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The study involves the synthesis and structural characterization of manganese carbene complexes. The synthesis of dimanganese monocarbene complexes [Mn2(CO)9{C(OEt)(heteroaryl)}] was done via the classical Fischer method, and a range of complexes containing heteroaromatic substituents, e.g. 2,2'-bithiophene, thiophene, furan and N-methyl pyrrole, was isolated. These complexes displayed a novel configuration with the carbene ligand in the axial position, in contrast to the equatorial position found for the analogous rhenium compound and other dimanganese complexes known from the literature. The possibility of manipulating the position of the carbene ligand in the binuclear complexes was investigated by a nucleophilic substitution of the ethoxy substituent with an amine substituent. Only aminolysis with small, primary amines such as ammonia and propylamine, proved successful. The propylaminocarbene ligands retained their axial configuration, but a conversion to the more thermodynamically stable equatorially substituted carbene ligands was observed for the complexes [Mn2(CO)9{C(NH2)(heteroaryl)}], while mixtures of the equatorial and axial isomers were observed in solution. Structural X-ray analysis proved that although the equatorial position is more electronically favourable, steric hindrance by the second manganese pentacarbonyl moiety prevented ethoxy- and propylamino-substituted carbene ligands to adopt this configuration. A kinetic study of the aminolysis reaction was done in an effort to elucidate the reaction mechanism and to explain the axial-equatorial conversion. Due to the competing decomposition reaction of the product and reagent complexes with that of the substitution reaction, no information about reaction intermediates could be obtained. The target mononuclear complexes [Mn(CO)4{C(OEt)(heteroaryl)}X] (X = Br, I) was obtained by cleavage of the metal-metal bond of the binuclear precursor complexes. Cleaving of the Mn-Mn bond was done oxidatively by halogens, without affecting the carbene ligand. The product complexes have an assembly resembling that of the Grubbs ruthenium metathesis catalyst. Interestingly, the cleaved complexes were found to have a cis configuration of the carbene and halide ligand. Copyright 2006, University of Pretoria. All rights reserved. The copyright in this work vests in the University of Pretoria. No part of this work may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, without the prior written permission of the University of Pretoria. Please cite as follows: Bezuidenhout, DI 2006, Synthesis and Structural Investigations of manganese carbene complexes, MSc dissertation, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, viewed yymmdd < http://upetd.up.ac.za/thesis/available/etd-02122007-120832 / > / Dissertation (MSc)--University of Pretoria, 2007. / Chemistry / unrestricted

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See Abstract on Front Page 7 / Dissertation (MSc (Chemistry))--University of Pretoria, 2007. / Chemistry / unrestricted

La réaction d'hydrogénation des alcènes est une réaction clé dans de nombreux procédés industriels permettant la production de produits de commodité et de spécialité. D’importants efforts de recherche ont donc été réalisés pour développer des systèmes catalytiques de plus en plus productifs et sélectifs. Parmi les nombreux catalyseurs homogènes et hétérogènes développés à ce jour, les complexes organométalliques d’Iridium(I), très prometteurs, ont été préparés depuis la découverte du catalyseur de Crabtree, [Ir(COD)(py)(PCy3)]BF4, pour répondre à des problèmes de sélectivité dans l'hydrogénation asymétrique ou celle d’oléfines tétrasubstituées fortement encombrées en conditions homogènes. Cependant, l'utilisation industrielle de ce complexe organométallique d’Ir (I) est limité par sa décomposition rapide en solution, qui conduit à la formation de complexes polynucléaires (hydrures pontés d'Iridium) très stables et inactifs en catalyse. Le but de ce travail de thèse a été de développer des matériaux catalytiques contenant des complexes Ir(NHC) isolés à la surface d’une silice contenant des fonctionnalités imidazolium parfaitement distribuées le long de ses canaux poreux. L'isolement des unités Ir(I) sur le support de silice devrait permettre d’empêcher les processus bimoléculaires de désactivation et faciliter la récupération du catalyseur. La préparation des matériaux catalytiques cible se fait grâce a la transformation des unités imidazolium contenues dans le matériau de départ en carbenes d’argent N-hétérocycliques, qui sont ensuite transmétallés en carbènes d’iridium avec le complexe [Ir(COD)Cl]2. Les matériaux obtenus ont été caractérisés par diverses techniques, notamment une technique de RMN très avancée : la RMN de l’état solide utilisant la polarisation nucléaire dynamique. Ceci a permis de mieux comprendre la structure moléculaire des sites de surface iridiés. Les performances catalytiques des complexes Ir-NHC supportés ont été testées dans réaction d’hydrogénation des alcènes et comparées à celles de leurs homologues homogènes. Divers substrats oléfiniques et différentes conditions de réaction ont été testées. Les résultats montrent que le catalyseur supporté est beaucoup plus stable et 50 fois plus actif en terme de vitesse et de productivité. Cette approche a été étendue au développement de catalyseurs d’iridium supportés sur polymère. Le support choisi a été un polyéthylene téléchélique contenant des fonctionnalités iodées terminales. Le solide obtenu après incorporation de l’iridium a été caractérisé par RMN et spectrométrie de masse (MALDITOF). Les performances catalytique de ce nouveau système ont été elles aussi comparées a celles de complexes homologues en solution / Alkene hydrogenation is a key in many bulk and fine chemicals production processes. Major efforts were therefore directed towards the preparation of ever more productive and selective catalysts. Among the large number of homogeneous and heterogeneous catalysts, promising Iridium (I) organometallic complexes were prepared since the discovery of the well-known Crabtree’s catalyst, [Ir(COD)(py)(PCy3)]BF4, to address selectivity issues in homogeneous asymmetric hydrogenation or hydrogenation of highly hindered tetrasubstituted olefins. However, the industrial use of Ir organometallic complexes as catalysts is limited by their fast decomposition leading to the formation of highly stable and inactive polynuclear iridium hydridebridged complexes. The goal of this PhD project was to elaborate supported Ir(I)-NHC catalytic material to prevent such bimolecular deactivation processes. The targeted supported Ir complexes were based on hybrid organic-inorganic material containing regularly distributed imidazolium units along the pore-channels of the silica framework. Beside the Ir-site isolation on the silica support, this catalytic system was also expected to ease catalyst recovery at the end of the hydrogenation. The preparation of the final systems relies on the preparation of supported silver carbenes first, and further transmetallation with an Ir-precursor, namely [Ir(COD)Cl]2. The materials were characterized by several techniques as for example advanced solid state NMR using Dynamic Nuclear Polarization to gain insight into the molecular structure of the Ir surface sites. Catalytic performances of the supported Ir-NHC complexes were tested in alkene hydrogenation and compared to those of homogeneous homologues. Several different substrates and reaction conditions were tested. The results showed that the supported catalyst was much more stable and 50 times more active in term of rate and productivity. A polymer supported Ir-complex was also elaborated using a telechelic polyethylene iodide as support. The polymeric materials were fully characterized by NMR and MALDI-TOF experiments and their catalytic performances were compared to those of molecular analogues and those of silica supported systems

Carbonyl complexes of Ni(0) incorporating two N-heterocyclic carbenes of the type Ni(CO)2(NHC)2 (NHC = ICy [N, N'-bis(cyclohexylimidazol)-2-ylidene], IMes [N, N'- bis(2, 4, 6-trimethylphenyl)-imidazol)-2-ylidene]) have been prepared. The complexes Ni(CO)2(ICy)2 (8) and Ni(CO)2(IMes)2 (9) have been synthesized and characterized by single crystal X-ray diffraction. The enthalpy of substitution reactions of Ni(CO)2(NHC) (NHC = ItBu [N, N'-bis(tert-butylimidazol)-2-ylidene], IAd [N, N'-bis(1- adamentylimidazol)-2-ylidene]) with NHC and tertiary phosphine ligands leading to the formation of Ni(CO)2(L)2 (L = NHC, PR3) complexes have been determined. The solution calorimetric investigations reiterate the greater electron donating property of the NHC ligands compared to tertiary phosphines. Thermochemical studies of the substitution reactions of Ni(CO)2(NHC) (NHC = ItBu, IAd) forming complexes (8) and (9) led to the determination of average bond dissociation energy of Ni-NHC (NHC = ICy, IMes) and Ni-P (P = PCy3, PPh3, P(p-Tol)3, P(m-Tol)3).

Thesis (PhD (Chemistry and Polymer Science))--Stellenbosch University, 2008. / Alkylated acetonitrile that forms during the synthesis of the sulfonium salt, [(Me3)2(MeS)S][BF4], is involved in the formation of new , -unsaturated Fischer-type carbene complexes from (CO)5M=C(OMe)CH2Li (M = Cr, W). Metal migration observed when the substitution product obtained from the reaction of the anionic carbene complexes (CO)5M=C(NMe2)CºC¯ (M = Cr, W) with Ph3PAu+ was left in solution, was also kinetically and theoretically investigated. 1H NMR and quantum mechanical (at the B3LYP level of theory) data indicated a complicated mechanism. The a,b-unsaturated Fischer-type carbene complex, (CO)5Cr=C(OMe)CH=C(Me)NH(Me), obtained from the reaction of (CO)5M=C(OMe)CH2¯ with alkylated acetonitrile, was transformed into the new remote one-N, six-membered, carbene ligand (rN1HC6) complex, (CO)5Cr=C(CH=C(Me)N(Me)CH=C(nBu). The carbene ligand unprecedentedly preferred the softer Rh(CO)2Cl moiety to the Cr(CO)5 metal fragment and transferred readily. A new series of remote and abnormal square planar compounds [r/a(NHC)(PPh3)2MCl]CF3SO3 (M = Pd or Ni) was prepared by oxidative substitution. The various positions for metal-carbon bond formation on a pyridine ring to furnish various ligand types i.e. C2 for nN1HC6, C3 for aN1HC6 or C4 for rN1HC6 received attention. The ligands were arranged in increasing order of carbene character, aNHC < nNHC < rNHC and trans influence, nN2HC5 ~ aN1HC6 ~ nN1HC6 < rN1HC6. In competitive situations, oxidative substitution occurred selectively at C4 of the pyridine ring rather than at C2 and on the aromatic ring containing the heteroatom (C4), rather than on an annealed aromatic ring (C7). Crystal and molecular structure determinations confirmed the preferred coordination sites. Quantum mechanical calculations (at the RI-BP86/SV level of theory) indicated that the chosen carbene ligand has a much larger influence than the metal on the BDE of the M-Ccarbene bond; the farther away the N-atom is from the carbene carbon, the stronger the bond. In complexes that also contain additional external nitrogen atoms, e.g. trans-chloro(N-methyl-1,2,4- trihydro-2-dimethylaminepyrid-4-ylidene)bis(triphenylphosphine)palladium(II) triflate and transchloro( N-methyl-1,2,4-trihydro-2-dimethylaminepyrid-4-ylidene)bis(triphenylphosphine)nickel(II) triflate, stabilisation originates from both the nitrogens. 2-Chloro-1-methyl-1H-pyrid-4-ylidenephenylammonium triflate afforded complexes with both remote as well as normal nitrogen atoms. New azole complexes of palladium and nickel with remote heteroatoms were also prepared from N-methyl-4',4'-dimethyl-2'-thiophen-3-chloro-2-yl-4,5-dihydro-oxazole. Employing the compound 1,5-dichloroanthraquinone, the product of a double oxidative substitution on two Pd centra could be isolated but not alkylated. The fact that the chemical shift of the metal bonded carbon in the 13C NMR spectrum can not be used as absolute measure of carbene character, was emphasised in a compound where the heteroatom was situated seven bonds away from the carbon donor. In efforts to synthesise a sulphur-bridged complex that contains carbene ligands, crystals of transdi- iodobis(1,3-dimethyl-imidazoline-2-ylidene)palladium were obtained. Bridged thiolato complexes with N1HC6 ligands were unexpectedly found in the attempt to substitute the halogen on chosen square planar carbene complexes of palladium, widening the application possibilities of N1HC6 ligands in organometallic chemistry beyond that of catalysis. A trinuclear cluster, [(PdPPh3)3(μ-SMe)3]BF4 was isolated as a by-product of these reactions. A series normal and abnormal thiazolylidene complexes of nickel and palladium were prepared by oxidative substitution of the respective 2-, 4- and 5-bromothiazolium salts with M(PPh3)4 (M = Pd or Ni), and unequivocally characterised. In a preliminary catalytic investigation, all the thiazolinium and simple pyridinium derived palladium complexes showed activity in the Suzuki-Miyaura coupling reaction. Little variation in activity in the order a (N next to carbon donor) > n > a (S next to carbon donor) was found for the former series, whereas decreased activity was exhibited in the sequence r > a > n of the latter group. The pyridinium derived complexes showed superior activity to the thiazolinium ones. The rNHC complex, trans-chloro(N-methyl-1,2,4-trihydro-2- dimethylaminepyrid-4-ylidene)bis(triphenylphosphine)palladium(II) triflate, showed similar Suzuki-Miyaura activity to the standard N2HC5 carbene complex precatalyst, trans-chloro[(1,3- dimethyl-imidazol-2-ylidene)triphenylphosphine]palladium(II) triflate.

SYNTHESIS OF FERROCENYL CYCLOHEPTADIENONES A&ccedil / ikg&ouml / z, Canet M.S., Department of Chemistry Supervisor: Assoc. Prof. Dr. Metin Zora August 2005, 85 pages Synthesis of seven-membered ring systems such as cycloheptadienones has attracted a great deal of attention in organic chemistry since they are present in a variety of biologically important molecules. Incorporation of the essential structures of such compounds with a ferrocene moiety instead of an aryl group could provide subtances with enhanced antitumor activities since some ferrocene derivatives have already proved to be active against a number of tumors. To develop a ferrocenyl-substituted seven-membered ring forming reaction, we have investigated the reaction of cyclopropylcarbene-molybdenum complex with ferrocenyl-substituted alkynes. As ferrocenyl-substituted alkyne, ferrocenyl&not / propyne (25B), (2-ferrocenylethynyl)trimethylsilane (25C), 1-ferrocenyl-3-phenylprop-1-yne (25D), 1-ferrocenyl-2-phenylethyne (25E), diferrocenylethyne (25F), ferrocenyl(formyl)acetylene (25G) were synthesized starting from ethynylferrocene (25A). The reaction between cyclopropylcarbene-molybdenum complex and ferrocenyl alkynes produced ferrocenyl-substituted cycloheptadienones 26, hydrolysis product of cycloheptadienones, 27, &amp / #61537 / -hydroxycycloheptadienones 28 and cyclobutenones 29, depending on the substitution pattern of the alkyne moiety. Interestingly, &amp / #61537 / -hydroxycycloheptadienone product 28B was isolated from these types of reactions for the first time. Terminal alkynes, trimethyl- and formyl-substituted alkynes did not produce any expected product, possibly depending on the steric and electronic effects, and/or the polymerization of the alkyne. Proposed mechanism for the formation of cycloheptadienones involves metallacyclobutene formation, electrocyclic ring opening, electrocyclic ring closure, CO insertion, reductive elimination.

This thesis is comprised of two parts. The first part describes the synthesis of cyclopentadienyltungsten complexes containing a pendant alkyne group (I), and the subsequent photo-induced intramolecular coordination of the alkyne, forming complexes such as II. Compounds containing intramolecularly coordinated alkynes are rare, and this is the first example using cyclopentadiene as the core ligand. The second part describes the synthesis and structural characterisation of a number of novel metal complexes containing N-heterocyclic carbene ligands, some containing particular functionality for taylored applications. New methods were used to form complexes of rhodium, iridium, silver and gold (eg. III, IV). Structural and spectroscopic properties of the complexes were correlated with electronic characteristics of the ancillary ligands. A number of rhodium and iridium complexes (eg. IV) derived from imidazolium-linked cyclophanes were synthesised and structurally characterised. Complexes of N-heterocyclic carbenes with pendant ionic groups were synthesised, and a preliminary examination of their catalytic activity in water was performed. N-Heterocyclic carbenes complexes containing an electron withdrawing nitro group were synthesised and the effect of the nitro group on metal-ligand bonding was examined.

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