A tireoide é uma das principais glândulas do nosso sistema endócrino e responsável pela produção dos hormônios Triodotirosina (T3) e Tetraiodotironina (T4) que são responsáveis pelo controle metabólico basal. A tireoide pode ser acometida por neoplasias benignas e malignas que pode levar a uma produção anormal de hormônios e levando a sérios problemas de saúde. O diagnóstico de algumas destas neoplasias por citologia ainda não possuem altas taxas de sensibilidade e especificidade para os casos com padrão folicular, portanto o desenvolvimento de novos métodos que se baseiam na analise de características bioquímicas dos tecidos tireoidianos se faz necessário. O presente trabalho caracterizou tecidos tireoidianos normais e com bócio nodular por meio da espectroscopia no infravermelho. As imagens espectrais foram adquiridas com alta resolução e aliadas a um grande processamento das mesmas utilizando métodos de estatística multivariada se obteve diferenças bioquímicas dos tecidos. Nos resultados obtidos no presente trabalho, a maior diferença observada está na região da amida I que está relacionada a estrutura secundária da tiroglobulina devido ao processo de incorporação de iodo. Outras observações que foram feitas são diferenças em glicosilaçao do tipo N. A partir dos resultados obtidos nesta tese conclui-se que a técnica de imageamento por microespectroscopia no infravermelho é capaz de observar diferenças bioquímicas importantes entre tecidos tireoidianos sadios e com bócio, apresentando grande potencial para o desenvolvimento no futuro de novas metodologias, baseadas em espectroscopia vibracional. / The thyroid is one of the major glands of endocrine system; it is responsible for the production triodothyronine(T3) and thyroxine (T4) hormones, which are responsible for metabolic basal control. The thyroid can be affected by benign and malignant lesions, that leads to increased hormone levels (hyperthyroidism) or reduce their production (hypothyroidism). This abnormal hormones production by the thyroid gland can lead to serious health problems. The present cytological diagnosis for these tumors do not present high level of sensitivity and specificity, thus the development of new methods based on the analysis of biochemical characteristics of the thyroid tissue is required. This study used the infrared spectroscopy to characterize normal thyroid tissue or tissue with nodular goiter. The spectral images were obtained with high resolution, and multivariate statistics analysis were used to observe biochemical tissues differences. The most remarkable difference observed was at the amide I region, which is related to the secondary structure of thyroglobulin, due to the process of incorporation of iodine. It was also observed differences in the N glycosylation. From the results of this study, it was possible conclude that the technique of infrared microspectroscopy and imaging is able to observe important biochemical differences between healthy thyroid tissue and goiter.

A tireoide é uma das principais glândulas do nosso sistema endócrino e responsável pela produção dos hormônios Triodotirosina (T3) e Tetraiodotironina (T4) que são responsáveis pelo controle metabólico basal. A tireoide pode ser acometida por neoplasias benignas e malignas que pode levar a uma produção anormal de hormônios e levando a sérios problemas de saúde. O diagnóstico de algumas destas neoplasias por citologia ainda não possuem altas taxas de sensibilidade e especificidade para os casos com padrão folicular, portanto o desenvolvimento de novos métodos que se baseiam na analise de características bioquímicas dos tecidos tireoidianos se faz necessário. O presente trabalho caracterizou tecidos tireoidianos normais e com bócio nodular por meio da espectroscopia no infravermelho. As imagens espectrais foram adquiridas com alta resolução e aliadas a um grande processamento das mesmas utilizando métodos de estatística multivariada se obteve diferenças bioquímicas dos tecidos. Nos resultados obtidos no presente trabalho, a maior diferença observada está na região da amida I que está relacionada a estrutura secundária da tiroglobulina devido ao processo de incorporação de iodo. Outras observações que foram feitas são diferenças em glicosilaçao do tipo N. A partir dos resultados obtidos nesta tese conclui-se que a técnica de imageamento por microespectroscopia no infravermelho é capaz de observar diferenças bioquímicas importantes entre tecidos tireoidianos sadios e com bócio, apresentando grande potencial para o desenvolvimento no futuro de novas metodologias, baseadas em espectroscopia vibracional. / The thyroid is one of the major glands of endocrine system; it is responsible for the production triodothyronine(T3) and thyroxine (T4) hormones, which are responsible for metabolic basal control. The thyroid can be affected by benign and malignant lesions, that leads to increased hormone levels (hyperthyroidism) or reduce their production (hypothyroidism). This abnormal hormones production by the thyroid gland can lead to serious health problems. The present cytological diagnosis for these tumors do not present high level of sensitivity and specificity, thus the development of new methods based on the analysis of biochemical characteristics of the thyroid tissue is required. This study used the infrared spectroscopy to characterize normal thyroid tissue or tissue with nodular goiter. The spectral images were obtained with high resolution, and multivariate statistics analysis were used to observe biochemical tissues differences. The most remarkable difference observed was at the amide I region, which is related to the secondary structure of thyroglobulin, due to the process of incorporation of iodine. It was also observed differences in the N glycosylation. From the results of this study, it was possible conclude that the technique of infrared microspectroscopy and imaging is able to observe important biochemical differences between healthy thyroid tissue and goiter.

Nos últimos anos, têm ocorrido um aumento considerável das infecções fúngicas em ambiente hospitalar. As estimativas da incidência das infecções causadas por fungos não correspondem à realidade, devido às dificuldades diagnósticas destes microrganismos. Embora as infeções fúngicas, principalmente leveduras do gênero Candida, estejam ganhando importância nos pacientes hospitalizados, a grande maioria das instituições ainda não está preparada para o diagnóstico destes episódios. O presente trabalho teve como objetivo realizar um estudo epidemiológico, determinando a ocorrência leveduras isoladas de diversos materiais, de diferentes setores em pacientes internados de um Hospital Universitário da região do Vale do Paraíba-SP. Neste estudo foram isoladas 55 cepas de leveduras das 558 amostras analisadas, no período de fevereiro a agosto de 2002. O gênero Candida ocupou a 2ª posição (9,85%) em relação aos 10 microrganismos mais isolados em amostras positivas com suspeita clínica de infecção hospitalar. Das amostras positivas para leveduras, a espécie mais freqüente foi C.albicans com 40,0 %, seguida de C.tropicalis com 25,5%, C.parapsilosis com 23,6%, C.glabrata com 9,1% e C. norvagensis com 1,8%. A clínica médica foi o setor que apresentou maior número de amostras positivas para leveduras (63,6%), seguido por UTI neonatal ( 20,0%) e UTI adulto ( 16,4%).Dentre os espécimes clínicos analisados, as secreções ( 47,3%), de um modo geral, foram os que apresentaram maior número de amostras positivas para leveduras, em 2º lugar ponta de sonda ( 29,1%) e em 3º lugar sangue( 12,7%), com predomínio de C. albicans. Dos 38 pacientes que apresentaram cultura positiva para leveduras do gênero Candida, 26 casos de colonização foram identificados (68,4%) e 22 casos foram classificados como casos de infecção hospitalar ( 57,8%), onde 50% destes casos de pacientes foram a óbito . Os resultados obtidos demonstram a importância da identificação correta dos episódios de infecção, na caracterização do perfil epidemiológico,auxiliando assim, no diagnóstico e terapêutica destes agentes emergentes. / In recent years, there have been a considerable increase of fungal infections in hospitals. Estimates of the incidence of fungal infections do not correspond to reality, due to diagnostic difficulties of these microorganisms. Although fungal infections, especially Candida species, are gaining importance in hospitalized patients, the vast majority of institutions are not yet prepared for the diagnosis of these episodes. The present work aims to perform an epidemiological study, determining the prevalence of these strains isolated from different materials, different sectors in inpatients of a university hospital in the region of Vale do Paraíba-SP. In this study we isolated 55 yeast strains from 558 samples in the period from February to August 2002. The genus Candida occupied the 2nd position (9.85%) for the 10 microorganisms isolated from positive samples with clinical suspicion of nosocomial infection. Samples were positive for yeasts, the most frequent species was C. albicans with 40.0%, followed by C. tropicalis 25.5% C. parapsilosis with 23.6% and 9.1% with C. glabrata and C. norvagensis 1.8%. The medical clinic was the sector that had the greatest number of samples positive for yeast (63.6%), followed by neonatal ICU (20.0%) and adult ICU (16.4%). Among the clinical specimens examined, the secretions (47.3%), in general, presented the largest number of samples positive for yeast, in 2nd place probe tip (29.1%) and blood in 3rd place (12.7%), predominantly C. albicans. Of the 38 patients who presented positive culture for Candida species, 26 cases of colonization were identified (68.4%) and 22 cases were classified as cases of nosocomial infection (57.8%), where 50% of these cases were patients died. The results demonstrate the importance of correct identification of episodes of infection, to characterize the epidemiological profile, thereby aiding in the diagnosis and treatment of these emerging agents.

Annuellement, l'industrie mondiale de la volaille produit des milliards de tonnes de plumes et de duvets de poule, canard, oie et dinde. Une grande partie de ces déchets sont incinérés dans des décharges polluant l'atmosphère et le sol. Il est donc crucial de développer de nouvelles idées pour des applications commerciales des bioproduits de plumes et de duvets. Ainsi, dans ce travail de thèse, les fibres de plumes et de duvets ont été caracterisées au niveau physique, mécanique, thermique et acoustique. Deux produits commerciaux ont été développés avec les plumes et les duvets : des nontissés par un processus d’aiguilletage et des nontissés de nanofibres de kératine par electrospinning. Les données ont été analysés en utilisant des méthodes statistiques pour valider les résultats. Les plumes ont pu être recyclées comme matière première pour l'industrie du textile et des matériaux. Les plumes sont facilement utilisables en raison de leur qualité, leur faible coût et les quantités disponibles. Ainsi, des plumes recyclées non seulement réduisent les coûts du produit final, mais aussi créent un mouvement écologique pour développer une économie durable. / The poultry industry produces billions tons of chicken, duck, turkey and goose feathers and down feathers worldwide annually. Most of these waste products are incinerated in landfills resulting in pollution of atmosphere and land. For these reasons, it was crucial to develop new ideas for commercial applications of feathers and downs as a fiber byproducts. In this thesis work, feathers and down as fibers were characterized in physical, mechanical, thermal and acoustic scopes and two commercial products were developed using feather and down feathers: nonwoven by dry laid needle punched process and nanofibers nonwovens of keratin by electrospinning process. The results were analyzed using statistical methods to validate the analysis. Thereby, feathers were recycled and used as a raw material for the textile and materials industry. Furthermore, they are easly usable due to their quality, low cost and the available quantity. Moreover, recycled feathers not only reduce the costs of the final product but also create an environmental movement to develop an eco-friendly circular economy.

Le principal objectif de ce travail est la caractérisation et la modélisation d’un nouveau composant le MASMOS conçu et breveté par la société ACCO. Cette nouvelle structure répond au problème des faibles tensions de claquage inhérent à la technologie CMOS. Le premier chapitre décrit les deux transistors composant la structure MASMOS et son comportement en fonction des tensions de commande. Par la suite, les étapes clefs nécessaires au développement de modèles non-linéaires sont décrites. Enfin, les paramètres évaluant les performances des amplificateurs de puissances RF sont détaillés, ainsi que les critères de linéarité. Le second chapitre concerne la modélisation de deux MASMOS de tailles différentes. Après avoir mené les caractérisations nécessaires au développement des deux modèles, la méthodologie d’extraction des paramètres du modèle électrique est expliquée. La détermination des impédances de charges optimales à présenter aux dispositifs est effectuée à travers des simulations puis les modèles sont validés à travers des caractérisations CW pour différentes impédances de charge. Le dernier chapitre a pour objectif l’étude de la linéarité des MASMOS à l’aide de différents bancs de mesures. Un signal de test générique constitué de 8 porteuses nonéquidistantes permettant un non recouvrement de fréquence est utilisé pour déterminer le NPR dans la bande utile. Pour terminer, la caractérisation en linéarité de structures MASMOS pré-adaptées est effectuée à l’aide de signaux modulés 16-QAM et LTE. / The main objective of this work is the characterization and modeling of a new component named MASMOS designed and patented by ACCO company. This new structure overcomes the issue concerning the inherent low breakdown voltage of CMOS technology. The first chapter describes the two stacked transistors included in the MASMOS structure and its behavior with respect to the control voltages. Thereafter, the key steps required to develop the non-linear model have been detailed. Finally, the parameters used to characterize the power amplifiers performances are defined as well as the linearity criterion. The second chapter concerns the MASMOS electrical model, done for two different size. Model extraction is explained starting from the mandatory device characterization. Device optimal load impedances are estimated thanks to load-pull simulations. Furthermore, the CAD-compatible models are validated in large signal operation using CW characterizations for several load impedances. Last chapter is dedicated to the MASMOS linearity assessment using two different measurement set up. A generic test signal consisting in 8 non equidistant carriers, allowing non-frequency overlap is used to determine the NPR in-band. Then characterization of the linearity of pre-matched MASMOS was carried out using a 16-QAM modulation and also LTE signals.

Notre modèle d'étude, Mycoplasma mycoides subsp. mycoides (Mmm), est l'agent de la péripneumonie contagieuse bovine (PPCB). Cette maladie fut un des plus grands fléaux de l'élevage bovin au XIXème siècle et sévit encore largement en Afrique. A cause de son impact sur l'économie, elle a bénéficié de grandes attentions dans les pays industrialisés, notamment lors des épisodes de résurgence européens dans les années 1980-90. Inscrite sur les listes de l'OIE, la PPCB est à déclaration obligatoire, ce qui entraine de sévères mesures de restriction sur le commerce des animaux vivants. Plusieurs espèces de mycoplasmes sont phylogénétiquement proches de Mmm. Pour mieux comprendre la pathogénie de cette maladie, il est nécessaire d'analyser les facteurs qui peuvent concourir à la virulence de l'agent pathogène incriminé. Dans ce contexte, nous nous sommes intéressés aux exopolysaccharides (EPS) de Mmm, candidats clés dans la virulence de cette bactérie. Ils ont été caractérisés chimiquement par HPLC et RMN, puis comparés aux polysaccharides capsulaires (CPS) dans le cadre d'une étude sur des variants intraclonaux de Mmm. Ces expériences ont été rendues possibles grâce à l'élaboration d'un protocole offrant une production optimale des EPS pour les analyses et un affranchissement des contaminants du milieu lors de leur isolement à partir des surnageants de culture. Ce protocole a permis, par ailleurs, d'élargir l'étude de caractérisation chimique des EPS au groupe « mycoides » auquel appartient Mmm. La production d'anticorps monoclonaux anti-polysaccharides a offert la possibilité d'étudier les communautés antigéniques au sein du groupe et de caractériser la localisation du polymère sécrété (CPS et/ou EPS). Les génomes séquencés et annotés disponibles ont fait l'objet d'études in silico sur les voies de biosynthèse potentiellement impliquées dans la production des polysaccharides. Les résultats montrent que dans le cas de Mmm, les variants d'un même clone présentent des différences de production de polysaccharides se traduisant par un phénotype opaque/translucide en culture sur milieu solide pouvant être associé à un « switch ON/OFF » du gène qui code un transporteur de glucose. Mmm sécréte du galactane (polymère de β-D-(1-6) galactofuranose) identique au composé associé à la membrane. Au sein du groupe « mycoides », deux espèces sécrètent un β-D-(1-2) glucane dont la structure linéaire est originale. L'analyse des voies de biosynthèse des génomes concernés concorde avec les deux produits mis en évidence. De nombreux gènes impliqués semblent résulter de transferts latéraux venant de mycoplasmes éloignés phylogénétiquement mais qui partagent le même habitat / Our model, Mycoplasma mycoides subsp. mycoides (Mmm), is the agent of contagious bovine pleuropneumonia (CBPP). CBPP is a severe contagious disease currently present in Africa. CBPP is classed as a notifiable disease by the OIE, which implies severe restrictive measures in in the trade of live animals. Because of its economic importance, CBPP has received much attention in indusdrialized country, notabily when the disease had reemerged in Europe in 1980’s and 90’s. To better understand the pathogenesis of this disease, it is necessary to analyze the factors that may contribute to the virulence of this agent. In this context, we were interested in Mmm exopolysaccharides (EPS), potential key molecules in the virulence of this bacterium. First, Mmm EPS were chemically characterized by HPLC and NMR and compared to the capsular polysaccharides (CPS) in a study on intraclonal Mmm variants. To conduct these experiments, a suitable methodology was developed to produce and to purify EPS from culture supernatants by avoiding technical difficulties due to the complexity of the mycoplasma growth medium. Then, this protocol allowed extending the study to the chemical characterization of EPS from mycoplasmas belonging to the Mycoplasma mycoides cluster (MMC) as Mmm. The production of monoclonal antibodies recognizing Mmm and Mccp polysaccharides was used to study the antigenic communities within this group of mycoplasmas and to characterize the location of the secreted polymer (CPS and/or EPS). The sequenced and annotated genomes were used to manage in silico studies of biosynthetic pathways potentially involved in the production of polysaccharides. The results showed that Mmm intraclonal variants resulting in an opaque / translucent phenotype on solid culture may be associated with an “ON/OFF switch" of the gene encoding a glucose transporter and, in turn associated to the production of either CPS or EPS. Mmm secretes a β-(1-6) galactofuranose polymer identical to that of the membrane associated compound, excepted it has no lipid anchor. Within MMC, there are two species that secrete a β -(1-2) glucan, the linear structure of which is original. The analyses of the biosynthetic pathways of the different genomes were consistent with the structure of the related secreted products. Many genes could appear to originate from phylogenetically distant mycoplasmas that share the same habitat

Nos últimos anos, têm ocorrido um aumento considerável das infecções fúngicas em ambiente hospitalar. As estimativas da incidência das infecções causadas por fungos não correspondem à realidade, devido às dificuldades diagnósticas destes microrganismos. Embora as infeções fúngicas, principalmente leveduras do gênero Candida, estejam ganhando importância nos pacientes hospitalizados, a grande maioria das instituições ainda não está preparada para o diagnóstico destes episódios. O presente trabalho teve como objetivo realizar um estudo epidemiológico, determinando a ocorrência leveduras isoladas de diversos materiais, de diferentes setores em pacientes internados de um Hospital Universitário da região do Vale do Paraíba-SP. Neste estudo foram isoladas 55 cepas de leveduras das 558 amostras analisadas, no período de fevereiro a agosto de 2002. O gênero Candida ocupou a 2ª posição (9,85%) em relação aos 10 microrganismos mais isolados em amostras positivas com suspeita clínica de infecção hospitalar. Das amostras positivas para leveduras, a espécie mais freqüente foi C.albicans com 40,0 %, seguida de C.tropicalis com 25,5%, C.parapsilosis com 23,6%, C.glabrata com 9,1% e C. norvagensis com 1,8%. A clínica médica foi o setor que apresentou maior número de amostras positivas para leveduras (63,6%), seguido por UTI neonatal ( 20,0%) e UTI adulto ( 16,4%).Dentre os espécimes clínicos analisados, as secreções ( 47,3%), de um modo geral, foram os que apresentaram maior número de amostras positivas para leveduras, em 2º lugar ponta de sonda ( 29,1%) e em 3º lugar sangue( 12,7%), com predomínio de C. albicans. Dos 38 pacientes que apresentaram cultura positiva para leveduras do gênero Candida, 26 casos de colonização foram identificados (68,4%) e 22 casos foram classificados como casos de infecção hospitalar ( 57,8%), onde 50% destes casos de pacientes foram a óbito . Os resultados obtidos demonstram a importância da identificação correta dos episódios de infecção, na caracterização do perfil epidemiológico,auxiliando assim, no diagnóstico e terapêutica destes agentes emergentes. / In recent years, there have been a considerable increase of fungal infections in hospitals. Estimates of the incidence of fungal infections do not correspond to reality, due to diagnostic difficulties of these microorganisms. Although fungal infections, especially Candida species, are gaining importance in hospitalized patients, the vast majority of institutions are not yet prepared for the diagnosis of these episodes. The present work aims to perform an epidemiological study, determining the prevalence of these strains isolated from different materials, different sectors in inpatients of a university hospital in the region of Vale do Paraíba-SP. In this study we isolated 55 yeast strains from 558 samples in the period from February to August 2002. The genus Candida occupied the 2nd position (9.85%) for the 10 microorganisms isolated from positive samples with clinical suspicion of nosocomial infection. Samples were positive for yeasts, the most frequent species was C. albicans with 40.0%, followed by C. tropicalis 25.5% C. parapsilosis with 23.6% and 9.1% with C. glabrata and C. norvagensis 1.8%. The medical clinic was the sector that had the greatest number of samples positive for yeast (63.6%), followed by neonatal ICU (20.0%) and adult ICU (16.4%). Among the clinical specimens examined, the secretions (47.3%), in general, presented the largest number of samples positive for yeast, in 2nd place probe tip (29.1%) and blood in 3rd place (12.7%), predominantly C. albicans. Of the 38 patients who presented positive culture for Candida species, 26 cases of colonization were identified (68.4%) and 22 cases were classified as cases of nosocomial infection (57.8%), where 50% of these cases were patients died. The results demonstrate the importance of correct identification of episodes of infection, to characterize the epidemiological profile, thereby aiding in the diagnosis and treatment of these emerging agents.

A constante perda da diversidade biológica frente às pressões antrópicas tem concentrado atenções sobre a necessidade de se conhecer a diversidade genética das espécies que ainda restam como um primeiro passo para o desenvolvimento de estratégias de manejo. Técnicas de genética molecular fornecem uma estimativa do número de formas distintas numa área, bem como medidas de quão diferentes elas são. Dentre estas técnicas, o sequenciamento de DNA mitocondrial e nuclear, aliado à análise de seqüências microssatélite, geram informações potencialmente capazes de evidenciar a variação contida entre indivíduos, sendo uma ferramenta excelente para ser utilizada em análise filogenética, diferenciação interespecífica e intraespecífica. Neste trabalho utilizamos 1670pb de uma região do DNA mitocondrial incluindo o citocromo b e uma parte da região controle e 630pb do gene nuclear c-mos Para analisar a relação filogenética entre as espécies de crocodilianos brasileiros. Marcadores produzidos por PCR-RFLP baseados em seqüência do gene citocromo b no DNA mitocondrial foram desenvolvidos para a identificação molecular das seis espécies brasileiras de crocodilianos. Esta técnica além de importante na identificação das espécies poderá ser utilizada como metodologia oficial de controle da comercialização e exportação de carne e couro de jacaré. O Caiman latirostris apresenta a mais extensa distribuição geográfica entre todos os crocodilianos. No presente trabalho utilizamos marcadores microssatélites para testar a hipótese da variação genética ser relacionada com distância geográfica, em pequena e grande escala, e se a variabilidade genética das espécies esta correlacionada com diferentes sub-biomas no litoral e interior. Não foi possível a transferência de marcadores microssatélites para a espécie Paleosuchus trigonatus, sendo assim novos marcadores genéticos foram caracterizados para espécie pela construção de bibliotecas enriquecidas de DNA microssatélite. / Constant loss of biological diversity due to antropic pressure has concentrated attention upon the need to know the genetic diversity of remaining species as the first step in developing management strategies. Molecular techniques provide an estimate of the number of distinct forms, as well as measurements of the extent of their differences. Among these techniques, mitochondrial and nuclear DNA sequencing along with microsatellite sequences provide information that is potentially capable of detecting any variation between individuals, which makes it an excellent tool for phylogenetic analyses, as well as inter and intraspecific differentiation. In the present work, we used a 1670bp region of mitochondrial DNA including cytochrome b and a 630bp portion of the nuclear gene c-mos to analyze the phylogenetic relationship among Brazilian crocodilian species. PCR-RFLP markers based on cytochrome b mitochondrial DNA were developed for the molecular identification of six Brazilian crocodilian species. This technique is not only important for the identification of species, but it is also useful as an official methodology for controlling commercialization and exportation of crocodilian meat and leather. Broad-snouted caimans (Caiman latirostris) geographic distribution comprises one of the widest latitudinal ranges among all crocodilians. In the present study, we used microsatellite markers to test the hypothesis that genetic variation is related to geographic distance, on a small and large scale, and if the genetic variability of a species is correlated to coastal and inland subbiomes. It was not possible to transfer microsatellite markers to Paleosuchus trigonatus, so new genetic markers were characterized for the species by constructing a microsatellite enriched DNA library.

O interesse na aplicação de embalagens ativas para conservação de alimentos tem aumentado, bem como uma maior demanda por substâncias antimicrobianas naturais, devido à maior consciência dos consumidores quanto aos potenciais riscos à saúde ocasionados pelo consumo de compostos sintéticos. Entre os aditivos naturais, a própolis, por suas propriedades antibacteriana, antioxidante e antifúngica, tem despertado o interesse dos pesquisadores. Portanto, o objetivo deste trabalho foi investigar o efeito da adição do extrato etanólico de própolis (EEP) em filmes à base de gelatina plastificados com citrato de acetiltributila (CA) ou sorbitol (S), nas propriedades funcionais (propriedades mecânicas, solubilidade, permeabilidade ao vapor de água, parâmetros de cor e opacidade) e a atividade antimicrobiana dos filmes contra Staphylococcus aureus. Para a produção do EEP, 30g de resina de própolis (tipo 12) foram misturadas com 100mL de álcool etílico 80%, e a solução foi mantida sob agitação mecânica (500rpm, 30minutos) a 50ºC, e filtrada após 24horas sob refrigeração. Os filmes foram produzidos por casting com 2g de gelatina/100g de solução filmogênica, 30g de CA ou S/100g de gelatina, 35g de lecitina/100g de plastificante e o EEP nas concentrações de 0, 5, 40 ou 200g/100g de gelatina, e avaliados quanto às suas propriedades mecânicas (tração e perfuração), solubilidade em água (Sol), cor e opacidade, permeabilidade ao vapor de água (PVA), espectroscopia de infravermelho com transformada de Fourier (FTIR) e microscopia eletrônica de varredura, após acondicionamento (5 dias, UR = 58%, T = 25ºC). A atividade antimicrobiana dos filmes contra Staphylococcus aureus foi analisada pelo método da difusão em ágar. A incorporação de EEP causou variação na tensão (T) dos filmes com CA (58,7 a 66,4MPa), mas afetou mais intensamente os filmes com S (31,7 a 50,4MPa). Quanto à elongação (%), os filmes (CA e S) também apresentaram variações. Na perfuração, verificou-se que a adição de EEP não afetou significativamente a força máxima para ambos os plastificantes. Para a solubilidade em água, o filme com CA apresentou aumento significativo (Sol = 18,6%) para 200% de EEP, contudo, os filmes com S praticamente não variaram. Quanto à cor, para ambos os plastificantes estudados (CA e S) o aumento da concentração de EEP promoveu alterações significativas de L*, a*, b*, ΔE* e opacidade. As análises de PVA dos filmes (CA e S) mostraram que o aumento na concentração de EEP aumentou a propriedade de barreira dos filmes. Segundo a análise de FTIR, os filmes aditivados não apresentaram mudanças estruturais em relação ao controle, o que sugere que o EEP encontra-se disperso na matriz. As micrografias mostraram que a adição de EEP causou alterações, principalmente, nos filmes plastificados com S. A atividade contra S. aureus foi observada para os filmes (CA e S) com 40 e 200% de EEP, com aumento significativo do diâmetro de inibição em função do aumento da concentração de EEP. Os filmes mantiveram sua atividade antimicrobiana durante 177 dias de armazenamento. Estes resultados demonstraram a capacidade antimicrobiana dos filmes de gelatina aditivados com própolis, bem como sua estabilidade em função do tempo. / The interest in the use of active packaging for food conservation has increased, along with a higher demand for natural antimicrobial substances, due to higher consumer awareness of the potential health risks caused by synthetic compounds consumption. Among natural additives, propolis, has awaken the interest of the researchers for its antibacterial, antioxidant and antifungal properties. Thus, the aim of this work was to investigate the effect of the addition of an ethanolic propolis extract (EPE) to gelatin-based films plasticized with acetyltributyl citrate (AC) or sorbitol (S), on the functional properties (mechanical properties, solubility, water vapor permeability, color parameters and opacity) and the antimicrobial activity of the films against Staphylococcus aureus. For the EPE production, 30g for the propolis resin (type 12) were mixed with 100mL ethyl alcohol (80%), and the solution was maintained under mechanical stirring (500rpm, 30minutes) at 50°C, and filtered after 24hours under refrigeration. The films were produced by casting, using 2g of gelatin/100g of film forming solution, 30g of AC or S/100 g of gelatin, 35g of lecithin/100g of plasticizer and EPE in the concentrations of 0, 5, 40 or 200g/100g of gelatin, and evaluated for their mechanical properties (traction and puncture tests), water solubility (Sol), color and opacity, water vapor permeability (WVP), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and scanning electron microscopy, after storage (5 days, relative humidity = 58%, temperature = 25°C). The antimicrobial activity of the films against Staphylococcus aureus was analyzed by agar diffusion method. The EPE addition caused variation of the tensile strength (T) of the films with AC (58.7 a 66.4MPa), but affected more intensely the films with S (31.7 a 50.4MPa). The films (AC and S) also presented variations for the elongation (%). For the puncture force, the addition did not affect significantly the maximum force for any of the plasticizers. For the water solubility, the films with AC presented significant increase (Sol = 18,6%) for 200% of EPE, however the films with S did not vary. For both plasticizers studied (AC and S), the increase of EPE concentration promoted significant changes of the color parameters, L*, a*, b*, ΔE* and opacity. The WVP analysis of the films (AC and S) showed that the increase of the EPE concentration increased the barrier property of the films. According to FTIR analysis, the EPE addition in the films did not present structural changes compared to the control, suggesting that the EPE was disperse in the protein matrix. The micrographs showed that the EPE addition caused changes mainly in films plasticized with S. The activity against S. aureus was observed for the films containing 40 and 200% of EPE, with significant increase of inhibition diameter with increase of EPE concentration. The films kept their antimicrobial activities during 177 days of storage. These results demonstrated the antimicrobial capacity of gelatin-based films added of propolis, and their stability in time.

: la schizophrénie à début précoce (SDP) est un syndrome rare invalidant peu étudié. Dans ce travail, nos objectifs sont: de caractériser de profils cliniques des SDP via une approche développementale et dimensionnelle; de poser un diagnostic étiologique des formes organiques; d'analyser la reconnaissance émotionnelle dans la SDP. Méthodologie: Dans une cohorte d'enfants atteints de SDP (N=90) j'ai développé et validé une méthode de psychométrie quantitative en utilisant une échelle spécifique Lifetime Dimensions of Psychosis Scale - Children and Adolescents; des données de psychologie expérimentale; de génétique. Résultats: en appliquant une évaluation développementale et dimensionnelle, j'ai identifié 6 profils cliniques dans la cohorte SDP. L'analyse par clusters retrouve 3 groupes, dont le cluster plus significatif est caractérisé par une sévérité importante des symptômes positifs et de ceux positifs bizarres. Ce cluster montre une association modérée entre la sévérité des symptômes positifs bizarres et les anomalies du développement. Dans une perspective étiologique des SDP, j'ai proposé une série d'explorations médicales de premier rang afin d'éliminer une SDP organique. J'ai décrit le cas clinique d'un patient porteur d'une délétion de 1,9 Mb dans la région 8p23.2 qui pourrait entrainer une perte de fonction du gène CSMD1, dont la protéine est impliquée dans la régulation immunitaire du développement cérébral. J'ai intégré à ce travail une étude de psychologie expérimentale appliquée à la SDP. Cette étude est la première à avoir exploré le rôle de l'intégration multi-sensorielle dans la reconnaissance émotionnelle dans une perspective développementale chez des patients atteints de SDP. Conclusion: la SDP est un trouble cliniquement hétérogène dont l’étiologie est inconnue et dont la compréhension des différents mécanismes physiopathologiques pourrait contribuer à des nouvelles stratégies thérapeutiques. / Early Onset Schizophrenia (EOS) is a severe but rare disorder in children. Focusing on developmental pathways to EOS, this work aims: to describe different developmental profiles that contribute to EOS phenotypes using a dimensional perspective; to study medical conditions associated with EOS using multidisciplinary search; to assess emotional recognition as key factor of social interaction. Methods: In a cohort of 90 children with EOS, I applied quantitative psychometric methods with development and validation of a specific scale; experimental psychology; molecular cytogenetics. Results: using a dimensional and developmental evaluation (Lifetime Dimensions of Psychosis Scale – Children Adolescents), I identified symptom profiles. In EOS cohort, 6 dimensional factors were identified. 64% of sample had premorbid developmental or learning problems. Cluster analysis delineated 3 groups: the largest cluster including 58% of the patients was characterized by high Positive and Bizarre Positive scores and fewer (28%) developmental abnormalities. I also reviewed numerous likely organic causalities in EOS. I proposed a systematic algorithm to better assess these conditions by focusing on treatable ones. I detailed a case report on an adolescent with EOS carrier of a rare CNV implicated in the immune modulation of cerebral pruning. Assessing emotional recognition, empathy development and non verbal communication, I found that EOS patients performed worse than healthy controls in emotional tasks, with a significant association between emotional identification scores and nonverbal communication impairments. This means that cumulative dysfunctions in both nonverbal communication and emotion processing contribute to the social vulnerability found in youths with EOS. Conclusion: EOS is a complex condition with unknown etiology. How the understanding of specific etiologies may lead to new therapeutic approaches is the next challenge.