sampled juveniles in fine sediment had the greatest growth (887 μm). Also, juveniles from Experiment 1 were consuming primarily Navicula, with Coelastrum and Chlorella consumed in greatest abundance in Experiment 2. Results indicate that most adult mussels maintained energy reserves and produced mature gametes, and that juveniles of V. iris had good survival and growth. Only P. oviforme had survival rates lower than expected and did not appear to maintain condition at AWCC. Based on results of the species tested, environmental conditions at AWCC appear suitable for the survival of most adult and juvenile freshwater mussels. / Master of Science

Combining the critical lenses of early American scholarship and that of the modern South, “Captive Women, Cunning Texts” investigates the uses and transformations of tropes of captivity drawn from the American Indian captivity narrative by women writers of the Southern Renaissance (circa 1910-45). Specifically, this study examines how captivity narratives, the first American literary form dominated by white women’s experiences as writers and readers, provided the female authors of the Southern Renaissance with a genre ideal for critiquing the roles of women in the South, and the official constructions of southern history. This work interrogates the multifaceted ways in which the captivity genre enabled these female authors to reject typical male modes of expression and interpretation, as well as male images portraying women in mythical terms that conflicted with the real experiences and boundaries of their lives. Through critical case studies of Evelyn Scott, Beatrice Witte Ravenel, and Caroline Gordon, this study demonstrates that many women writers of this period self-consciously returned to the literary past of American captivity narratives for models and, in so doing, discovered modes of discourse and tropes of confinement that aided them in their struggle to redefine their place and that of the racial and cultural Other in southern society, literature, and history. Their strategic re-employment of the captivity tradition literally and metaphorically provided liminal sites of exchange that both reveal and inspire agency and change in their unmasking of tradition, veneer, and the deeply imbedded cultural exchange of the white female body.

A Ararajuba (Guaruba guarouba) é um psitacídeo de médio porte, endêmico do Bioma Amazônico, que se encontra em perigo de extinção devido, principalmente, à perda de habitat e ao tráfico de animais. Poucos trabalhos científicos foram desenvolvidos para avaliar as condições sanitárias dessas aves mantidas em cativeiro, visando à reintrodução da espécie na natureza. Este estudo teve por objetivo avaliar o estado sanitário das aves mantidas em Zoológicos e Criadouros do Estado de São Paulo, por meio de avaliações hematológica, microbiológica e parasitológica. Foram colhidas amostras de 87 indivíduos mantidos em seis Parques Zoológicos, três Criadouros Comerciais e um Criadouro Conservacionista, obtendo-se como resultados da avaliação hematológica: valor médio do volume globular (Ht%): 46,12; valor médio de proteína total sérica (g/dL): 3,55; valor médio de hemoglobina (g/dL): 12,68; valor médio do número de hemácias (x 106 mm3): 3,52; valor médio do número dos leucócitos totais (x103/mm3): 13,41; valor médio do número de trombócitos (/mm3): 26.029,4; valor médio do VCM (fL): 133,3; valor médio do HCM (pg): 36,58; valor médio do CHCM (g/L) : 27,65; valor médio de heterófilos (%):56.62; valor médio de linfócitos (%): 42,22; valor médio de monócitos (%): 0,9; valor médio de eosinófilos (%):0,04; valor médio de basófilos (%): 0,20. Quanto à análise microbiológica, não houve isolamento de Salmonella spp. na microbiota intestinal, porém, houve crescimento de Escherichia coli em 50% dos animais. No exame parasitológico, todos os animais foram negativos tanto para a pesquisa de endoparasitas intestinais como para hemoparasitas. O soro obtido da centrifugação do sangue e a papa de hemácias foram armazenados para futuras pesquisas. / The Ararajuba or Golden conure (Guaruba guarouba) is a medium-sized parrot, endemic to the Amazon biome and threatened of extinction primarily due to habitat loss and poaching. Few scientific studies have examined the health conditions of these birds kept in captivity, which will be essential to future reintroduction efforts. This study aimed to evaluate the health status of Ararajubas maintained in zoos and private breeders in São Paulo state, Brazil, through haematological, microbiological and parasitological evaluations. Samples were obtained from 87 individuals held at six Parks Zoos, three Commercial Breeders and one Conservation Breeder. Average haematological results: packed cell volume 46.12%, total serum protein 3.55 g/dL, haemoglobin 12.68 g/dL, erythrocytes 3.52 x 106 cells/mm3, Leukocytes 13.41 x 103 cells/mm3, thrombocytes 26.03 x 103 cells/mm3, Mean Corpuscular Volume 133.3 fL, Mean Corpuscular Haemoglobin 36.58 pg, Mean Corpuscular Haemoglobin Concentration 27.65 g/dL, heterophils 56.62%, lymphocytes 42.22%, monocytes 0.9%, eosinophils 0.04%, basophils 0.20%. Microbiological cultures: Escherichia coli could be isolated from 50% of the cloacal swabs and Salmonella spp. was not isolated in none. Parasitology: all animals were negative for both intestinal parasites and haemoparasites. Plasma and erythrocytes obtained by centrifugation were stored for future research.

A Ararajuba (Guaruba guarouba) é um psitacídeo de médio porte, endêmico do Bioma Amazônico, que se encontra em perigo de extinção devido, principalmente, à perda de habitat e ao tráfico de animais. Poucos trabalhos científicos foram desenvolvidos para avaliar as condições sanitárias dessas aves mantidas em cativeiro, visando à reintrodução da espécie na natureza. Este estudo teve por objetivo avaliar o estado sanitário das aves mantidas em Zoológicos e Criadouros do Estado de São Paulo, por meio de avaliações hematológica, microbiológica e parasitológica. Foram colhidas amostras de 87 indivíduos mantidos em seis Parques Zoológicos, três Criadouros Comerciais e um Criadouro Conservacionista, obtendo-se como resultados da avaliação hematológica: valor médio do volume globular (Ht%): 46,12; valor médio de proteína total sérica (g/dL): 3,55; valor médio de hemoglobina (g/dL): 12,68; valor médio do número de hemácias (x 106 mm3): 3,52; valor médio do número dos leucócitos totais (x103/mm3): 13,41; valor médio do número de trombócitos (/mm3): 26.029,4; valor médio do VCM (fL): 133,3; valor médio do HCM (pg): 36,58; valor médio do CHCM (g/L) : 27,65; valor médio de heterófilos (%):56.62; valor médio de linfócitos (%): 42,22; valor médio de monócitos (%): 0,9; valor médio de eosinófilos (%):0,04; valor médio de basófilos (%): 0,20. Quanto à análise microbiológica, não houve isolamento de Salmonella spp. na microbiota intestinal, porém, houve crescimento de Escherichia coli em 50% dos animais. No exame parasitológico, todos os animais foram negativos tanto para a pesquisa de endoparasitas intestinais como para hemoparasitas. O soro obtido da centrifugação do sangue e a papa de hemácias foram armazenados para futuras pesquisas. / The Ararajuba or Golden conure (Guaruba guarouba) is a medium-sized parrot, endemic to the Amazon biome and threatened of extinction primarily due to habitat loss and poaching. Few scientific studies have examined the health conditions of these birds kept in captivity, which will be essential to future reintroduction efforts. This study aimed to evaluate the health status of Ararajubas maintained in zoos and private breeders in São Paulo state, Brazil, through haematological, microbiological and parasitological evaluations. Samples were obtained from 87 individuals held at six Parks Zoos, three Commercial Breeders and one Conservation Breeder. Average haematological results: packed cell volume 46.12%, total serum protein 3.55 g/dL, haemoglobin 12.68 g/dL, erythrocytes 3.52 x 106 cells/mm3, Leukocytes 13.41 x 103 cells/mm3, thrombocytes 26.03 x 103 cells/mm3, Mean Corpuscular Volume 133.3 fL, Mean Corpuscular Haemoglobin 36.58 pg, Mean Corpuscular Haemoglobin Concentration 27.65 g/dL, heterophils 56.62%, lymphocytes 42.22%, monocytes 0.9%, eosinophils 0.04%, basophils 0.20%. Microbiological cultures: Escherichia coli could be isolated from 50% of the cloacal swabs and Salmonella spp. was not isolated in none. Parasitology: all animals were negative for both intestinal parasites and haemoparasites. Plasma and erythrocytes obtained by centrifugation were stored for future research.

in English This particular MA thesis concentrates on the portrayal of Indians in captivity narratives of the early seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, the essential source material being Narrative of the Captivity and Restoration of Mrs. Mary Rowlandson, first published in 1682. The thesis explores the relationship between Native Americans and settlers who saw Indians as a threat to their own existence and also as a threat to the western expansion. It also focuses on the confrontation of savagery and civilization from the point of view of common presuppositions and prejudices about the Native Americans that are very often depicted in several captivity narratives. Moreover, the thesis provides necessary definition of the genre of the captivity narrative with regard to the reaction of the reading public in the period of the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. From the first arrivals of settlers and explorers the American continent symbolized a land of vast opportunities. Nevertheless, the continent not being fully explored was shrouded in a veil of mystery. Explorers and adventurers were fascinated by the extensive natural resources they found in the New World. Moreover, the New World was often called New Canaan or the Garden of Eden as it symbolized for the newcomers a possibility to start a new...

No description available.

Egyptian fruit bats were observed in Prague Zoo, where stable conditions are provided (year-round food supply, stable temperature and roosts). The colony has bimodal breeding cycle. Births are synchronized and occur on the turn of April and May and in September. The mating occurs throughout the year but there is an increase during lactation and in the period outside parturitions. There is no obvious pattern in cluster dynamics. Bats roost in four clusters (left, middle, upper right and lower right). The presence of clusters throughout the year is stable except upper right cluster. There are changes in the number of clusters and in the number of individuals inside each cluster. Fruit bats occupy approximately the same spots in clusters, however young individuals show the highest variability. An autogrooming is balanced throughout the year, there is no regular pattern in the observation period and even no increase after artificial twilight. From these activities a licking of wing membranes and fur are the most often. The mother cares for her young especially during lactation and weaning, while the care decreases with a development of the young. This is especially true for the licking of the wing membranes. An allogrooming is the most common between male and female during lactation and in the period...